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Historical Sociology and Sociology of History

Author(s): Luc Boltanski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Reading A Sociology of Modernity made me turn again towards history and encounter the path of a historical sociology. One can say that Peter Wagner´s work opens up particularly rich perspectives towards a new consideration of the complex relations between sociology and history and on the consequences that the internal movements within each discipline have had on the other. I shall approach some issues regarding these relations by looking, first, at the theme of temporality and at the distinction between the past and a present (often turned towards the horizon of the future) and, second, at the theme of the events and their frequent contradistinction to structures.

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World-Sociology Beyond Eurocentrism:

Author(s): Aurea Mota / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

In his recent work Peter Wagner has dealt with understandings of modernity in different world regions. He has expanded the analysis of modern transformations in Europe to parts of the Southern world. This turn in his work has been a response to challenges about the development of Western modernity, including his own earlier arguments. This article explores some features of Wagner’s recent research on the Brazilian, European and South African trajectories of modernity and his proposal for a world-sociology. The aspects of his work that I am especially interested in are: i) the establishment of the Atlantic connection for the ‘enablement’ of the modern transformation in the nineteenth century; ii) the question about the spaces where experiences happen and the interpretation of temporal transformations and historical continuities. As a sociologist who takes a classical approach to the analysis of historical transformations, Wagner has developed a conception of trajectories of modernity using the notion of societal self-understanding to challenge both conceptually and empirically the presuppositions of communality and continuity assumed as guiding ideas to account for difference in the modern world. I explore in this article the advantages of Wagner’s unorthodox sociological perspective that is to propose both a general understanding of autonomy as key features to comprehend historical transformation and to show how reflexivity opens up a variety of ways of being in the world.

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Sovereignty and Government in Africa after Independence

Author(s): Ivor Chipkin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This essay is a contribution to the field of institutional studies in that it treats the State as a substantial phenomenon, composed of institutions that require analysis in their own right. Here, the focus is on the political form of African states from the 1960s to the 1980s. On the one hand, I will follow Bourdieu here in insisting that the study of government demands that we know something of the history of political thought (la pensée politique). This simple observation is seldomly applied when it comes to politics in postcolonial Africa. On the other, I use Peter Wagner´s concept of modernity to show that struggles against colonialism and Imperialism and the pursuit of self-determination for African and Asian peoples are unambiguously struggles against domination and for autonomy. The emergence of Third World nationalism (and the Non-Aligned Movement) is an event, therefore, firmly in modernity. So too is the phenomenon of the One-party state in Africa.

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Schutz-Wittgenstein:

Author(s): Luigi Muzzetto / Language(s): English Issue: Volume 10/2018

The first part of this paper aims to highlight the analogies between Schutz’s vision of the natural attitude and Wittgenstein’s vision of a phenomenon that concerns the same problematic field, i.e. certainty, the belief of common sense that is free of all doubt, that the world “out there” is as it appears, absolutely real. These certainties form the basis, the foundation of language games and therefore of knowledge in general and in its entirety. This foundation is unfounded and yet indispensable. The second part of the paper examines an important topic analysed by Wittgenstein, related to the aforementioned problem: the language transposition of pre-predicative, pre-reflective and non-propositional certainties, the cornerstones of which are “hinge propositions”, whose hybrid nature can be identified in the shift from empirical propositions to grammatical rules.

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The Social Meaning of Prices:

Author(s): Daniela Griselda López / Language(s): English Issue: Volume 10/2018

There is no question that nowadays the phenomenon of prices is central to the media and political agenda and is the object of heated debates in the Argentine public arena. However, it is striking that these discussions “forget” to mention the social conditions in which market actors significantly set and shape prices. Debates focus on price increase and the spontaneous movements of the supply and demand curves supported by the neoclassical economic perspective, while the market agents that specifically cause such increase fade into the background and the subjective aspects of the phenomenon of price formation are underestimated as a mere manifestation of states of mind or individual preferences. This article argues that it is possible to criticize the neoclassical paradigm presuppositions based on the work of Alfred Schutz. His phenomenologically oriented sociology takes a critical stand facing the approaches that only consider the movements of the supply and demands curves in price formation, and that put aside the subjective values of the actors in the market. It is held that in line with the sociology of valuation, Schutz perspective resumes the inquiry around the intersubjective structures of meaning showing the importance of his thought to help us think about present-day problems.

