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Problém historicizmu vo filozofii K. R. Poppera

Author(s): Viktor Binder / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2012

This paper is an analysis of the doctrine of historicism, which aims to predict the future of historical development by discovering the laws, which are responsible for the historical development of mankind. According to Popper, this doctrine contains many moral and methodological shortcomings by itself insofar that it is possible to conclude that it is inconsistent. Nevertheless, it is used to interpret history and serves to build socio-political concepts aimed at planning closed totalitarian societies. The most influential advocates of historicism and closed societies were, according to Popper, Plato, Hegel and Marx. The most shocking examples of application of their socio-political ideas in practice are nationalism and communism, which caused much human suffering.

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JOACHIM LELEWEL’S GEOGRAPHICAL IDEAS AND HERITAGE

Author(s): Piotr L. Wilczyński / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

During the IGU Congress in 1934 held in Warsaw there was presented the project of new international scientific organization, namely Joachim Lelewel Society, which was to deal with history and philosophy of geography. Unfortunaltely this decision was not carried into effect because of incoming global conflict and World War II that disabled the necesary friendly contacts between potential members. Joachim Lelewel (1786-1861) was one of the most important founders of history of geography. This field was his inspiration and source of research interests. Lelewel understood that the condition of geography's development is both the increase in theoretical concepts necessary to comprehend and describe the Earth surface, and the extension of geographical horizon due to exploration. According to his views, the pure description and map making is not sufficient to be called geography. This is because geography is a special kind of knowledge which embraces all the terrestial phenomena, and this could be substantiate on the basis of history of geographical ideas. Moreover, an exact recognition of geography's development is the best basis for future research. Lelevel has expressed his philosophy of the field mainly in his works concerning the development of ancient and medieval geography. Those works gave him respect of such known persons like Karl Ritter, Hermann Wagner or Lucien Gallois. The purpose of this short paper is to show the Lelevel's main ideas and concepts concerning the essence of geography. This is necessary since this XIXth century scholar, who became the patron of the international scientific society, remains rather not known among contemporary scientists. The additional aim is to show, that his original ideas could be useful from the point of view of contemporary geographical problems and interests.

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БЕСПРАВНОЕ УЧЕНИЕ. РАССУЖДЕНИЕ О ФИЛОСОФИИ ПРАВА В. С. СОЛОВЬЕВА

Author(s): Sergey Shevtsov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The article considers the existing issues of Vladimir Solovyov’s law philosophy. The author uses a recent monograph by Y. Pribytkova on the same subject as a starting point. In this monograph its author attempts to show the historical and philosophical aspects of the doctrine of this great Russian philosopher, while her denial of the basic Solovyov’s arguments significantly lessen the value of the overall inference. The present writer suggests an alternative approach: instead of picking out individual points of the doctrine or keeping it as a whole, I prefer to start from the current legal issues and isolate those elements of Vladimir Solovyov’s doctrines that could become the foundation on a modern philosophy of law. The author concludes that such elements are of high importance for both law and the connection between law and personality.

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РАЗВИТИЕ ГЕОКАРТОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ИДЕЙ ПТОЛЕМЕЯ В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ ИСЛАМСКОЙ ГЕОГРАФИИ

Author(s): Irina Genadijevna Konovalova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of perception and the development of scientific ideas in a particular society. This problem is considered on the example of geocartographical ideas of Ptolemy, formed in the late Hellenistic period, in the Middle Ages experienced a rebirth in the context of a completely different cultural traditions, namely in the Islamic society, and then in the early Modern period continued to develop in different historical conditions — in Europe. The article shows that in the Islamic world two directions of the perception of Ptolemaic ideas have been formed. The first one can be called a proper continuity, which provided the development of scientific ideas as such; the results achieved by the scientists of the Caliphate in this direction have become known to the world science and subsequently received further development in the works of European cartographers. At the same time the development of another direction, that adapted the Ptolemaic ideas to the needs of the educated classes of the Islamic society, can be traced; results of these activities, which facilitated the absorption of scientific tradition in terms of the Islamic culture, has not gone beyond the Islamic cultural circle.

