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LA CONDITION HUMAINE/HUMAN CONDITION. A Literary Interpretation of “Veiller sur elle” through a Semiotic Reading of Tomasso’s Story within a Story

Author(s): Olivia-Cristina Rusu / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2024

This article explores Jean-Baptiste Andrea’s novel “Veiller sur elle”, from a semiotic perspective and shows how complex themes and aspects of human existence are constructed and conveyed through narrative techniques such as symbols and stories within stories. Building on Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic triangle as a theoretical framework, this analysis reveals how symbols and imagery function as semiotic triggers that draw upon complex interpretations of the human condition. Linking semiotic processes to aspects of the human condition - such as the quest for knowledge, the power of imagination, the contemplation of mortality, the pursuit of artistic immortality and protection – this article shows how multifaceted layers of literary texts reveal universal human themes.

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MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE: WRITERLY NUDITY AND THE DISSOLUTION OF THE SEXUAL CHASM

Author(s): J. Edgar BAUER / Language(s): English Issue: 54/2024

On his way to Rome, Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) made a one-day visit to the city of Vitry-le-François on September 10, 1580. There, he met a female-born man whose male sexual organs had been generated as the erstwhile young girl had been making large strides. The narrative of the event in Montaigne’s Essais reflects his interest in the complexities of sexual difference and his critical approach of the regnant scheme of sexual binarity. The present contribution highlights Montaigne’s attentiveness to sexual configurations at variance with the male/female template that subtends the normative views upheld by the ecclesiastical and civil authorities of the French sixteenth century. Not being an outspoken advocate of contrarian sexual takes, Montaigne sufficed himself with pointing to the existence of mythological, anthropological and historical accounts implying the categorial inadequateness of subsuming individuals under one of two mutually exclusive sexes. What appears at first to be merely illustrations of anormative sexual forms, is actually meant to open the way toward the validation, within the ambit of sexuality, of Montaigne’s foremost ontic principle: "Nature has committed herself not to make any other thing that was not different." On this assumption, Montaigne eventually hints in his comprehensive essay "On some verses of Virgil "at a template of sexual differentiation that dispenses with the prevalent (albeit thoughtless) scheme of dichotomous sexuality. Despite introducing a self-deprecative tone to dissipate possible accusations of propounding an un-Christian stance on sexual matters, the brief passage at stake envisages surrendering the immemorial fixity of sexual compartmentations to the limitless sexual variability that occurs in Nature, thereby setting the theoretical stage for his writerly aspiration to portray himself "tout nud" in a world free of taxonomic closures.

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VALORIZAREA PĂCII ȘI A CREDINȚEI ÎN MEDIA STUDIU DE CAZ: BLACK CLOVER

Author(s): Valentina-Andrada Minea,Ionuț Mircea Șerban Avram / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2024

This study explores the representation of peace and faith in contemporary media, focusing on the anime Black Clover. A bibliographic analysis of research on peace and media was conducted, revealing that discussions often centre around conflict and power. Using insights from the analysis, the study identifies the potential of Black Clover to convey Christian values such as peace, justice, and faith through its characters and narrative. The anime is positioned as a modern tool for evangelism and ethical reflection, offering a unique approach to spiritual teachings in the digital age. By examining Black Clover, the research demonstrates how media can engage contemporary audiences with deeper moral and religious themes, suggesting that anime holds potential for reshaping narratives of peace and faith in an increasingly media-driven society.

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O MĂRTURIE BIBLICĂ DESPRE IUBIRE ȘI VIOLENȚĂ ÎNTR-UN CONTEXT RELIGIOS PLURALIST

Author(s): Remus Onișor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2024

The text from Genesis 34 tells the story of a young girl around whom a terrible drama unfolds. We will try to clarify the nature of these offenses and discover who is guilty and why. Sometimes love turns into violence, even though it should bring harmony and peace. A careful reading of this text reveals traces showing us that educational values are always relevant in a pluralistic and individualistic world. Interpretations of this text may diverge, and explanations of the events are multiple. Freedom of speech and traditions must have a humanistic and pacifistic nature, and the distortion of these meanings can take on the guise of intolerance and resentment. Authentic values are those that influence a life and make it beautiful.