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Schutz’s Mutual Tuning-in Relationship:

Author(s): Dorianne COTTER-LOCKARD / Language(s): English Issue: Volume 10/2018

In his essay, “Making Music Together,” Schutz provided insight into the social interactions between all participants in the musical process, including composer, performers, and listeners. The key concept in Schutz’s essay is the “mutual tuning-in relationship,” which encompasses the relationship between I and Thou, to form a We Presence. Schutz examined the structure of the mutual tuning-in relationship, which he said, “originates in the possibility of living together simultaneously in specific dimensions of time” (Schutz 1964: 162). During the mutual tuning-in process, members of an ensemble merge into each other’s stream of consciousness. This paper is based on phenomenologically-influenced research conducted at the Cleveland Institute of Music in collaboration with the Cavani String Quartet. The members of the Cavani Quartet teach several specific rehearsal techniques to their students which enable formation of a We Presence. The paper summarizes Schutz’s structures of the mutual tuning-in process and provides illustrations from the research findings which deepen our understanding of the mutual tuning-in process.

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Social Media in a Schutzian Perspective:

Author(s): Manuel Petrik / Language(s): English Issue: Volume 10/2018

The article is a reflection about the controversies on social media. It analyzes a week of Folha de São Paulo’s posts, the largest Brazilian newspaper, on its Facebook page. The methodological basis adopted is the Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 2006). From the results, in a week of data collection, it seeks to theorize over coercive factors for the emergence of discursive struggles, with the aim of outlining a phenomenology of commentaries, based on Alfred Schutz, Thomas Luckmann and Peter Berger. Finally, it contrasts this situation of online conflicts with the Brazilian identity and the historical moment of the country.

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Truth as Objectified Knowledge in In-Groups:

Author(s): Michael Hanke / Language(s): English Issue: Volume 10/2018

This article reflects on the contemporary phenomenon of ‘fake news’ from a Schutzian perspective. Discerning the truth or falsity of an utterance – whether it is true, and therefore deemed ‘real’, or not and thus ‘fake’ –, calls for a framework for determining truth value. Thus, after a brief introduction, situating fake news within the history of strategic disinformation and propaganda, we analyze Schutz’s perspective on truth and rationality. Schutz’s concept of truth and rationality are centered around the paradigm of social constructivism, which situates the production of objects of thought in its sociocultural context and considers these objects socially derived or mediated. Reality, from this angle, is tied to group consensus, and, thus, can be considered objectified knowledge within the in-groups to which the members belong. This view of reality seems to follow, essentially, the logic of internet phenomena, such as filter bubbles and echo-chambers.

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Language, Verstehen, and the Life-World in Social Science Methodology:

Author(s): Ricardo Venturini / Language(s): English Issue: Volume 10/2018

The aim of the paper is to deal with the links between Schutz and Wittgenstein on the centrality of language and intersubjectivity in the structure of meanings. I believe there are similarities between Schutz's proto-trust in the natural attitude and Wittgenstein's animal faith in the basic life form of language games. To this end, Cicourel's analysis of the relationship between language, Verstehen and empirical research methods will be used. Cicourel renders Schutz and Wittgenstein contiguous, by interpreting the different techniques of empirical research as languages that structure the understanding of meanings on the basis of the order of different realities and different language games.