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РУССКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ О РОССИИ В ПОСТКАНТИАНСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ

Author(s): Marian Broda / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

Dostoyevsky’s homeland is a country, in which questions about Russia have been posed for centuries, determined in particular by — central for its philosophical, intellectual and cultural tradition – finally comprehended idea of “understanding Russia”. Russian questions about Russia are becoming a subject of heuristically fruitful philosophical analysis especially when the cognitive possibilities created by the post Kantian theoretical perspective are used in the conducted research. Every cognitive attempt determined by the question about Russia – and the final intention of its comprehension or demonstrating its intellectual inconceivability – remains inevitably a subjective act, and the “essence” of Russianess, discovered as a result, is not something from beyond the initiated process of sense formation, but rather constitutes a correlative to a specific subjective intention. Realizing the above mentioned creates a possibility of recognizing the general a priori framework, which it marks out for the sphere of Russians’ self-recognition aspirations and subjective order which they assume, and also the factors, conditions and limits of the acceptable heterogenization of their basic conclusions, types of specification, character and extent of a possible self problematization of the autonegation and self reproduction mechanisms.

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Księga Rodzaju i wzory porządków politycznych. Przyczynek do problemu tożsamości europejskiej

Author(s): Ryszard Paradowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2009

W artykule sformułowano twierdzenie, że Stary Testament niesie podwójne przesłanie – autorytetu (despotyzmu) i przymierza, z których każde staje się(na skutek wyborów dokonywanych przez jednostki) podstawą odmiennego porządku moralnego, kulturowego i politycznego. W szczególności tożsamość europejska jest rezultatem wyboru między związanym z chrześcijaństwem wyborem autorytetu i związana z tradycją grecką oraz nowożytną walką o demokrację i wolność, wyborem przymierza, zwanego we współczesnej myśli polityczne j umową społeczną.

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«КОНЕЦ КАПИТАЛИЗМА» И БУДУЩЕЕ ИСТОРИИ: ПРОЛЕГОМЕНЫ К ПОСТКАПИТАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ТЕОРИИ

Author(s): Konstantin Vladimirovich Kondratev,Anton Sergeyevich Krasnov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

In this article an attempt is made to give a comprehensive critical analysis of the phenomenon of “modern capitalism” in the context of its existential being and further dialectical development. Synthesis and integration of the theoretical and methodological components of social philosophy, political economy, philosophy of language and descriptive metaphysics reveal essential and specific features of modern capitalist society. It is concluded that the internal contradictions of the very essence of modern capitalism will inevitably lead to its elimination. In this regard, the problem of finding a theoretical alternative to the post-capitalist development of the society is raised.

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СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ЗНАНИЕ В ДИСКУРСИВНОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

Author(s): Elina Borisovna Minnullina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The article shows that social knowledge is generated in communicative action and cannot exist prior to or outside the boundaries of the discourse space in which the action is carried out. The impact of accumulated knowledge on human society is explained not by its existence as a hypostatized sphere of the “third world”, but by the fact that the perlocutionary effect is actualized in a speech act as the articulation of a discourse. Discourse as a cohesion between text and context (extra-linguistic reality) is a purview of social patterns and norms.

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ДИОНИСИЙ АРЕОПАГИТ В КОНЦЕПЦИИ Ю.П. ЧЕРНОМОРЦА

Author(s): Sergey Viktorovich Shkuro / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The article presents a critical analysis of the hypothesis of the modern Ukrainian theologian and philosopher Yuri Chernomorets, regarding the identity of Dionysius the Areopagite and his theological teaching. A conclusion is made that Y. Chernomorets’s concept is original, innovative and at the same time not devoid of a number of debatable points. Differentiation between ontological and epistemological aspects allows clarifying the Ukrainian researcher’s assumption on the anti-metaphysical nature of areopagitism.

