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Abortus ili pobačaj je naziv za prekid trudnoće koji može biti spontani, npr. uzrokovan povredom, bolešću ili nekim drugim prirodnim razlozima, i „veštački“ izazvan, odnosno abortus koji nastaje kao posledica hirurškog postupka. Veštački abortus se od prastarih vremena koristi kao primitivna metoda kontrole rađanja.
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Both Natural law (Jus naturale) and Roman law (Jus romanum), and the main international instruments - (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and its Protocols, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights etc.), with the obvious exception of the revised European Social Charter (from 1998) and the Treaty of Nice, from the year 2000, in which the two notions, „man” and „woman” were arbitrarily replaced by the notion of „spouses”, - have stipulated „expressis verbis” that a family is based only on the marriage between a „man” and a „woman”,Our legal study - with references „ad fontes” (to the sources) - offers to the reader of our paper the opportunity to become acquainted not only with the rules of „Juris romanum antiquum”, but also with how international and national law have perceived and defined the institution of marriage. In fact, regarding the old Romanian Law (Jus valachicum), we have emphasized that – through “The Great Nomocanon”, printed în Târgovişte in the year 1652 – it has actually reaffirmed the definition left by the famous Roman solicitor (jurisconsultus), Modestin, of „legitimate marriage”, i.e. of „justa nuptiae”, which can only be concluded between a „man” and a „woman”, hence the obligation of any civilist or constitutionalist to return to „the sources” (ad fontes), i.e. to the provisions of Roman law, of the our ancient national Laws and of the main international instruments of our time
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Since 1999, the accountability for human rights violations committed in Kosovo during and after the war was addressed by ICTY, UNMIK and EULEX. However, a whole set of crimes committed in the aftermath of the war were not properly addressed. The research aims to understand whether international judicial mechanisms intervening in Kosovo until today, successfully planted the seeds for the blooming of post-conflict justice. The paper adopts a qualitative approach, including analyses of cases, reports and interviews. The findings show that both international and local actors in many cases could not ensure justice for war crimes committed in the country, which brought to the conceiving of the Specialist Chambers, an extraterritorial court with no local personnel, but under Kosovo national legislation. The paper focuses on previous experiences to understand if the lessons have been learnt, showing the challenges that the new Specialist Chambers will have to overcome to bring justice.
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Access to the court, is one of the basic principle of due process. This principle is provided by the international acts and also by domestic laws. Constitution of Albania provides that every person has the right to address the court in order to protect their own legal rights, freedom and interests. Access to justice is an important aspect of due process, the absence of which makes in-existent the discussion for respecting the principle of due legal process. This principle is one of the European Convention of Human Rights elements of the article 6 and it is specifically interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights. Albania undertook some action to reform the justice system, and some of laws are amendmented and affected even the part of access to the court. Some changes were done to the Procedural Civil Code, with the aim that the civil procedure to be easy, the time of the proceeding to be reasonable, the access to court to be easy for every citizen, the procedures to be simplified etc. In this paper there are analyzed the rights to address to the court, as part of appropriate process, cases when this right can be restricted, which is the practice followed by the domestic courts intertwining with the attitude that keeps the European Court of Human Rights, the changes that were made to the laws by Albania during these years and affects that access to the court.
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Securing free and equal access to water for individuals is foremost an objective of international water law. This article analyses the community of interest theoretical framework for the creation and implementation of rules that can achieve this objective. This theory is in line with the natural unity of the watercourse that traverses political borders between states. However, legal doctrine is not unanimous concerning its practical value, state practices largely evade it, and case law only provides declarative support without indicating precise contents of community rights and obligations. It seems that practical application of the community of interest theory is only possible through meticulous and systematic application of positive legal rules based on limited territorial sovereignty theory, in the spirit of joint management and use of common water resources.
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The main objective of this article is to indicate transport accessibility (according to two criteria: fly&60 and 6×60×60) and information accessibility (on the Internet) of all Polish (28 ) and all Nordic (9 ) towns — members of the International Network of Cities Where Living is Good. The research was conducted using non-reactive methods: content analysis and desk research. The analysis has shown that the fly&60 criterion is met by eight Cittaslow towns (seven Polish and one Nordic), and the 6×60×60 criterion — by five towns (four Polish and one Nordic), which confirms the thesis on the peripheral nature of Cittaslow cities, which in fact may be perceived as an attracting factor. Their location, away from frequently used routes, may attract (some of them already do so) tourists seeking alternative forms of leisure, following a growing global trend of sustainable tourism. The level of accessibility to online information on the Cittaslow towns is varied, but rather low.
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The Copenhagen Criteriaset out the essential conditions which candidate countries must satisfy in order to become member states.The present paper aims to study the effects of opening of the Taxation Chapter in EU accession negotiations for candidate countries, and to present the Bulgarian experience and achievements in this area. The role of the European Union’s Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) will be discussed as a major contribution and support in the accession process.The knowledge and implications outlined in the present paper could help to strengthen the role of academic circles in the accession processes of Western Balkan countries in line with the priorities of the Bulgarian Presidency of the Council of the EU.In addition to texts in the field of law, the present study and the analyses carried within have made use of information published on the Internet, quoting the exact source. The subject matter is complex and multifaceted, and the study makes no claims to being exhaustive.
