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Proste animacje 4D w GIS

Author(s): Jakub Kuna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The article describes the possibility of presenting the phenomenon of 19th and 20th century urban sprawl by using one method of computer cartography – a four- -dimensional space-time animation. “Wirtualny spacer po Bychawie 1804–2009” (Bychawa virtual tour 1804–2009) is shown as an example of simple 4D animation developed with GIS tools. Animation created on the basis of archival photographs, maps and cityplans, shows the most important historical events of a small town in south-east Poland during the last two hundred years. The most important issues of gathering and unifying historic cartographic data, creating bird-eye visualizations of bygone landscapes and film editing (camera tracks, transitions, sound effects) were considered. The animation was developed with ESRI ArcGIS, Google SketchUp and Corel Ulead VideoStudio at the Department of Cartography and Geomatics Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin.

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Zniekształcenia w transformacji między układami współrzędnych PL-1992, PL-2000, PL-LAEA i PL-LCC na obszarze powiatu ostrowieckiego

Author(s): Piotr Banasik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

At work, there has been raised the issue of changes (distortion) of length, area, and angle in the transformation between national coordinate systems. Analysis of the distortion made for ostrowieckiego County area. Transformation of the coordinate was carried out between national systems PL-1992, PL-2000 and new coordinate systems PL-LAEA and PL-LCC. The calculation uses the algorithm testing distortion in the plane of the projection onto a plane. Ranges of distortion were calculated in the area of the district ostrowieckiego. Distribution of selected distortion was illustrated by cartograms

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Concept of Spatial Coordinate Systems, Their Defining and Implementation as a Precondition in Geospatial Applications

Author(s): Aleksandar Sekulić,Zoran D. Nedeljković / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

There are many users of spatial information, and quite large interest about the nature and genesis of such information. Different users found spatial information in the form of maps, plans or alphanumerical tables. Recently, there are more often in the form of spatial databases, and in the form of geographic information systems. What is behind these spatial data? On what foundation are they designed? In this article we look at the basic aspects of space, dimensionality and global coordinate systems in applications of global geospatial research. Here is explained the definition of the coordinate system as an abstract entity and, consequently, its implementation or establishment in the form of a geodetic reference frame, as real geodetic reference network. The applicative aspect of coordinate systems in this article is emphasized through recommendations and considerations during usage of their different implementations.

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Evaluation of Normal Heights by the Means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Global Geopotential Model

Author(s): Jovan Popović,Miljana Todorović-Drakul,Sanja Grekulović,Danilo Joksimović,Oleg Odalović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

This paper presents geometrically and physically defined height systems, along with their evaluation by the means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Global Geopotential Models (GGM). The paper defines ellipsoid heights as an instance of geometrically defined heights; with physically defined heights being represented by definitions of orthometric and normal heights. Methods of normal heights calculation by the means of ellipsoid heights are presented in detail, as determined using the GNSS and height anomalies calculated from the GGM application. Apart from the above, numerical part of the paper evaluates normal height values and compares them to their conditionally accurate values at 1073 points with relatively uniform distribution over the entire territory of Serbia. Conditionally accurate values had been determined by the means of classical geodetic terrestrial methods. Under the procedure of evaluating normal height values, GGM – GGM05C was used, as created in 2016 by the Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin. In order to evaluate the quality of applying the model above, data on normal heights evaluation were also presented, using the GGM EGM96, created in 1996 by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC – NASA) and Ohio State University, presently being the most commonly used model. The comparison above indicates that application of the GGM05C model provides 50 % greater quality of normal heights evaluations against the ones obtained using the EGM96 model.

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Large Cities and Their Traffic – Spatial Aspect

Author(s): Bojan Vračarević,Miomir Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The analysis of the interdependence of transport strategy and the portion of urban land given over to traffic attains its full meaning only in the light of drastically different spatial/physical characteristics of world cities. Advocates of the pro-automobile transport strategy are persistent in their support of the hypothesis that along with the increase in the degree of motorisation of a population, the share of urban land needed for transport unavoidably increases. But it is exactly this spatial aspect that makes transport strategy of the large, proautomobile oriented US cities (that occupy few thousand square kilometres and have extremely low population densities), completely inadequate for the compact, densely populated cities of developing countries and countries in transition. Distinctive features of large cities of the developing world and countries in transition: monocentric, compact spatial structure and extremely high urban densities, are the main causes of extremely high volumes of motorized traffic per unit of urbanized area (in spite of their very low levels of motorization). Supply of urban roads per capita in these metropolises is not going to significantly improve, whatever length of new urban roads they (manage to) construct. That makes them completely unsuitable for pro-automobile transport strategy and, at the same time, very suitable for development of light rail and metro systems, and rigorous traffic limitation policy.