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А.Ф. ГУСЕВ О ПРОБЛЕМЕ ЦЕРКОВНОЙ ОБРЯДНОСТИ В УЧЕНИИ Л.Н. ТОЛСТОГО

Author(s): Boris Igorevich Kolmakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The article deals with the problem of critical perception of religious and philosophical views of L.N. Tolstoy by Orthodox Church. The analysis is focused on a critical speech by A.F. Gusev, professor of Kazan Theological Academy, dedicated to Tolstoy’s attitude towards church rituals. It is considered how the critic understands and estimates the teaching of Tolstoy, which found expression in his religious and philosophical works, particularly in “A Confession” (“Ispoved”). A conclusion is made that Gusev in his polemics with Tolstoy uses a logically well-knit system of arguments. He refers to the Gospel, historical examples, scientific and court practice data. Thus, his attempt to discuss the problem of Orthodox cult and church ritualism should be recognized as successful.

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ЧЕЛОВЕК И СУДЬБА В ДРАМАТУРГИИ Ю. О’НИЛА

Author(s): Sergei Mikhailovich Pinaev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The article considers the idea of the conflict between man and fate, and describes the nature of the tragic as the most important aesthetic category in O’Neill’s main dramas. The work is focused on the problem of fate and the evolution of this concept. In O’Neill’s early plays, it transforms from inscrutable behind-life forces to an internal entity associated with subconsciousness, family connections and genes. In his late plays, fate is represented by society hostile to man. However, O’Neill believes that fate can never defeat human spirit.

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ПОСТПОСТМОДЕРНИСТСКАЯ САМОРЕФЛЕКСИЯ В РОМАНЕ ПОЛА ОСТЕРА «СТЕКЛЯННЫЙ ГОРОД»

Author(s): Vera Borisovna Shamina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

This paper addresses one of the most famous and disputable novels of the leading contemporary American author Paul Auster. Our aim is to reveal various forms of the author’s presence in the novel and to describe the aesthetic results of these multiple embodiments. We demonstrates how, using all major strategies of postmodernism, the author actually parodies it creating a metatext, which enables us to speak of a new stage of the development of postmodern fiction.

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ПУТЕШЕСТВЕННИК КАК ЭСТЕТИЧЕСКИ ВОСПРИНИМАЮЩАЯ ЛИЧНОСТЬ (И.А. ГОНЧАРОВ, М.М. ПРИШВИН)

Author(s): Natalia Vladislavovna Novikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The image of traveller created by I.A. Goncharov in his book of essays “The Frigate Pallada” (1855–1857) has been considered for the first time as a phenomenon of artistic genealogy of the similar image in M.M. Prishvin’s travel essays (1909–1914). This article is focused on the philosophical and aesthetic perception of the world typical of both travelling artists, their creative motivation for travelling and attention towards pictures of nature, which are always associated with the feeling of homeland. An assumption about the similarity of the artistic natures of M.M. Prishvin and I.A. Goncharov and the consonance of their creative thinking is made. This expands the idea of the origin of Prishvin’s world-view and allows us to feel its originality.

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ОБ ОДНОМ «ПОЗОРЕ» ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО РОДА

Author(s): Larisa Mikhaylovna Bogatova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

The article considers one of the controversial aspects in philosophical anthropology, i.e., the promiscuous stage as an initial state of sexual relationship in the most ancient community. It is consistently argued that the syncretical form of intersexual relations in the archaic culture is of great interest not only with regard to further evolution of matrimonial relations and development of such social institutions as family and marriage, but also for understanding causes of the metamorphoses accompanying changes in the generic essence of humans.

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ЗА ГРАНЬЮ КАПИТАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕОЛОГИИ: К ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВЫ В ОТСУТСТВИЕ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВ

Author(s): Konstantin Vladimirovich Kondratjev,Anton Sergeyevich Krasnov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

The paper provides a consistent criticism of modern capitalism from the viewpoint of neo-Marxism. The modern neoliberal capitalist ideology represents a separate fantasmatical hyperreality, which can be reduced to the objective reality only through violence. An attempt is made to analyze the “discourse of impossibility” from the methodological perspective, i.e., as a way for finding possible alternatives in the modern capitalist ideology, which seems to have no other alternatives. The fundamental “ideological triangle” is determined. It consists of neoliberal economic doctrine, neoconservative policy, and neopositivistic philosophy. These three concepts embody the unified episteme of the modern world.