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The 2012-2015 period is the period when the European Union has committed to establish a common European asylum system by establishing a common area of protection and solidarity based on a common asylum procedure and a uniform status for those beneficiaries of international protection. CEAS is based on three pillars: harmonization of standards of protection through further alignment of Member States' legislation on asylum, practical cooperation effective and sustained and increased solidarity and responsibility not only in EU member states, but also between countries inside and outside the EU.
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With the Lisbon Treaty, new challenges have been raised for the national parliaments when it comes to the oversight of the CSDP. Macedonia as a candidate member state must follow the activities in Brussels closely regarding these issues, as alignment to the regulations from the Lisbon treaty should be of a highest priority. This review has brought to light several issues that the committee and Parliament face in the decision-making process regarding sending troops in missions under the CSDP. This memo provides brief description of the cooperation between Macedonia and EU regarding CSDP, identifies the main shortcomings and puts forward several propositions for ensuring close and successful relations between Republic of Macedonia and the EU regarding CSDP. Those propositions are: forming a joint body with the Government and the Ministry of Defence specifically for peace missions and sending troops abroad; propose amendments to the current Law on Defence and institutionalise the process of cooperation with other defence parliamentary committees from the region.
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The sectoral working groups have represented the hope of the Transnistrian settlement in the last two years by the dynamics they had in establishing an agenda and implementing the agreed solutions, but the current developments have shown on the one hand the importance of these working tools in the settlement of conflicts on the one hand. part, but also their limits on the other. The definition of the mechanisms that determine the efficiency, or on the contrary, blocks this kind of approach, unique in the landscape of conflict management, is observable in the current evolution of events in the region.
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The section contains a presentation of the most important cases brought before the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court and the Special Criminal Courts, and also a review of the treaties or agreements concluded, the conferences being organized and the celebration of significant events with both international and national impact.
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The section contains a presentation of the most important cases brought before the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court and the Special Criminal Courts, and also a review of the treaties or agreements concluded, the conferences being organized and the celebration of significant events with both international and national impact.
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The section contains a presentation of the most important cases brought before the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court and the Special Criminal Courts, and also a review of the treaties or agreements concluded, of the conferences that had been organized and of the celebration of significant events with both international and national impact.
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The section contains a presentation of the most important cases brought before the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court and the Special Criminal Courts and also a review of the treaties or agreements concluded, the conferences being organized and the celebration of significant events with both international and national impact.
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The section contains a presentation of the most important cases brought before the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court and the Special Criminal Courts and also a review of the treaties or agreements concluded, the conferences being organized and the celebration of significant events with both international and national impact.
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The section contains a presentation of the most important cases brought before the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court and the Special Criminal Courts and also a review of the treaties or agreements concluded, the conferences being organized and the celebration of significant events with both international and national impact.
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Commercial arbitration is a jurisdictional system derogatory from the common law, through which the arbitrators chosen by the parties solve the dispute and pronounce a decision that the parties commit to execute. The insertion in a commercial contract of the arbitration clause entitles the interested party, in the case of a dispute, to ask for its resolution by arbitration, being excluded thus the competence of the courts. The traditional modality of organization of arbitration – the ad-hoc form – has currently become more and more absent entering an irreversible decline. Although its legal expression is still found in different texts of law, the ad-hoc arbitration does not represent anymore a desired and preferred alternative, the institutional arbitration being the most favored form of the parties.
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This article aims at studying on this global environmental justice paradigm arising as a new priority subject in the field of environmental studies. While doing that, it particularly focuses on environmental networks and their impact on advancing environmental justice. Hence, after studying the conceptual of environmental networks and environmental justice in the first two sections, it scrutinizes the relationship between environmental justice and networks in the third section. Finally, it discusses the lessons that should be learnt/ and also the potential ways for promoting environmental justice in response to the current/possible challenges benefiting from environmental networks.
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Control or management of trans boundary movement of hazardous wastes is a global challenge. The industries in the developed states generate hazardous wastes in their activities. Developed states have stringent laws and regulations for the disposal of hazardous wastes. The industries have to dispose hazardous wastes in an environmentally sound manner. It is cost effective to dispose wastes in developed states. They target developing states mostly in Africa where they can dump their hazardous wastes. African states do not possess strict laws and policies for the protection of the environment and human lives. They also lack information to make an informed consent in the disposal of hazardous wastes. Basel convention regulates the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes on an international level. However, the African states want a total ban on the movement of hazardous wastes from developed states on their territories. Bamako convention precludes the movement of hazardous wastes on the African continent from the other countries. The paper opines that each state should dispose its hazardous wastes in an environmentally sound manner on its territory.
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Author want to consider evolutionary process of the basis of the United Nations international security system. In the last decade this basis undergo thorough revaluation in order to increase its effectiveness. Author want to consider three questions taking into the debate and revision on the ground of the organization. At first it is the matter of systemic elements identification. If this system should be create regarding to states, organizations or persons. At second debate is about the methods of control due to this system. If this control is the authoritative nature or it is connected with collective management of its members. At third discussion is about effectiveness of the system. If it should be result of common approval due to its assumptions or it fulfi lls through the overriding commitment under menace of some sanctions. Point of reference for the considerations is the conception of the global governance system. It would eliminate the domination of one member of the international community over the others, reduce the undemocratic tendencies and ensure balance between interests and needs of humanity. If we want this system to operate in global scale, we should accomplish many political, economical and social conditions. Although the main term is the tendency of its members to freely implement of international law and create international institutions. It gives the author an occasion to consider one more issue. The thing concerning character of the system, which from its very nature can provide universal, consensual or relative character of its own consequences.
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