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CONCEPȚIILE UNOR FILOSOFI MUSULMANI DIN SECOLELE IX-XII DESPRE CUNOAȘTEREA „ADEVĂRULUI” PRIN „CREDINȚĂ” ȘI „RAȚIUNE”

Author(s): Nicolae V. Dură,Cătălina Mititelu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2024

The knowledge of the “Truth” through “faith” and “reason” has been testified by the texts of ancient philosophers (Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, etc.) as well as by the “Sacred Books” of the Great Religions of mankind, whose texts have been examined and evaluated over the ages through the prism of the systems of thought of the different schools of theology and philosophy. From the pages of this study, the reader familiar with the fields of Philosophy, Theology, Law and the History of Culture and Spirituality will be able to learn about the conceptions of some Muslim scholars of the 10th - 12th centuries - of philosophical, theological and legal training - on knowledge through faith and reason, and, ipso facto, the relationship between Theology and Philosophy. However, the examination and evaluation of the text of such reputed Muslim philosophers, theologians and jurists as Al-Kindi, Al-Fārābi, Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd (Averroes), has enabled us to know not only their conception of Truth and the way of knowledge by faith and reason, but also the ways in which the Qur’anic text can be understood. Knowledge by faith and reason has contributed not only to initiating a dialog between the exponents of the two fields of knowledge and research, theology and philosophy, but also to the development of a philosophical and theological culture which underpins the edifice of the cultural and spiritual heritage of the Muslim world.

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Multiple Realizability and Disjunction for the Special Sciences

Author(s): Roque Molina Marchese / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

One way to secure the autonomy of special sciences like psychology is to block reductive strategies by assuming that higher-order properties in psychology are multiply realizable. Multiple realizability would then secure both metaphysical irreducibility and dependency by exploring the variety of ways in which higher-order phenomena can be realized in different systems. Originally, a promising way to understand this variability was in terms of the possible realization role played by property disjunction. However, the non-project- ability of disjunctive predicates into explanatory generalizations undermines the multiple realizability strategy mainly because a condition for these generalizations to have scientific weight is that they be based on the existence of natural kinds. Traditionally, disjunctive properties have no reference to kinds. In this paper I explore the character of disjunctive properties as cases of homeostatic property clusters sufficient to be classified as genuine natural kinds, and the consequences for the question of the autonomy of the special sciences.

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Panpsychism: A Meta-View in the Philosophy of Mind

Author(s): Artur Kosecki / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

In this article, my aim is to present panpsychism as a meta-view in the philosophy of mind rather than as a position that can be juxtaposed with leading positions such as materialism and dualism. I argue here that proponents of some versions of dualism, dual-aspect theory, some non-standard forms of physicalism, or idealism may be guided by the assumptions of panpsychism as a meta-view. For example, the literature includes positions such as Chalmers’ naturalistic dualism, Strawson’s physicalist panpsychism, and Sprigge’s idealist panpsychism, along with Nagel’s remarks on dual-aspect theory. I argue that panpsychism, as a meta-view, provides a framework within which to analyze how these positions address the mind-body problem. Consequently, I conclude that the solution to the mind-body problem itself remains neutral toward these positions. Instead of focusing on the elaboration of these metaphysical positions, attention should be directed toward the crucial issue for panpsychism: the combination problem.

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“Insert Your Soul to Continue”: The Self-Reflections of Metafictional Digital Games

Author(s): Aylin Pekanık / Language(s): English Issue: 3 - SI/2024

Metafiction is a self-reflective narrative form that examines and critiques its own themes and structure, serving as a mirror that reflects both its creator and its audience. Within this context, metafiction in digital games breaks through the artifice of narrative to address the players directly as the facilitators of the story and collaborators whose play patterns, personal experiences, expectations, and habits shape game narratives. With the application of both game theory and literary analysis, this paper will examine a selection of metagames: Lovecraftian horror game Eternal Darkness: Sanity’s Requiem displaying meta-mechanics as a form of disempowerment, satirical walking simulators The Stanley Parable and The Stanley Parable: Ultra Deluxe deconstructing the established game tropes, self-aware characters of games Pony Island and Inscryption presenting the developer as a metaphorical adversary, and fictional nonfiction The Beginner’s Guide dissecting the parasocial relationship between developers and players, and the mentally taxing nature of game development. This paper will showcase the meta mechanics and disruptions in such games as wholly unique forms of metatextuality. Ultimately, this paper aims to establish a metagame canon, suggest a typology, and acknowledge metafiction’s place as an essential and inseparable mirror for the storytelling medium of digital games.