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GIS Application in the Spatial Analysis of Illegal Landfills in Big Cities – A Case Study of Belgrade

Author(s): Filip Krstić,Stefan Paunović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

This paper represents the attempt to map and analyze spatial distribution of illegal landfills in the City of Belgrade. To make this happen the main tasks were to form the geospatial database of illegal landfills in the study area and to analyze the patterns in their spatial distribution. The data on the landfill locations were obtained from the Agency of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia, while the ArcGIS software was used for their spatial analysis. The City of Belgrade, respectively the public utility companies use five landfills, which cover up the area of 89 ha. On the other hand, in the study area there are 223 illegal landfills. The spatial analysis showed two patterns: (1) increasing of the number of illegal landfills with distancing from the city urban center, and (2) increasing of their number with distancing from the municipal centers. This paper also showed that there is landfill clustering, or that their spatial distribution is not random.

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Modele 3D ale spaţiului construit din Municipiul Reşiţa prin tehnici CAD şi G.I.S.

Author(s): George Laurenţiu Merciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2012

The economic needs of urban development require proper design products that take into account the environment. Numerical modeling of urban space can generate tools for sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to present some 3D models of built space in Reşiţa city to highlight the extension of functional zones.

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Study of the Inclinometer Calibration Method using Geodetic Measurements

Author(s): Mihail Iacob,Vasile Chiriac,Vladimir Ciclicci / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2018

The inclinometer is used for small-angle measurement and can be fixed on the radio-communication tower to obtain changes relative to the construction’s vertical plane. The real inclination of the tower can be calculated by modelling the variables obtained from the inclinometer in combination with geodetic measurements. In order to perform assembly error calibration a precise mathematical model based on inclinometer data and total station measurements is proposed. For experimental measurements a dual axis inclinometer and a reference prisms installed on the rigid platform were used. Finally, through simulations of various inclination of the platform, the calibration method is validated and the inclinometer measurement accuracy is evaluated. The preliminary results show the possibility to use this calibration method in order to determine initial position of the inclinometer installed on the tower construction.

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Study of Deflection of the Vertical Determination Methods and the Influence on the Traditional Terrestrial Three-Dimensional Geodetic Measurements

Author(s): Vasile Chiriac / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2017

In present Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are extensively used for national geodetic networks development and surveying. However; there are some applications where GNSS observations have to be integrated with traditional three-dimensional terrestrial geodetic measurements (e.g.; underground engineering surveying; hydro electrical construction monitoring etc.). In order to integrate the GNSS observations and traditional measurements using total stations; it is necessary to know the Deflection of the Vertical (DoV); defined as the angle between the gravity vector that coincide with plumb line and the ellipsoidal normal in a given point. This paper is focused on studies of DoV components influence on the traditional terrestrial three-dimensional geodetic measurement: distance; horizontal and vertical angles. DoV components were calculated in the test network using geodetic (ellipsoidal) height differences determined by GNSS measurements and normal height differences from levelling network. The preliminary results show the necessity to use 1-II order levelling measurements and at least 1 hour GNSS observation in order to determine DoV components with a level of precision comparable to the angular accuracy achievable by 1 arcsec precision total station.

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Update of the Topographic Parameters of the Structural Elements to the Pipes Networks

Author(s): Mihail Luca,Alexandru Lucian Luca,Daniel Toma,Fabian Tămășanu / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2017

The paper presents a way of updating the parameters of representation and tracing of the structural elements to the water supply networks in the execution or rehabilitation phase. Between the design phase and the construction phase of the pipe network components there are divergences in the field tracing. This situation arises, in particular, in the execution of rehabilitation works for water supply pipes. The case study on the rehabilitation works of the Timisesti - Iasi adduction pipeline that underlines the river Moldova confirms the necessity of changes in time of the topographic documentation of the execution. The morphological changes of the Moldova River bed during the period between the implementation of the rehabilitation project and its application in practice necessitated the modification of the situation plan and of the longitudinal profiles. The updating of the topographical documentation was carried out during the start of the execution of the works (plans for the location of the constructions and installations) and then during the rehabilitation works (longitudinal and transversal profiles).

