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Mezinárodní příslušnost soudů ve sporech z porušení práv právnické osoby zveřejněním údajně nesprávných informací na Internetu

Author(s): Tereza Kyselovská / Language(s): Czech Issue: 16/2017

Článek 7 bod 2 nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) č. 1215/2012 ze dne 12. prosince 2012 o příslušnosti a uznávání a výkonu soudních rozhodnutí v občanských a obchodních věcech musí být vykládán v tom smyslu, že právnická osoba, která tvrdí, že její osobnostní práva byla porušena zveřejněním nesprávných údajů, jež se jí týkají, na internetové stránce a tím, že nebyly odstraněny komentáře, jež se jí týkají, může podat žalobu, jíž se domáhá opravy těchto údajů, odstranění těchto komentářů a náhrady veškeré utrpěné újmy u soudů toho státu, v němž se nachází středisko jejích zájmů.

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Rozhodné právo pre zmluvné záväzky z medzinárodných licenčných zmlúv na predmety priemyselného vlastníctva pri absencii voľby práva

Author(s): Anton Konkol / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 09/2014

The rules determining the law governing contractual obligations arising out of international licensing agreements are in the European Union set out in the Rome I Regulation. The main pillar expressed in Article 3 is the principle of party autonomy. Equally important, however, is Article 4 containing rules for determining the applicable law in cases where the contract contains no agreement on choice of law. The present paper focuses specifically on Article 4 Rome I Regulation in relation to international industrial property license agreements in the absence of choice of law.

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Private Company limited by shares - britská obchodní společnost odpovídající naší společnosti s ručením omezeným

Author(s): Hynek Baňouch / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2001

The aim of this article is to describe the Private Company. It is a legal person that was formed by one or more persons for profitable or non-profitable objectives. Individual members are, in principle, not liable to creditors of the company. A person may become a shareholder by subscribing the memorandum and having one or more shares allotted to him ar having shares transferred to him by an existing shareholder. The conception of Private Company has much less personal elements than Roman law countries conceptions where "Gesellschaft mit beshränkter Haftung" served as a model. Private companics may have only one member nowadays. Currently there is no upper limit on the number of members of a Private Company in UK. There is no minimum share capital prescribed for private companies. Authorized capital empowers management to increase capital and thus the internal funds of company. The affairs of a company are managed and administered by its directors, acting either collectively, through decisions of the Board of Directors, or individually or jointly where specific authority has been delegated to one or more directors. The concept of a Supervisory board is unknown to UK Company law. The directors may exercise all the powers of the Company through resolutions passed at duly convened board meetings. Every company must have a Secretary - the company's chief administrative officer. There is a wide range of statutory restrictions on directors. A company may be wound up by two methods: compulsory and voluntary liquidation.

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Opční protokol k Úmluvě o právech dítěte: významný krok vpřed v oblasti ochrany dětí za ozbrojeného konfliktu

Author(s): Jiří Fuchs / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2001

This article deals with the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 25 May 2000. It focuses on key provisions of the Protocol, trying to evaluate them in comparison to the current norms of international law. The most significant progres is marked by provisions increasing the age limit for direct participation in hostilities and compulsory recruitments up to 18 years. Nevertheless, the protection of these provisions is weakened in many ways - States Parties to the Protocol only undertake to take all feasible measures to ensure the non-participation of children in hostilities and the scope of the provisions is furher narrowed to direct participation. Additionally, Article 4 relative to the participation of children in internal armed conflicts brings many difficulties, especially in relation to the principle of equal commitments of all parties to the conflict. This article finally comes to the conclusion that despite serious drawbacks, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict is a significant step forward in the protection of children in armed conflict.

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Současná právní úprava správy obrany a bezpečnosti státu

Author(s): Soňa Skulová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2001

State protection administration belongs to the traditional branches of public administration. The predominantly power-protection focus goes significantly beyond the scope of this sector and relates in certain respects to the entire territory of the state and a wide range of people. The organizing function in matters of building a defense system and its event. application also necessarily applies.