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Hermeneutical Reflections on the Human Condition as Established in Quranic Chapters Al ‘Asr “Time” and At-Tin “The Fig”, Informed by Inspirations from Exegete Said Nursi, in Light of Man’s Accountability in this World

Author(s): Naailah Duymun Demirtaş / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2024

This philosophical article is located at the intersection of hermeneutics and literary analysis. Scriptures and exegeses have been studied as literature for a long time (Berlin, 2016). The premise is that the Quran is a literary text and so is the exegesis the Risale-i Nur (Nursi & Vahide, 1995; Nursi, 2005) which is a contemporary interpretation of the Quran, relevant to this discussion. The article presents a textual analysis and a discussion of general human condition in light of key verses from two surahs/chapters from the Quran, supported by interpretation and further explanation from selected thoughts of the Risale-i Nur (The Treatise of Light) (Nursi & Vahide, 1995; Nursi, 2005) and selected Hadiths/the Prophetic Traditions. The discussion leads to a synthesis where the extent of man’s accountability in life and in this world is presented primarily in light of Nursi’s interpretation. While weighing the impact of man’s actions and the degree of his responsibility in his personal and social life, the article concludes by affirming the wisdom of surah Asr “Time” (Quran:103) in positioning the human as a contingent being who is at the mercy of a Higher Being who is in control of everything while sustaining man. The article showcases the condition of man as a state of ‘loss’ which is two-fold. Firstly, it is in terms of man’s contribution to generating a lost society that is ravaged by man’s egocentric actions, which may result in frustration, conflict, wars, economic and political turmoil, general chaos, and fear, among others. Secondly, it involves man’s inability to deal with setbacks and calamities triggered by natural phenomena, which include diseases and other problems. Unless man remains patient, resilient, and submitted to the Higher Being, he cannot cope with and deal with these issues in his life. Thus, once he relies on the Higher Being and does not complain, man confirms the verses in surah At-Tin “The Fig” (Quran: 95), that states that man is of “best of stature”, as God intended him to be. It is only patience in adversity, belief and trust in God, and gratitude that bring solace to man’s condition.

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Czech and Italian Challengers’ Survival Comparative Analysis of Party Organisation and Leadership of FI, FdI, ANO and SPD Parties

Author(s): Tomáš Cirhan,Mattia Collini / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

Our paper explores the organisational and leadership strategies of new challenger parties in Czechia and Italy. The electorally volatile party systems in the countries of Central-Eastern and Southern Europe are associated with the constant emergence of new parties. Czech and Italian party systems are great examples of this phenomenon. Whilst many newcomers make electoral breakthroughs, only some outlive their initial electoral success. Organisational survival and the role of party leaders often precede the parliamentary survival of these parties. We compare the organisational and leadership strategies of four such parties. Our case studies include Forward Italy/Forza Italia (FI), YES2011/ANO2011 (ANO), Brothers of Italy/Fratelli d'Italia (FdI) and Freedom and Direct Democracy/Svoboda a přímá demokracie (SPD). All four emerged running on the anti-establishment ticket challenging the established parties. Simultaneously to being formed as challenger parties, the former two are considered the pioneers of entrepreneurial parties. The latter two, represent the most successful populist radical right parties in their respective countries.Analysing their statutes and organisational affairs, we explore the internal decision-making and positions of party leaders. Leader's decision-making capacity, interventions to the autonomy of territorial structures, and parties´ policy towards membership form the basis of our comparative analysis. It allows us to determine what they have in common in regard to the studied variables, and if these play any role in their survival. Centralised hierarchy combined with a strong position of party leaders are expected to influence it. The similarity between the studied cases helps to empirically test these expectations.

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СИСТЕМАТИЧЕСКОТО БОГОСЛОВИЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ ХХ ВЕК – АКАДЕМИЧНИ ТРАДИЦИИ, ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛИ И НАСОКИ

Author(s): Kostadin Nushev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The marked 100-year anniversary of the establishment of the Faculty of Theology in Bulgaria in 1923 highlighted new tasks and defined some main priority directions for research by setting some important strategic goals in the field of research, systematization, documentation and popularization of the scientific creativity of researchers in the field of Systematic Theology. Efforts to research and systematize the main directions in the field of Dogmatic theology, Patrology, Christian ethics, History of religion, Philosophy and psychology of religion, Non-religious confessions and Inter-Christian dialogue, problems of sectarianism have emerged as an important priority in the studies that have continued over the last decade. Different Christian and non-Christian religious teachings, which were always deeply connected with the teaching and spiritual mission of the Church and the challenges to Christian scientific thought and higher theological education in Bulgaria throughout the twentieth century, are explored in systematic and comparative perspective.