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Transformative Phenomenology as an Antidote to Technological Deathworlds

Author(s): Valerie Malhotra Bentz,David Rehorick,James Marlatt,Ayumi Nishii,Carol Estrada / Language(s): English Issue: Volume 10/2018

The concept of lifeworld as posited by Husserl and developed by Schutz reveals key aspects of human social life. What happens when organized forces of human control tear lifeworlds apart? Gebser warned that without a transformation of consciousness humans would destroy their world. Habermas pointed out that humans were destroying lifeworlds with little awareness of the consequences due to the predominance of rational/legal thinking, thus creating “Deathworlds”. Transformative Phenomenology has become a community-of-practice that is an antidote to Deathworld-Making. Transformative phenomenology includes hermeneutics, somatics and leregogic practices and phenomenologists trained in this way exhibit ten qualities of being. We offer the Rising Sun project, a phenomenologically based social innovation, as a case example. The call to maintain and restore lifeworlds is the call to oneness and peace. In the era of growing Deathworlds, we, phenomenologists, are urged to respond and contribute to this call.

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Słowa, wojna i milczenie. Thomas Merton na XXI wiek

Author(s): Rowan Williams / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

Throughout his writing life Thomas Merton was preoccupied with the dangers of language. He was attentive to what was being done to language in the climate of militarism, rivalry, and international anxiety. On the one hand, there was the incoherence of language that could not be trusted, on the other – the coherence of weapons that were infallible. In this environment the whole notion of reason and sanity was shaken. When we treat ourselves, and ourselves alone, as reasonable, we say of the other that there is no meaning there. This article examines Merton’s thinking about the crisis of language and suggests vital connections between the world in the 1960s and the world today: a world of self-reflexive culture, of polarized politics, of reductive, banal and trivial accounts of human nature, a thinning and a shrinking of language and what it can say and do, and a one-sided view of reason.

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U spomen na profesorku Radmilu Šajković

Author(s): Aleksandar V. Gordić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2016

Teško je sastaviti osvrt na misaono i po obimu izuzetno bogati opus profesorke Radmile Šajković, preminule 5. junija 2016, dok njen svetli, produhovljeni lik još lebdi pred očima, a njen blagi, promišljeni glas i dalje odjekuje u ušima. Njen dugi, ali intelektualnim delovanjem sasvim ispunjeni život okončao se iznenadno, jer je do poslednjeg dana sačuvala fizičku vitalnost i besprekorne umne sposobnosti, sećajući se brojnih detalja koje smo i mi mlađi odavno zaboravili, te rasuđujući i argumentujući kao u svojim najboljim danima. Odlikovale su je najdivnije ljudske osobine: iskonska toplina, dobronamernost, nesebičnost, smernost (čak do asketizma), a nikad nije prežalila svog supruga, uglednog profesora Veterinarskog fakulteta Slavoljuba Milosavljevića, kojeg je nadživela 45 godina. Njena lična biografija obilovala je veoma upečatljivim detaljima. [...]

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Społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu jako nowa forma dialogu w obszarze działań gospodarczych

Author(s): Janina Filek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

Built on a philosophical and social analysis, the paper’s thesis is that corporate social responsibility is a new form of social dialogue. To support the thesis, the features of social communication (on the level of colloquial language), features of philosophical dialogue, and features of corporate social responsibility dialogue are compared. Following the presentation of the corporate social responsibility dialogue, the anthropological, economic and social advantages of a dialogue between companies and their stakeholders is described. One conclusion the analysis led to is that, in the current social-economic situation, further economic development has been increasingly dependent on a company’s dialogue with its stakeholders. Further benefits a company can derive from conducting a responsible dialogue with stakeholders are also indicated.

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The Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence, Human Communication and Ethics. A Futuristic Perspective: Utopia or Dystopia?