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Evaluation of the Control Quality for Tachymetric Controlled Vehicles

Author(s): Otto Lerke,Volker Schwieger / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2017

This contribution presents the application of a new method for the evaluation of the control quality for vehicles, controlled by robot tachymeters. The method shows in which way a highly accurate measurement system, consisting of a laser tracker and an active target, is used to separate the measurement accuracy from the control quality for a subsequent evaluation. For several years, the Institute of Engineering Geodesy, University of Stuttgart operates a construction machine simulator to evaluate the performance of different sensors as well as filter and control algorithms under laboratory conditions. For this purpose a model truck (scale 1:14) is guided on a predefined reference trajectory as accurately as possible. Thereby the lateral control is realized by a PID controller. The root mean square value (RMS) of the lateral deviation between the driven and reference trajectory is called combined measure and is defined as quality criterion. Under laboratory conditions, the simulator achieves RMS values for combined measures of 2-4 mm. These values contain the measurement accuracy and the control quality. An external measurement system, the API Radian laser tracker, in combination with an active target allows to split up the two quantities. Thus the control quality can be evaluated individually. The investigation has shown that the simulator system reaches a control quality of 3,1 mm and a measurement accuracy of 2,9 mm.

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Measurement Methods Used in Tracking Behavior in Time of Construction

Author(s): Felicia Sătmăreanu / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2016

Tracking behavior while construction takes place throughout the life of the assets from its execution and is an activity systematic collection and use of information derived from observation and measurements of phenomena and sizes characterizing properties of construction in the process of interaction with the environment ambient and technology.While tracking the behavior of construction refers to changes in position and shape of all or some elements of it, and referral emergence of evolutionary phenomena that may affect construction safety. This allows taking speedy measures to prevent accidents, disasters and even loss of life.

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Spectral analysis of multi-year GNSS code multipath time-series

Author(s): Jacek Kudrys / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

In the presented study multi-year time series of changes in the L1 pseudo-range multipath are analysed. Data from 8 stations of the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) were used in the study. Periodic components present in the signal and their stability over time were analysed. Also, the type of background noise was determined, based on the spectral index. In some cases, the presence of weak components with a 1/2 and 1/3 of the Chandler period has also been found. Time-frequency analysis shows that periodic signals are not stationary in most of the examined cases, and particular signal components occur only temporarily. The analysed signals were characterised by pink noise in the lower frequency range and by white noise for higher frequencies, which is also characteristic for time series of coordinates obtained from GNSS measurements.

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Importowanie mapy zasadniczej do modelu BIM

Author(s): Andrzej Szymon Borkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

BIM technology becomes more and more popular in the process of design of buildings and construction. Most models are created on maps for design purposes sent to designers by surveyors. However, the proposed changes, including the introduction of the Urban and Building Code, are intended to allow to design on the basic map. In some cases it will be possible to design buildings on the basic maps. The paper presents the possibility of importing a vector map made in CAD technology into the BIM model. Properly imported underlay is the basis for further design in BIM technology.

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Właściwości kruszyw lekkich modyfikowanych zużytymi sorbentami mineralnymi

Author(s): Małgorzata Franus,Lidia Bandura / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The paper presents the possibility of modification of the lightweight aggregate with mineral sorbents after sorption of petroleum substances. The aggregate is obtained with the plastic method by burning at 1170°C. Evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties was based on the parameters such as specific gravity, bulk density and volumetric density, porosity, water absorption, frost resistance and resistance to crushing. The investigated properties indicate that the resulting lightweight aggregate with the addition of used sorbents meets the basic requirements for the lightweight aggregates used in construction.

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Optimization of Measurements in the Geodetic Network for Monitoring the Horizontal Deformations of the Rogojeşti Dam

Author(s): Constantin Chirilă,Bianca Paula Siminicaru,Cristian Cucoară / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2020

The monitoring of the horizontal deformations of the dams in Romania was done by means of classical geodetic methods of angular measurements and, sometimes, of distance measurements. With the advent of GNSS technology, testing the capability of spatial geodetic networks to meet the precision requirements in monitoring the horizontal deformations of the engineering structures has begun. The case study was carried out for the monitoring network of the Rogojeşti dam, which is made of local materials and located on the Siret River, 12 km from its entrance in the north of Romania. Optimization of measurements in the monitoring network has been analysed from the perspective of global precision indicators (standard reference deviation) and errors in the horizontal positioning of new points, highlighted by the graphical representation of standard error ellipses. The optimization problems were taken into consideration by both the classic geodetic micro-triangulation network and the modern GNSS network, used either individually or through the horizontal distance components, in a combined micro-triangulation-trilateration geodetic network. The conclusions highlight that by combining both classical measurements (angular measurements) and GNSS measurements (by horizontal distance determinations), positioning errors can be diminished and an improvement in the geometric configuration of the error ellipses in the newly determined points compared to the simple network of geodetic micro-triangulation becomes noticeable.

