„Aksjologiczne zamieszanie?”

Author(s): Andrzej M. Kaniowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2015

The text is a reflection on the lustration law of 2007, which imposed an obligation of submitting lustration statements on people whose professions involved significant public responsibility. Academic professors, along with journalists, or lawyers were subject to this obligation. The article, which was in the most part written in the course of these events in 2007, is a document of moral dilemmas brought by the lustration law. By posing the general question “What should I do” in the face of such state-imposed obligation, it considers a series of opposite arguments concerning the validity of this law and the reasons to submit to it, or to reject it in an act of civil disobedience.

„Atviros visuomenės“ spąstai

Author(s): Algirdas Degutis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2008

Contemporary liberal egalitarianism is intent on carrying out a cultural and moral inversion of the social order, an effort not unlike the revolution that Marxism hoped to accomplish in the sphere of economic relations. Indeed, with the failure of economic equalization the egalitarian zeal has largely moved to other spheres of life, so that now Western societies are facing a massive political endeavor on the part of their liberal elites at implementing the equality of races, sexes, sexual orientations, life styles, cultures and religions. The cult of the marginalized Other reigns supreme. The cult requires Western societies to assume the guilt for the marginalization and to bend over backwards towards the Other. The cult is behind what is widely accepted as laudable progress towards an open society. The highest virtue under this dispensation is that of non-discrimination and inclusion, while the lowliest vice is discrimination and exclusion. The liberal fight against discrimination requires demoting anything peculiar to Western civilization and promoting anything alien to it. The implementation of the ideally open society can only culminate in the suicide of the West.

„Az »idegen« és az »ellenség« szavak szinonimák”

Author(s): Mária Ludassy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 09/2015

Rousseau’s Social Contract is the theoretical foundation of the citizen-state: the free consent of the citizens is the basis of the political community, the spirit of our moral autonomy lies within our obedience to the laws, and the religion of the state is a pure political construction and has no connection with mystical dogmas or miracles. But in the works of Rousseau we can find an opposite orientation too: as the implication of the historisation of anthropology in the Second Discourse, the idealization of the tribal society, the non-reflective, emotive community of men becomes the moral ideal. In the Constitution for Corsica or in the Government of Poland the historical isolation of nations, the “natural”xenophobia of popular customs are normative both politically and morally.With his glorification of historical habits and popular prejudices, Rousseau has become completely isolated among the philosophers of the Enlightenment – and the theoretical forerunner of populist cultural criticism and ethnocentric nationalism.

„Az igazak emlékezete áldott”

Author(s): József Máriás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2016

The article presents and analyzes episodes from the life of the Reformed Bishop, Sándor Makkai, who, since his early youth, was involved as a supporter of the cause of the Hungarian minority, facing the new power in Transylvania. Through his preaching, through his literary writings, including successful novels in their time, he created important moral landmarks for his contemporaries. His religious activity was combined harmoniously with extensive pedagogical activity.

„Bardzo nieliczni czują, że ich życie nie jest życiem, lecz śmiercią”. F. Dostojewski i L. Szestow wobec idei szczęścia i egzystencjalnej satysfakcji