Author(s): Crînguţa-Irina PELEA / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

In today’s society, Artificial Intelligence is continuously evolving, with remarkable speed and it has a considerable impact on the community as a whole, starting with medicine, education,industry, and it affects communication in human relations. Once one can no longer deny this technological advancement with many implications on our lives, a new topic of discussion and academic research arises: to what extent will it be necessary to redefine the parameters ofcommunication and the relationships between the individual, the group, the society, and the Artificial Intelligence. The present research tackles several problematic aspects related to AIin the present and some that may arise in the near future when robots will probably become acommodity. First, the author will investigate the communication relationship between AI and theindividual, now, given the fact that the excessive use of technology recalibrates and reformulatesthe way one perceives and envisages the harmony and the efficiency of the communicationprocess. Second, the connection between AI and ethics is another topic of high interest now,and even though the flourishing development of AI supposedly has as a mission the be nefitof humankind, many ethical dilemmas keep arising and feed collective social anxiety, while nosatis fying and consistent solutions seem to be found. Globalisation and technological progressmark another turning point for contemporary society, which witnesses an unforeseen academicimpasse of knowledge, meaning that it is prone to reconfigure stable academic disciplines andto estimate the emergence of new ones, dictated by post-contemporary global necessities. Forexample, the ethics of robots or AI has high chances to become a well-established academic discipline soon, given the present turbulent and dynamic technological context, constantly shaping humanity’s life. Considering the future implications of ethical and communication nature becomes a stringent necessity even at its earliest stages, not only for researchers ofvarious departments and ethics committees but also for governments, corporations, and otherindustry branches. Therefore, creating and engraving a culture of social responsibility towards. AI represents one of the most difficult challenges of our times, and finding the balance will make the difference between utopia and dystopia, where AI is a miracle... or an evil.

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The New Digital Divide: Disinformation and Media Literacy in the U.S.

Author(s): Christina Hicks-Goldston / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This research addresses the impact of disinformation and media illiteracy on civil discourse andinformed societal activity in the United States. The research provides analysis of the conditionssurrounding disinformation and media illiteracy, as well one proposed solution for the problem:a media literacy educational program for both digital and non-digital natives via an internationalalliance of experts. Initially, the „Digital Divide“ of the early 21st century referenced individualsunable to access digital information with the same efficiency as those individuals in a householdwith a personal computer. In 2007, the introduction of smart phone technology transformedsome of the Digital Divide population by providing information previously restricted to individualswith PC access to anyone who owned a phone. However, frequency of use is not the equivalentof mastery or thorough understanding. In 2016, the disinformation campaigns surrounding theU.S. presidential election, and later popular culture campaigns such as supposed controversysurrounding Disney’s The Last Jedi, emerged as foreign interference with American cultureexploiting cultural divides. This research addresses two things: (1) Recognition of a caveatto the Knowledge Gap Theory in 21st century media interaction; and (2) Creation of a medialiteracy educational program via an international coalition for the sole purpose of combatingdisinformation..

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Location-Based Games as a Method of Teaching Seniors in the Field of Digital Technologies

Author(s): Magdaléna Švecová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Research on the education of seniors is a continually developing area of educational studies.However, current researchers emphasize the need for further exploration, due to ongoing social and civilizational changes, as well as the fast digitization of society to which seniors are not able accommodate very quickly. The author of this study will present results of research experiment named LoGaSET which is based on comparing two teaching and learning concepts:edutainment and the classic linear way of education. The concept of edutainment (includingthe use of location-based games as an educational method) is gaining popularity as a formof teaching. However, there are only a few studies verifying the effectiveness of its use. What is especially important, is that location-based games as an educational method are aimed particularly at young learners. Furthermore, it is not used in teaching ICT. That is the reason why the fundamental idea of the LoGaSET project was the creation of a course for seniors in the field of smartphones. This course was conducted using two methods: the class-lesson method and the location-based game method. After creating both didactic models and scenarios and testing them, researchers conducted educational courses for seniors at the local level.As a result, we can now assume some main conclusions regarding education of seniors in the field of smartphones based on the quantitative and qualitative data we observed during experimental teaching.