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Problematika dvojitého medzinárodného zdanenia s prihliadnutím na podmienky v Slovenskej republike

Author(s): Lubomír Grúň / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2000

Medzinárodná deľba práce je založená na využívaní rozdielnych prírodných, klimatických, dopravných a iných podmienok a napokon aj na využívaní nerovnomerného rozvoja vedy, techniky, priemyslu a poľnohospodárstva v róznych častiach sveta. Je jedným z faktorov, ktoré rozhodujúcim spósobom ovplyvňujú efektívnosť národného hospodárstva. Prostredníctvom zahraničného obchodu a ďalších foriem medzinárodnej hospodárskej spolupráce sa realizuje úspora spoločenskej práce, ktorá vznipráve pri realizácii medzinárodnej deľby práce.

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Imperativní normy z pohledu právního vývoje v evropských zemích

Author(s): Jaroslav Červenka,Miroslav Jurman / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2000

In this Article we tried to summarize theoretical views and court rulings in some cases which are concerned with the Mandatory Rules (Provisions). This kind of rules belongs to the Public Law of some specific State, despite the Applicable Law can be different. Recently the effect of these Norms has been ignorated, but actually this problem is solved in favour of their application, even if these norms have their origin in the Legal System of another country. The most important is the question of a Glose Connection with the considered Case.

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Vzývání multikulturní výchovy aneb o normativních podnětech Rámcové úmluvy o ochraně národnostních menšin

Author(s): Dalibor Jílek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2000

Rámcová úmluva o ochraně národnostních menšin, připravená pod egidou Rady Evropy v roce 1995, vykazuje jedinečný znak. Úmluva představuje první mnohostrannou smlouvu, která poskytuje mezinárodní ochranu národnostním komunitám v obecnějším rozměru. Mnohostranná smlouva zavádí soudržný panevropský (minimální) standard lidských práv příslušníků národnostních menšin. Jako normativní reflexe vychází ze živoucí existence a rozvoje multietnické a multikulturní společnosti, jež je téměř všudypřítomná i příznačná pro Evropu.Preambule jako podstatný díl Úmluvy, jejíž telos tkví zejména ve výkladu, vnímá kulturní rozmanitost jako pramen a činitel obohacení každého společenství. Právě realita i idea multietnické a multi kulturní společnosti podmiňují duch a literu Rámcové úmluvy. Právní dokument opouští jakýsi pravzor stejnorodého (monokulturního) společenství, jež obývá jedno území. Takový archetyp vtiskl ráz 19. století, jež bylo v Evropě ovládáno průraznou politickou zásadou jeden národ - jeden stát. Účinné působení modelu národního státu se přeneslo i do 20. století, kdy se ustálil "démonický" právní princip sebeurčení národů. Přestože Úmluva spatřuje ve spolčení kultur přirozené obohacení společnosti, zároveň se nevzdává odvěké normativní úcty k územní celistvosti a národní svrchovanosti států. V pravém smyslu ovšem působí jako stabilizační pakt. Přitom výraz "pakt" v právním názvosloví často odkazuje k míru, a to nejen k mezinárodnímu, ale i vnitřnímu míru coby pokojnému a bezpečnému soužití mezi lidmi různých kultur, což uvozující část Úmluvy výslovně zdůrazňuje. Nadto Úmluva vychází z předpokladu, že kultura může být chápána jako prostředek bezpečnosti a kontinuity života.

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Mezinárodněprávní aspekty kontroly řádného průběhu voleb

Author(s): Ingrid Zwettlerová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2000

The article "The international juridical aspects of the supervision and verification of the legitimate course of the election" dedicates to the realisation of articles 6-8 of Copenhagen Document in praxis of the Office for Democratic Institutiones and Human Rights (ODIHR). This is the essential part of its activity providing by the monitoring and verification missions. The analysis of the document on which basis they are established conduces to the characteristic of their status. The activity of this missions synthqises in the documents created in the observed country and recepted to the interior law: post-election statement (press statement}, checklist and final report. The statements consist of many recommendations and by this way are the potential resource of the both international and in terior law. The essay also pays an attention to the forms of the (juridical} Telations between the international organization and its members. The specific case of interference between the international and interior laws and the concurrence of the state authorities and international organization document the dynamic development of the international community.