Author(s): Michał Kruszelnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In my paper I set the existential interpretation of Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground proposed by Lev Shestov against the religious and psychological interpretations of this novel in order to excavate a vital problem in Dostoevsky, which is the inversion of hierarchy in pairs of oppositional categories such as normality-pathology, happiness-unhappiness, harmony- dissonance, omnitude-lack, certainty-uncertainty, joy-despair, faith-doubt. Following Shestov I argue that Dostoevsky embraces those categories that are traditionally mistrusted and negatively valorized and by so doing he rehabilitates the “underground”, accursed and unhappy existence at the expense of regular, “normal” life, easily founding spiritual certainty and every day satisfaction. Such an un-problematic life Dostoevsky’s man from the underground regards as a false, smug and eventually – “dead”. In further part of my study I focus on the religious aspect of Shestov’s later philosophy and try to prove that the perspective of faith gradually introduced to his reading of Dostoevsky in no way cancels Shestov’s early philosophy of the underground, despair and tragedy. On the contrary: if faith “obtained” is likely to become yet another mask of “evidence” and “certainty” and in this way might put stop to existential doubts and spiritual dissatisfaction, then neither Dostoevsky, nor Shestov himself, can easily trust it. In this situation despair and tragedy cannot but hold in Dostoevsky’s and Shestov’s thought and the circle of searching and suffering must remain vicious. I demonstrate the consistency in Shestov’s philosophical thought on Dostoevsky and its constant adequacy for understanding one of the crucial existential dilemmas in the works of the Russian writer.

„Bez czystego cięcia” – cel (la fin) interpretacji czy kres (la fin) życia?

Author(s): Bogna Choińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2013

In the article, I focus primarily on the issue of reading Kant`s aesthetic thought by Derri-da. Kant turns out to be Derrida`s ally. It is due to the hostility of both thinkers towards hermeneu-tic ideas. Furthermore, some threads of Kant`s thought lead us to more fundamental similarities between Kant and Derrida. The aesthetic judgments of taste may be compared to the judgments of a deconstructivist interpretation. What is more, Kant`s views are related to the ethical and exis-tential reflection characteristic of the late Derrida. Hence, Derrida`s controversial claim about the relation between Kant andFreud and Nietzsche can emerge.

„Bezsilność” miłości jako idea wychowawcza. Próba zbadania fragmentu myśli Józefa Tischnera na styku filozofii i pedagogiki

Author(s): Mirosław Pawliszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2012

Love is always an inspiring topic. The problem, however, starts when it comes to talk to about it presenting its more challenging side. It is not only the possession of something, but also a stripping. It is not only the ability to heroic deeds, but also helplessness. It is not only a word but also silence. Finally it is not an evidence of someone’s presence, but also the hardest moment of experienced loneliness. The author in the presented article talks about the „other” side of love, wondering if this approach does not involve pedagogical inspirations.

„Bezstronny obserwator” Adama Smitha a neutralne kryteria oceny w etyce społecznej

Author(s): Cezary Kalita / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

Ethical theory for Adam Smith is first of all the basic mechanism of social controls. Going out from decisions of the matter of the moral feelings, which the ‘sympathy’ states the foundation; it tries to work out the neutral criteria of ethical opinions introducing the ‘impartial spectator’ figure. Superiority of this category in relation to John Rawls ‘veil of ignorance’ depends on this, that the Smith places his philosophical theory in the strong empirical context (the kind of sociological philosophy). Social ethicist is the base to build more folded regulators of community life, or social, such as economy and politics. The neutral criteria of ethical opinions are the foundation of different derivative social workings (economy, politics).

„Biosystemizm” M. Mahnera i M. Bungego

Author(s): Mirosław Twardowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2009

In the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries there was the heated discussion going on concerning a question: “what is life?” between the representatives of two opposing positions: “mechanism” and “vitalism”. The twentieth century adopted this dispute as a heritage of the past centuries. In the twentieth century many researchers, rejecting both mechanistic and vitalistic conception of life, proposed their own, alternative theory of life. Beside the theory of the „directness of life” that was proposed at the beginning of the twentieth century by J. S. Haldane and elaborated in the following years by L. von Bertalanffy in the system theory of an organism, the special attention should be paid to the “biosystemism” that was already introduced at the end of the twentieth century by M. Mahner and M. Bunge. According to the above-mentioned conception, bios is a new, emergent level, which is rooted in a chemical level. Living systems, despite the fact that they are created from physicochemical subsystems, have, as these two researchers claim, new emergent properties, which are not carried by their component parts.