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Topo-Cadastral Works Carried Out in View of the Cadastral Plan Corresponding to the Cadastral Sector Number 108 from the Village of Săliștea, Alba County

Author(s): Magdolna-Eva Koncsag,Diana Monica Vancea / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2021

The introduction of systematic cadastre in Romania represents a project entitled "National Cadastre and Land Registration Programme", developed at a national level since 2015. The period for the National Cadastre and Land Registration is from 2015 to 2023 and it aims at the systematic registration of buildings in 2337 LAUs located in rural and urban areas. The objective is to register buildings in the integrated cadastre and land registration system, tax-free, accompanied by the issue of certificates for the registration of owners.

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Iterative Approach to the Area Collapse Algorithm for 2D Geometric Objects Representing Long Engineering Structures

Author(s): Michał Buczek / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

Nowadays the amount of gathered raw data emphasizes the importance of further data processing done by skilled engineers aided by computer algorithms. Researchers develop new algorithms for the automated determination of geometrical features, such as symmetry and main axes, skeleton lines, etc. This paper presented a new algorithm to compute an unbranched axis. It was based on the Curve of Minimal Radii (CMR) algorithm, and it overcomes its significant limitations depending on the shape of the input data. To define the accuracy of the results the threshold parameter was introduced. The described approach is more comprehensive than CMR in terms of the object shape. The tests were conducted on several planar objects, and the results were compared with the original CMR axes and Medial Axis.

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The Tool for Assessing the Effectiveness of Land Consolidation

Author(s): Izabela Basista / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

The main aim of the study was to develop a tool that automatically calculates the basic parameters describing the efficiency of land consolidation work, especially consolidation projects and analysis of the optimal location of parcels. Efficiency is usually determined by basic spatial parameters such as size, number and dispersion of plots. To calculate the spatial dispersion of parcels in a registration unit, the use of a convex envelope (convex hull) is proposed. This is one of the basic functions of a Geographical Information System (GIS). It provides a simple way to estimate the dispersion of land, taking into account its area and its belonging to a particular registration unit. The ModelBuilder application available in ArcGIS software was used to build the efficiency assessment tool. The tool was tested on three consolidation areas – Ilkowice, Rajsko-Niedzieliska-Szczurowa and Łukowa. The best results in terms of optimal distribution of plots were obtained on the Rajsko-Niedzieliska-Szczurowa site. In this case, the average area of plots increased more than threefold. The number of parcels in the entire site and in the registration units has more than threefold decreased. The average dispersion of plots in the units decreased here by almost four times. The other two sites did not score as well, but the analysis of the parameters indicates that there has been an improvement in the distribution of plots compared to the initial state. The average area of plots in Ilkowice increased by about 25% and in Lukowa by about 48%. The number of plots decreased in Ilkowice by about 25% and in Lukowa by about 48%. The average dispersion of plots in the units decreased in Ilkowice by 20% and in Lukowa by about 22%. It should be mentioned here that the Rajsko- -Niedzielska-Szczurowa site consisted exclusively of agricultural plots, so it was definitely easier to achieve such good results. The Ilkowice and Łukowa sites also contained developed plots, which were not consolidated.

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Szanse reintegracji a remediacja cyfrowa geografii / Reintegration opportunities versus digital remediation of geography

Author(s): Piotr Werner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Nowadays, geographers and specialists in other disciplines perceive information and communication technologies, including GIS software, as part of the inevitable changes in practice and science (including geography). Recent ways of generating, processing, storing, analyzing and sharing data, creating and sharing texts, visualizing, mapping, analyzing, communicating ideas, video, podcasts, and presentations, sharing information, social networks and mainstream media are entirely dependent on computing technologies. Modern science in the digital age uses big data, artificial intelligence – machine learning methods (data mining, pattern recognition, geovisualization, spatial statistics, optimization and spatial simulation), which in turn have renewed interest in and ties with the fields of computational social sciences and data-driven geography, to gain deeper insights into quantitative, time-scale, multi-resolution and multi-scale research. The tool and product of a geographer’s research is, among other things, the map, a medium, a vehicle for geographic theories and ideas and a tool for conveying geo-information. However, the remediation of a traditional map into a digital map involves the transformation, addition, restriction or change of the meaning system of the original. The new digital medium arouses different attitudes, different emotions and triggers new practices of receiving geo-information among professionals and the public. Undoubtedly, this also applies to researchers–geographers who apply in their geospatial research multi-, interor transdisciplinary approaches based on different research paradigms. Integrated and problem-focused scientific discourse in geographic research and digital remediation of maps allow us to look at the future of (currently diversified) geographic research with some hope for its reintegration. The aim of the paper is to identify the possibilities, current and prospective paths and research topics of geography in Poland, which are interdisciplinary, combining the field of interest of physical, socio-economic geographers and specialists of space economy, using the modern instrumentarium of information and communication technologies in geography, i.e. geographic information systems.

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