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The Principle of Non-Refoulement in the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention and Contemporary Asylum Practice

Author(s): Rirk Vanheule / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2000

In international law, the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention guarantees a number of rights to refugees, like the right of non-discrimination and freedom of religion (Articles 3 and 4). A considerable number of articles deals with the judicial and personal status, the rights that a refugee has at the level of property, access to the courts, employment and welfare (Articles 17 to 24) and administrative status (Articles 25 to 34). The rationale behind the Refugee Convention is to offer protection to persons who do not benefit from the protection of their home country any longer. If the State of which they have citizenship does not protect them any more and they are unable or unwilling to return there for reason of a well-founded fear of persecution, then they benefit this substitute protection of the Geneva Convention.

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Problematika postavení a volby soudců Spolkového ústavního soudu ve Spolkové republice Německo

Author(s): Jitka Součková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2000

Mitglieder des Bundesverfassungsgerichts sind Richter. Sie sind dem Gesetz unterworfen und da dem Grundgesetz die Gewaltenteilung zu Grunde liegt, ist die dritte Gewalt, der die Richter des Bundesverfassungsgerichts angehören, von der Exekutive und Legislative getrennt. Diese ist eine der Sicherungen, die die Unabhängigkeit der Richter des Bundesverfassungsgerichts gewährleisten können. Zu anderen gehört das Wahlverfahren, in dem sie bestellt werden, sowie die Bedingungen, die an sie gestellt werden. Problematisch sind die grundsätzlich unterschiedlichen Systeme der Wahl der Richter des Bundesverfassungsge richts in den beiden zu deren Wahl berufenen Wahlorgane, im Bundestag und im Bundesrat. Zu beanstanden ist vor allem das Wahlverfahren im Bundestag, der die Kandidaten mittels des sog. Wahlmänneraus schusses wählt. Zum richtigen Verstehen des angesprochenen Wahlmodus sind ebenso die vorab getroffenen politischen Absprachen zwischen den stärksten Fraktionen im Bundestag zu beachten, die für sich das Besetzen "ihrer" Planstellen bei dem Bundesverfassungs gerichts in einer "ungeschriebenen Proporz" beanspruchen. Eine weitere Sicherung in dieser Hinsicht stellt die Regelung dar, wonach die Verfassungsrichter nur für eine Amtsperiode wählbar sind.

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Rozbor klíčových institutů mezinárodního práva trestního na pozadí kauzy Pinochet

Author(s): Ivo Janda / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2000

The decision of the House of Lords in the Pinochet case is the first judgment rendered by a municipal court in which a former head of state of a foreign country has been held accountable at law far crimes under internatianal law. This case is part of the current sweeping development in the field of international criminal law. This discipline of international law has recently gained considerable momentum thanks to the setting up of the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda by the UN Security Council and adoption of the Rome Statute of an International Criminal Court. The nation of crime under international law, established by the Nuremberg principles, was resurrected by these international judicial bodies and and its concept alsa was a legal basis for the House of Lards in the Pinochet case. The author of this article focuses on the application by the Law Lords of the notion crime under international law and of other related principles of international criminal law as irrelevance of official capacity or universal jurisdictian. On the background of the Pinochet case the writer also evaluates these key terms of international criminal law in a broader context of their position with respect to other disciplines of international law.