„Bona matrona”. O znaczeniu przykładu w konstruowaniu wizerunku idealnej Rzymianki

Author(s): Danuta Musiał / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Private and political life in ancient Rome was regulated by a set of values and standards of conduct called the custom of ancestors (mos maiorum). The knowledge we have of it is derived from examples of mythical and historical past of Rome, coming primarily from the works of historians, above all from the History of Rome by Livy. In his stories of the Sabine women, Lucretia, Veturia, and Vergina, the Roman historian sketches portraits of women which can be considered as depicting the ideal matron. In his opinion, a bona matrona in order to enjoy the rightful position of her authority, needs to be described as pudica, casta, sancta, univira, and lanifica. She also needs to wear the stola. However, the set of values described by Liy was independent of the real position of women in families and in the society, which is confi rmed by epitaphs.

„Brain life” jako kryterium początku życia ludzkiego

Author(s): Tomasz Orłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

Nel 1968 il Rapporto del Comitato ad hoc della scuola di Medicina di Harvard definiva il criterio cerebrale della morte dell’uomo. L’uomo è da considerarsi morto quando viene meno, in modo totale e definitivo, la sua funzione encefalica. Con il passare del tempo è stato suggerito di poter stabilite anche l’inizio della vita umana facendo riferimento, in qualche modo, all’encefalo. Se è corretto, si sosteneva, considerare morto l’uomo che subisce la cessazione irreversibile delle attività dell’intero encefalo si auspicava fosse altrettanto corretto considerare vivo l’uomo solo dal momento in cui il suo organismo possegga almeno l’abbozzo delle strutture neuronali funzionanti. La teoria questa, proposta per la prima volta da John Goldenring, viene chiamata brain life. Il presente articolo vuole esporre le tesi dei principali ideatori e difensori della teoria, sottoporle ad una breve analisi critica al fine di rispondere se, in base alla sim-metria, partendo dal concetto della brain death è corretto elaborare il concetto della brain life. In ogni modo osiamo affermare che la fine irreversibile dell’attività coordi-natrice del cervello segna il passaggio dall’essere vivo all’essere morto. Osiamo altret-tanto affermare, perciò che riguarda l’inizio della vita umana, che dalla fusione dei due gameti emerge una nuova entità vivente, una nuova costituzione genetica chiara e defi-nitiva, dotata di un nuovo progetto e programma, con le proprie caratteristiche, in-dipendente e diversa da quella dei gameti die genitori, insomma un individuo vivente. La scienza non può definire diversamente, ma solo umano lo zigote e sosteniamo non sia necessario individuare momenti diversi dalla fecondazione per dire quando la vita umana ha inizio. Dalla brain death, dunque, alla brain life – una simmetria impossi-bile? Consideriamo corretto il sostrato filosofico della teoria della morte cerebellare e la sua risposta al perché (disorganizzazione interna) della morte di un organismo. Solo a questo livello ci si può appellare alla simmetria elaborando e proponendo la teoria della vita cerebrale. Ma pur considerando altrettanto corretta, nella teoria della morte cerebrale, la scelta del criterio biologico e la sua risposta al quando (irreversibile man-canza della funzione cerebrale) della fine della vita appellarci alla simmetria al fine di proporre la comparsa del cervello come momento in cui inizia la vita di un organismo umano è una scelta biologicamente errata e insostenibile. È possibile far ricorso solo ai concetti della vita e dell’organismo presupposti e correttamente definiti nella brain death, e Goldenring lo fa, volendo introdurre, per simmetria, la teoria della brain life. Non è possibile, perché arbitrario e scientificamente ambiguo, riferirsi ai criteri biologici della fine della vita e, per simmetria, pretendere di considerarli corretti anche per l’accertamento dell’inizio della vita...

„Brak działania napawa nas niepokojem” - O społeczeństwie projektu, projektyzacji i konsekwencjach rozprzestrzeniania się projektów z duńskim filozofem Andersem Fogh Jensenem rozmawiają Małgorzata Ćwikła i Waldemar Rapior.