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Multidisciplinary Explanation of the Reading Voice as a Medium: Challenge to Family Media Literacy

Author(s): Darina Pachova,Milena Tsvetkova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This study addresses the gaps in knowledge regarding the unique energetics of the reading voice in its role as a medium for the development of stalwart future readers. We take intoconsideration Maryanne Wolf’s reminder about the special need to „foster“ readers due tothe fact that reading is „unnatural“. The purpose of this study is to identify the position ofreading aloud as a basic media practice in parenting strategies dedicated to cultivating futurereaders in order to prove that the energetics of the human voice can serve as a communication medium. This study is committed to finding a solution to a specific scientific problem: could the media modality of the environment involving reading aloud from birth be the crucial factor for developing unfailing future readers? The multidisciplinary reading research analyzes theresults of a quantitative sociological 32-item survey which assesses the level of awareness andperceptions towards parent-child reading of 71 families in Bulgaria. The analysis focused onparental attitudes towards pre-reading skills before the child learned to read in the convention alsense. From a new perspective, the study looks at the role of the human voice as a medium ofunique energetics for family communication. The study demonstrates that the reading voiceadds unique energetics to the parent-baby environment by elevating it with non-verbal rhetoricas well as maintaining it in mode of attention and affectionate sound register. These findings can inform decision-making to improve family media literacy on the protection of children’s keyright to a highly energetic cognitive environment that nurtures avid readers

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Od pedagogiki emancypacyjnej do filozofii Marksa, czyli o alfabetyzacji ekonomicznej we Freirowskim elementarzu dla dorosłych A Luta Continua

Author(s): Piotr Stańczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The main reason of this article is to present textual content of handbook for adult illiterates A Luta Continua. This freirean primer was used during decolonisation period on São Tomé and Príncipe. The action for basic literacy ended with remarkable success because of focusing on material conditions of everyday adult students’ life. Social issue was represented widely in the handbook, and analysis of text lead to conclusion that Marx’s philosophy is significant for economic literacy curriculum. However there are two important problems with philosophy of Marx. First of all, ideological involvement of theory of education caused marxism „allergy”. The second problem is that prominent representative of critical pedagogy, Giroux, who had great impact for Polish critical pedagogy, denigrated marxism as a theory which paralyze actions for social change. That is why the article contain elaborated introduction, which is an attempt to locate Freire’s philosophy of education in discourse of critical pedagogy. The second part of the article is reconstruction of beginnings of „Freire’s method”. The third part contains analysis of reading texts which are the textual collection for economic literacy curriculum. It is stressed in the conclusion that language of freirean handbook for adults’ literacy is enough critical–comparing to critique of political economy project–but it is more pragmatic because of taking adult learners’ experience as a basis more than teaching avant-garde.

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Problem osoby w świetle neuronauk. Czy osoba to jedynie użyteczna metafora?

Author(s): Józef Bremer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

Starting from John Paul II’s critique of Cartesianism, this article shows the influence of the latter on the emergence of empirical-positivist (Gerhard Roth) and eliminational (Daniel C. Dennett) theories of the person that consider man merely a useful metaphor. The philosopher Peter F. Strawson and the neurologist Roger W. Sperry, who came up with the metaphysical and emergentist theories of the person, respectively, support the idea that the person is not merely illusory and metaphorical. An exclusively metaphorical understanding of the person also contradicts current research on neuroplasticity, as both studies on people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and the treatment of patients after the stroke demonstrate.

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Sztuczna inteligencja – produkt czy podmiot?

Author(s): Robert Wawer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

Science and technology have created machines that in many aspects resemble people in action, and even exceed them in the ability to recognize, in the speed of thinking and counting, in the memory capacity. Thus, the development of humanity is at a time when the difference between the abilities of a human person and the artificial creation begins to blur. This article tries to trace how human nature was understood over the millennia and how it must now be re-egzamined in the confrontation with the rapidly growing artificial intelligence over the last decades. How predictable is the further development of artificial intelligence, and how much more will it replace the human person, or even improve human nature? There are here emerging questions: anthropological – concerning the evolution of human nature, philosophical - how much creation can exceed the creator, and ethical – about the human and machine dignity, and responsibility for deeds. Is human nature immutable or subjected to technological evolution? To what extent can we allow machines to manage successive areas of our life and will it not turn against a human? This article follows stages of anthropology in different cultures and at different stages of civilization, and raises questions related to the emergence of a new reality, radically changing human life and touching the very essence of human creation.

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