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Uprchlictví v České republice v legislativních a migračních souvislostech

Author(s): Dalibor Jílek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1999

The very structured contribution focuses on the issue of refugeehood in the Czech Republic in a number of contexts. As a preliminary problem the freedom of movement is analysed in a light of the personalliberty. The implementation of the freedom of movement acquired apparently patological character in the past. The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms which is an immanent part of the Czech constitutional order has filled legal gaps in the 1920 Constitutional Charter and the 1948 and 1960 Constitutions. Article 14 of the Charter guarantees the freedom of movement as a fundamental liberty. The proviso entirely covers all the aspects of such a ju ristic institution. The phenomenon of the liberty of movement is consecutively analysed in the relation to visa policy of the Czech Republic. Visas can be viewed as a Ze gal bar for the freedom of movement of persons but from the other side it is an effective legitimate instrument of the state for the control of transboundary migration and the maintance of national security that verifies the ability of an alien for the access to the teritorry of the state. Visa -free policy realized by the Czech Republic from the very beginning has in strategical and geographical term clear and evident "western" contour. The "sharpness", unambiguousness and probably even political foresight is being lacked by its "eastern" line in respect of the prodigy of refugeehood.The Czech Republic cannot be assumed as a country of destination. The said assumption is at present deduced from statistics data kept about aliens with state permits and asylum seekers and purely former relation between conjecture and empirical material. A careful and more complex examination of the current situation, however, results in the statemeni that one can speak about massive labour migration with dominating transit elements. The Czech Republic can be thus qualified as a transit country. The Czech Parliament recently passed the new Asylum Act. At last the new Act respects the proviso of Article 43 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms which imposes upon the state the commitment to grant asylum to aliens persecuted for the assertion of political rights and freedoms. The correlate of the duty is tacitly the right to asylum. The Act also postulates as the further general reason for granting asylum grounds stipulated by Articel 1 of the 1951 Geneva Convention.The asylum act pursues evolutional legislative tendencies in European Union member states in the jield of asylum and refugee law. The Act refines the rights and duties of applicants and it introduces minimum guaranties in asylum procedure. The Act echoes the European model and it defines a legal notion of the safe country of origin and safe third country. The Act also clarifies the persecution as a legal concept. The Act constructs a synthetic legal definition the nucleus of which is found in the relationship between an individual and the state. The definition stems from the fact that the persecution is attributed to the state even if it behaves in a comissive and omissive manner. The Asylum Act approaches to European asylum law in a way that it taxatively determines manifestly unfounded applications for initiating asylum procedure.

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Omezení veřejných podpor v mezinárodním právu

Author(s): Filip Křepelka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1999

States and other public bodies grant public aid for various reasons using wide range of instruments. Their most important aim is to protect firms facing economic and social losses. Public aid infiuences both domestic and international economic environment. Its impact on international trade is significant. The competition on transnational markets can be severely affected. Firms of various countries have not equal conditions. This situation results in economic losses and can even destroy international trade. States have created various rules, which should deal the problem. The rules contain limitations of public aids and provide reprisals against states, which do not comply with them. The only universal regulation is a part of World Trade Organisation legal order. The most important particular regulation was developed in European Union. Public aid arrangement in WTO legal order was created in 1994. Basic rule in Art.XVI of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was developed in Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. The agreement deals industrial aid. It prohibits export and preferential aids and limits other kinds of them. States can introduce countervailing duties ar reprisals both in international intercourse and in domestic process. WTO offers means of the peaceful solution of disputes and manages data exchange. Special rules regulate agricultural subsidies. Five years of the application show contribution to the creation of new universal economic order.

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Distanční smlouvy - evropská novinka v českém právu?

Author(s): Lukáš Jelínek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/1999

In my contribution I focus on certain legal aspects of contracts closed without simultaneous physical presence of contract parties considering recent and contemporary development of EG law in this area. Four aims of European legislation are crucial - regulation of illegal and dangerous content of published information, protection of certain subjects (especially young people and consumers), security of new communication technologies (protection of personal data) and capability of proof (electronic signature). Selfregulation is of significant importance, as well. In details, I also deal with the protection of consumer regulated in the directive 97/7/EC and in the proposal for a directive concerning distance selling of financial services. The evaluation of the Czech legal order shows that, in general, distance contracts are sufficiently covered by provisions of Civil Code as well as other statutes. However, there are failures especially in the scope of consumer protection. Hence, some amendments of Civil Code, Civil Procedure Order and Statute on Consumer Protection are necessary in the future. Moreover, consumer movement has to be strengthened by supporting the development of consumer organisations.