Author(s): Anders Fogh Jensen,Waldemar Rapior,Małgorzata Ćwikła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

O społeczeństwie projektu, projektyzacji i konsekwencjach rozprzestrzeniania się projektów z duńskim filozofem Andersem Fogh Jensenem rozmawiają Małgorzata Ćwikła i Waldemar Rapior.

„Cazul Cioran” – un caz heideggerian?

Author(s): Adrian Buzdugan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2019

If Cioran’s articles could be easily examined in terms of their political message, his aforisms, short texts, or essays have nothing to justify their analysis from the perspective of their “political” content. Cioran’s thoughts, bordering on the poetic, are not comparable to Heidegger’s writings in which, as some try to convince us, the totalitarian ideology has deeply penetrated the very core of the ontology he developed. Even if scholar shave identified features of national-socialism in Heidegger’s works, it is still difficult to blame him for his ideas since he has quickly and lucidly reconsidered his approach to the Nazi ideology. Cioran’s writings have nothing in common with Corneliu Zelea Codreanu’s books, For My Legionaries or The Nest Leader’s Manual. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu’s hatred for Judeo-Communism has no correspondent in Emil Cioran’s writings.

„CAZUL” FILOZOFULUI VASILE BĂNCILĂ – SCRIERI DIN TINEREŢE

Author(s): Ion Dur / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

Vasile Băncilă is a thinker to be placed where he fits in the hierarchy of values of Romanian philosophers. Therefore, this text invokes some “start-up frames”, through which we offer a range of accents of the reception of the intellectual and philosophical dowry left by the author. Vasile Băncilă left posterity printed texts, but also thousands of sheets written over four decades of life, unfinished and not ready to be printed. Some of them are from his youth; on some of these focuses this text, namely on what meant for the young philosophy professor Vasile Băncilă the act or the process of philosophizing.

„Ce-ar fi dacă?” Mitologia ca „teorie de fond” pentru experimentul de gândire

Author(s): Mona Mamulea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 08/2012

Focusing on the Romanian hypothetical expressions mentioned by Vulcănescu and considered by Noica from an ontological standpoint, the present article shifts from ontology to epistemology in order to map out a few guidelines for their investigation as thought experiments. The benefit of such an approach is that it can contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms by which a specific community organizes its knowledge and shapes its world view.

„Chodź, proszę, pójdziemy tam razem...”. Fotograficzne sygnatury pamięci w projekcie Miłosz. Tutejszy Wojciecha Prażmowskiego

Author(s): Milena ROSIAK-KŁĘBIK / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2013

The aim of this article is to present Wojciech PraĪmowski’s photographic project through the prism of contemporary discourses – “the poetics of trace” (B. Skarga), “the theory of a photo-text” (M. Michałowska) and “the concept of migratory figures” (J. Ślósarska, M. de Certeau). The analysis encompasses the compositional structure of scenes – in reference to the methodology of punctum and studium, and the operator, the spectator and the spectrum of R. Barthes – as well as the contents associated with the off-scene space which concerns travelling along Czesław Miłosz’s tracks and the role a photographer / in which a wanderer plays. The article is also devoted to the issue of semiophores that fill the texture of memory in Prażmowski’s narration. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie fotograficznego projektu Wojciecha Prażmowskiego na tle współczesnych dyskursów – poetyki Śladu (B. Skarga), teorii foto-tekstu (M. Michałowska) czy konceptu figur wędrownych (J. Ślósarska, M. de Certeau). Analizie zostaje poddana rama kompozycyjna kadrów – w nawiązaniu do metodologii punctum i studium oraz operatora, spectatora i spectrum R. Barthes’a – ale i treści związane z przestrzenią pozakadrową, która dotyczy podróży śladami Czesława Miłosza i roli, jaką pełni w niej fotograf/wędrowiec. Porusza takie zagadnienie semioforów wypełniających teksturę pamięci w narracji Prażmowskiego.