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ГЛОБАЛЬНОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВО ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ОСНОВНЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ И ЧЕРТЫ

Author(s): Evgenija Mihailova Nikolaeva,Mikhail Dimitrijevich Schelkunov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

This paper considers general trends in the development of global higher education space, which is understood by us as a specific social and cultural universe manifesting itself in the complex of subjective, pragmatic, and environmental components. The trends and features discussed in the paper fix paradigm shifts in the sphere of higher education. These shifts determine its objectives, content, and organizational forms. In the context of the current socioeconomic reality, the role and position assumed by universities are changing dramatically. It becomes an entrepreneurial structure, effectively collaborating with business and government, integrated in the global space of higher education, and participating in knowledge transfer.

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Przyjaźń domaga się rezygnacji. Kilka aspektów relacji między przyjaciółmi poruszonych w Biblii

Author(s): Janusz Nawrot / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

For Aristotle, the bond of a valuable friendship was created for the sake of its own value of giving friendship or the experience it furnishes, and not for the sake of expediency or the sheer joy of sharing friendship. A sustainable friendship basically finds its roots in what a human being is. Hence, it is loving rather than being loved that makes people real friends, ethically perfect. Biblical authors knew that a true friendship was difficult to obtain and that it could easily be lost. Thus, for their readers, to observe their advice means to obtain valuable hints and guidelines and to be protected from disillusionment. These guidelines had been drawn by them from the experience of everyday life, as a result of watching and drawing conclusions from what they saw following different man’s response to different situations. Might they have been victims to unjust action themselves, or had they committed something that made them feel ashamed, but kept that it in their mind as a warning to their prospective readers? Whatever the answer is, they managed to draw conclusions from the experience that, ultimately, could be helpful in making those who would perpetrate something that would hurt or kill a friendship repent.

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Białe kłamstwo w praktyce medycznej z perspektywy wybranych teorii etycznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Sobczak,Agata Janaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2015

Does a medical practitioner have a moral obligation to mislead a patient about hiscondition, if he has subjective certainty, that revealing the truth to the patient mayharm him even more? Or, perhaps the practioner is always bound to fully inform thepatient about true state of his health? Idea that pertains to those questions is, in itsnature, achronic. It has accompanied medicine since its birth and has also becomean issue pondered by philosophers. Over the course of centuries, various ethicalfundaments have been created by social and historical contexts. Their purpose wasto evaluate the so called ‘white lie’. The intention of this article is to classify and describemain ethical concepts, within which a solution to this issue has been sought for.

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Teologia jako nauka formalna

Author(s): Łukasz Remisiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2015

Among philosophers of science there are a lot of views about nature of theology in relate to others disciplines. In the article author defends an account according to which theology is a formal science. Firstly he introduces two necessary features of science: semantic exclusivity and practical egalitarianism. Next he examines theological definitions of theology and using Bocheński’s meaning partition he indicates that matter of theology has operative meaning, but not eidetic. In the face of this difficulty, author shows examples of theological researches and exposes its schemes. Furthermore, he presents a final conclusion that theological researches are nothing more than establishing mutual relations between a finite number of terms, in other words the creation of some new conceptual schemes that would be syntactically coherent and logically consistent with other, previously approved, conceptual schemes. Finally he indicates how theology bases on four kinds of rules of sentences’ transformation: rule of syntactic, sources, conclusion-formulating and assigning the truthfulness.

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Kronika

Author(s): Martin Pekár,Ivana Červenková,Petra Hagoňová,Nikola Regináčová,Elena Miroššayová,Nikoleta Dzurikaninová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

CITIES IN EUROPE, CITIES IN THE WORLD. PRAMENE K DEJINÁM CIRKEVNEJ SPRÁVY. REMESLO MÁ ZLATÉ DNO... CECHY, ŽIVNOSTI, MANUFAKTÚRY A TOVÁRNE V DEJINÁCH SLOVENSKA. STRETNUTIE MLADÝCH HISTORIKOV IV. – STREDOEURÓPSKE MESTO AKO POLITICKÉ, KULTÚRNE A HOSPODÁRSKE CENTRUM. DAS NÖRDLICHE KARPATENBECKEN IN DER HALLSTATTZEIT. JAK PSÁT DĚJINY VELKÝCH MĚST? HOSŤOVSKÉ PREDNÁŠKY NA KATEDRE HISTÓRIE FF UPJŠ.

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