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Informační technologie a výuka práva

Author(s): Danuše Spáčilová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1998

In the syllabus of the Faculty of Law, MU Brno there has appeard a subject entitled "Legal information technologies". The aim of this subject is to present the students with the bases of using PCs for the purposes of creatmg documents, present them with legal informational systems, teach them how to look up legal information on internet, and finally, present them with law concerning computers and information. More than three fourth of the students in the first year consider managing work on PC as essential or extremely useful for a lawyer. This faculty provides them with opportunity to inquire into law using legal informational systems, their philosophy and their possibilities. In the same time they will get to know that none of the systems is perfect and error-free. The students can use both the huge and complex systems with a wide range of historie sources, and a lot of judicature, or other applications (ASPI, LEGSYS); and also the Simple systems containing detailed annotation of legal and economic magazines (EPiS) or model contracts (Konzultant). They will be enabled to adopt a complex view of the given problems by hyper-textual links. In the course of the study they will also use actual information drawn on-line from e.g. servers of public service or The Parliament of Czech Republic. Information concerning various requisites that make the legal office work easier, and information concerning first experimets in the knowledge of the systems carried out both in this country and abroad will be tthe end completed with some interesting questions of computer law - electronic legal contact, software piracy, computer crime, protection of personal data in informational systems, legal aspects of internet.

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Úvaha o lidských právech v právu mezinárodním

Author(s): Dalibor Jílek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/1998

Profesor Macur v posledních rocích bádá v oblasti správního soudnictví, kteréžto poskytuje ochranu subjektivním veřejným právům. Teoretická konstrukce subjektivních veřejných práv byla vypracovávána již na sklonku minulého století.Není úkolem krátkého příspěvku pokoušet se o rozklad propracovaného systému na prvočinitele, spíše hledat souvislosti mezi konstrukcí subjektivních veřejných práv a lidskými právy, jež jsou upravena mezinárodním právem. Konstrukce takových veřejných oprávnění bude sloužit jako nástroj dekonstrukce lidských práv obsažených v systému mezinárodního práva.

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Inštitút vyhostenia v slovenskom právnom poriadku

Author(s): Jozef Balga / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/1998

The Slovak Republic is obliged to respect generally valid principles of international aliens law but on the other hand it has right in terms of law to protect itself from aliens who commit crimes, threaten security and order on the country or in a different way break internal legal regulations. Expulsion is one the means of realization of the state protection. Two types of expulsion are known in the present system of law of the Slovak Republic: forejudger and administrative expulsion.

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Nelegislativní unifikační prostředky v oblasti smluvního práva mezinárodního obchodu

Author(s): Veronika Smržová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/1998

The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts as well as the Principles of European Contract Law provide non-binding, uniform rules. The Principles draw inspiration from national and international legislation as well as from non-legislative instruments. They contain innovative solutions to problems arising from the needs of international trade practice. The Principles are destined not only to serve as a model for national and international legislators, but also to constitute a means of interpreting and supplementing existing international instruments. Moreover, the may function as a guide for the drafting of international commercial contracts. Finally, the Principles could be considered a comprahensive system rules of contract law to which the parties themselves, or, in case of dispute, arbitrators may refer as the rules of law governing the contract. However the Principles may fulfill the latter purpose only if the traditional approach of "localizing" all international contracts within the framework of a single national legal system gives way to a more flexible approach.

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Mezinárodní unifikace práva v oblasti odpovědnosti za výrobek

Author(s): Radka Honcová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/1998

The aim of the unification is to provide uniform rules for different states. Unification is the obligation of the state not to do any one-sided changes in the legislation arrangement or to quash it. In the future there is not out of question a change of the approach to unification (giving up unification engagement).

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