„Co je rozumné, to se (možná) stane skutečným.“

Author(s): Eva Voldřichová Beránková,Katalin Bartha-Kovács / Language(s): Czech Issue: 59/2019

The article proposes a contemporary reflection on Hegel’s famous quote “the real is the rational andthe rational is the real” that tradition has often misinterpreted. Inspired by a new reading by JeanFrançois Kervégan (which translates the sentence “the rational will become effective/real and thereal/effective will become rational”), the article focuses on one of the possible illustrations of thisHegelian thesis. Émile Zola’s novel The Work consists of a very interesting analysis of the notions ofreality, effectiveness and rationality that the author applies to both literature and visual arts. Behindthe controversies of Pierre Sandoz and Claude Lantier, it is possible to discern all the debates thatopposed Émile Zola to his friend Paul Cézanne.

„Concepte deschise” în metafizica lui Constantin Noica

Meditațiile cartesiene ca schiță a „cum e cu putință ceva nou”

Author(s): Oana Șerban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2017

The main aim of this article is to examine the reception of Descartes’ Metaphysical Meditations, as forms of spiritual exercises, in the sense proposed by Ignacio de Loyola, Foucault and McGushin, in the field of the Romanian philosophy. My thesis is that this lecture is possible in Constantin Noica’s work, Sketch for the history of how is it that there is anything new (Schiţei istorice pentru cum e cu putinţă ceva nou?) in which meditations are addressed as practices of disciplining the activity of the intellect and avoiding its “laziness”, synthesized as life of the spirit, by applying the Cartesian principle ne ratio nostra finietur, that I will largely expose among this paper. The working-hypothesis is that Noica finds a proper answer for the question “how is possible for our intellect to create something new?” in Descartes’ Meditations, criticising the French philosopher’s theory on innate ideas and arguing that it provides an explanation exclusively for how is possible for a subject to get to know what is unknown. Therefore, the intellectual creation and not achievement of something now, in the terms of the so-called “logic of invention”, remains a consistent problem. In the first part of my article, I will sustain my arguments against Noica’s position, based on the assumption that these two aspects – the unknown and the invention – are part of the life of the spirit, in which the new is possible only through meditations and becomes the result of what Descartes recognized as cogitationes privatae. In the second part of my research I will apply the test of “the opened concepts”, following Noica’s terminology, in order to analyse the determinations that terms such as “new”, “innate”, “ready-made judgments” and “possibility” have in the larger context of keeping the exigencies of meditation as form of spirituality in the project of early-modern rationalism.

„Czy taki diabeł straszny?” Fenomen black metalu i wpływ muzyki metalowej na odbiorców

Author(s): Marcin Szulc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Among many kinds of rock music, Heavy Metal became the icon of rebellion. Its enthusiasts are associated with sexual, alcoholic and drug excesses, as well as often dark and iconoclastic stage spectacles and satanic rituals. The most extreme variety of this kind of music, Black Metal, is particularly infamous. Considering the fact that art is sometimes a transfer belt between the artist and the recipient, we found it interesting to try and formulate a characterization of this music genre as well as the subculture itself, describe how music preferences are shaped, and investigate the extent of influence of Black Metal/Heavy Metal on its recipients.A colloquial saying states that “you are what you eat” – if so, does the idea of death, darkness and evil propagated in the lyrics fall on fertile ground of nihilism, amplifying negative attitudes and fostering the formation of a pessimistic picture of the world? To answer these questions a wide overview of literature has been performed, revealing miscellaneous images of the listener. The results of the analysis present a more typical than atypical portrait of a teenage metal fan: capable of thinking and feeling, but above all rebelling against the reality in which he has come to live.

„Czym jednak jest piękno, tego nie wiem”

Author(s): Anna Arno / Language(s): Polish Issue: 736/2016