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Естетическата нагласа на Мориц Гайгер и нейните музикално-феноменологически измерения

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Естетическата нагласа на Мориц Гайгер и нейните музикално-феноменологически измерения

Author(s): Hari Rangelov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2025

This article examines the main concept in Moritz Geiger’s aesthetics – the aesthetic attitude – which, as an extension of the phenomenological concept attitude, describes the art-oriented (art-attuned) self. The very concept of attitude always refers to the intimate turning towards (orientation) either the world or art. At the same time, however, there exists another third attitude, which is capable of describing the intimacy of both the aesthetic and the world attitude, and which is inferred as a logical necessity without any evidence of what precisely this third attitude is. This indicates the existence of methodological ambiguity in contemporary music philosophy and musicology. The possibility of elucidating it – by revealing the musical-phenomenological dimensions of Geiger's aesthetics – is one of the conceptual horizons of this article, while the relations between the three attitudes are part of the conditions in which its theme unfolds. In order to clarify the aesthetic attitude, Geiger introduces additional concepts, namely outer concentration and value perception. Geiger analyses their modus operandi phenomenologically, and this makes it possible to reveal the musical-phenomenological dimensions of the aesthetic attitude, which directly links it to themes and ideas in musical-philosophical literature. Musical-philosophical concepts such as musical nomos, transcendental musical synthesis, and the faculty of co-being enable Geiger's ideas to be developed and placed into a concrete musical-philosophical perspective that sees the relationship between the self and music as fundamental and autonomous.

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Neke ideje za unapređenje nastave filozofije u digitalnom okruženju – prilozi iz hrvatskog suvremenog srednjoškolskog odgojno-obrazovnog sustava

Author(s): Aleksandra Golubović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 26/2024

In this paper will be presented some ideas for improving philosophy teaching in secondary education schools, i.e. gymnasiums (KS4 and KS5). The ideas primarily concern the improvement of reading, especially the critical and creative reading of philosophical texts in the teaching of philosophy, because texts, that is, work on the text – when it comes to teaching philosophy – is one of our key tools. In addition, we will present several proposals, that is the possibility of processing a case study in a digital environment, for example, in the teaching of philosophy, or more precisely, in the domain of ethics – which in the new philosophy curriculum in Croatia, in addition to metaphysics and epistemology, represents one of the three key domains out of which each is compulsory in every school year. It is particularly important for us that the teaching of philosophy is conducted interactively, which in other words means through discussions and dialogue with the students, so we will sufficiently value that element in our work.

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Колко тежи изкуството? Игра и сериозност от Кант до Ватимо

Author(s): Lyuboslava Hristova-Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

Although initially the concept of art as play incorporates the idea of art’s autonomy and irreducibility to the control of rational concepts, as outlined by Kant, its later interpretations are marked by the shadow of inevitable comparisons with its irrevocable antipode – seriousness. Deeply embedded in the concept is the risk of reducing art to the lightness of enjoyment and entertainment, far from the serious dimensions of life, or to purely subjective expression at the expense of truth and knowledge. Authors such as Schiller and Gadamer attempt to rehabilitate art’s weight, redefining precisely the concept of “play” into a key feature of human nature or humanitarian knowledge respectively. Lyotard advocates the special status of art-as-play, capable of rewriting the rules of the other spheres of life. While according to critics of the concept, such as Vattimo, the term itself is at the heart of depriving art of ontological and existential weight.

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Pre-Christian Philosophical Origins of the Idea of Logos

Author(s): Silviu Lupaşcu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

As a necessary link, in the history of religious ideas, between polytheistic and monotheistic establishments, a remarkable concordance, sapiential continuity and epistemological harmony characterize the pre-Christian philosophical positions on lógos, a transcendent principle that actively assist the supreme power of divinity in the making, organizing and governing of the spiritual universe, being at the same time immanent to the material universe, as an intelligible and causative determiner.

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Spiritualitatea prin expansiune. Sacralitatea cosmică și îmbrățișarea acesteia, în teologia lui Fr. Schleiermacher

Author(s): Ovidiu Cristian Nedu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

Trying to outline a system of Christian theology suitable to the rationalist and scientist approach of the Enlightenment, refractory to the idea of "transcendent", Friedrich Schleiermacher founds his own theological system in cosmic perfection, in the perfection of the Universe, taken as a whole. Cosmic sanctity replaces the sacred transcendent God of traditional theology. The divine external to the world is replaced by the divinity intrinsic to the Universe, which bestows it perfection. In this theological background, religious experience, salvation of man can no longer signify a relation to a transcendent God, but embracing a broader perspective, vast enough to include cosmic sacredness. Spirituality is no longer achieved by ascension but by expansion, an expansion comprehensive enough to incorporate the divinity of the Whole. Sanctification represents the approach by which man himself restores his natural predisposition towards the connection to cosmic harmony, without being assisted, in his endeavour, by any external divinity.

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Anton Dumitriu si isihia cea izbăvitoare

Author(s): Vasile Zecheru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 22/2022

The article represents an attempt to highlight the subtle features characterising the philosophical work of the great thinker Anton Dumitriu. In the creation laboratory of such a philosopher and logician, esoterism seems to be an exotic element that can determine, by itself, a great astonishment. Nevertheless, Anton Dumitriu’s biobibliography includes numerous clues indicating the secret aspiration of self-knowledge, the seeking of the inner light and, intellectually, the deciphering and interpretation of metaphysics in a philosophical sapiential key.After the war, Anton Dumitriu frequented the group Rugul Aprins (Burning Pyre) where the members were guided by the subline ideal of God as the inner light. This is how, our great logician proves to be an excellent connoisseur of the hesychasm method (oratio mentis) and of the authentic traditional orthodox path, both mysterious and hidden to the profane eye.About all of this, as an attempt to demonstrate the existence of a guiding line in Anton Dumitriu’s life and work, we will mention arguments, interpretations and conclusions that, altogether, lead to an new point of view on the spiritual concerns of the great writer. Referring to his creation, the constant inner search shows itself to us as being focused mainly on identifying those initiating hidden senses that derive from the old traditional spirituality expressed, most often, in an analogical form.

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Epistemologia historyczna jako podstawa metodologiczna dla krytycznej historiografii psychologii – Krystyny Zamiary badania dynamiki pojęć i programów psychologicznych.

Author(s): Jan Kornaj,Andrzej Pankalla / Language(s): Polish Issue: 69/2025

The article aims to showcase the usefulness of Jerzy Kmita’s methodology of historical epistemology for research in the field of the history of psychology analyzing the example of Krystyna Zamiara’s research of the dynamics of psychological concepts and programs. Both Zamiara and Kmita were members of the Poznań Methodological School that began to form in 1960s and developed in 1970s at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Historical epistemology is a methodology of studying the process of the development of science, based on Marks’s dialectical materialism. It assumes that science is a social practice which development is determined by social, historical processes as well as ontological and epistemological assumptions of any scientific societies. Krystyna Zamiara applied historical epistemology to study covert assumptions determining the development of psychological programs. She also analyzed the development and the use of the notion of psychological parallelism and the consequences of accepting or rejecting parallelism for modern psychology. The article also points to similarities between Krystyna Zamiara’s historiography of psychology and the critical psychology in terms of philosophical inspirations, research subjects and goals. In the light of the identified similarities, Krystyna Zamiara can be considered a precursor of critical historiography of psychology in Poland

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(Re)theorizing the measurement of conspiracy theories

Author(s): Daniel-Radu Iordache / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This text critically examines whether psychometric scales represent a robust measurement choice when studying conspiracy theories: a key philosophical and methodological gap in the literature on conspiracy theories. I call into question whether such scales have content validity, predictive validity and whether studies employing these instruments manifest external validity, respectively. These issues manifest differently across the two types of scales examined. The adequate development of applied scales is unfeasible because it is impossible to objectively define an ideal combination of items that fully captures the conspiratorial themes they aim to measure. Applied scales will, then, always have limited content validity, which will not only impair our ability to understand whether they really measure the construct in question but will also prevent us from using them in a standardized way. While generic scales may seem superior to applied scales in that they allow for standardized measures, they seem to suffer from the same problem due to the theoretically limitless number of dimensions needed to fully capture conspiratorial ideation. Consequently, the degree to which the predictions made on the basis of these scales are valid (i.e. predictive validity) and their generalizability (i.e. external validity) becomes unclear. In this text, I argue that the employment of psychometric scales does not represent a robust method of measuring conspiracy theories. This situation raises concerns regarding the current state of the literature, since these instruments are widely used in this research area. Given the discussed shortcomings, I propose a novel approach to measurement, one that involves indirect assessment of conspiracy theories. Moreover, a better alternative to existing measures is considered, namely discourse analysis.

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Pagiriamasis žodis skepticizmui: pasitikėjimo ir patikimumo permąstymas šiandieniniame pasaulyje

Author(s): Giedrius Kanapka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4 (116)/2024

Review of: Norris, Pippa. In Praise of Skepticism: Trust but Verify. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022.

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