Proste animacje 4D w GIS

Author(s): Jakub Kuna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The article describes the possibility of presenting the phenomenon of 19th and 20th century urban sprawl by using one method of computer cartography – a four- -dimensional space-time animation. “Wirtualny spacer po Bychawie 1804–2009” (Bychawa virtual tour 1804–2009) is shown as an example of simple 4D animation developed with GIS tools. Animation created on the basis of archival photographs, maps and cityplans, shows the most important historical events of a small town in south-east Poland during the last two hundred years. The most important issues of gathering and unifying historic cartographic data, creating bird-eye visualizations of bygone landscapes and film editing (camera tracks, transitions, sound effects) were considered. The animation was developed with ESRI ArcGIS, Google SketchUp and Corel Ulead VideoStudio at the Department of Cartography and Geomatics Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin.

Zniekształcenia w transformacji między układami współrzędnych PL-1992, PL-2000, PL-LAEA i PL-LCC na obszarze powiatu ostrowieckiego

Author(s): Piotr Banasik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

At work, there has been raised the issue of changes (distortion) of length, area, and angle in the transformation between national coordinate systems. Analysis of the distortion made for ostrowieckiego County area. Transformation of the coordinate was carried out between national systems PL-1992, PL-2000 and new coordinate systems PL-LAEA and PL-LCC. The calculation uses the algorithm testing distortion in the plane of the projection onto a plane. Ranges of distortion were calculated in the area of the district ostrowieckiego. Distribution of selected distortion was illustrated by cartograms

Concept of Spatial Coordinate Systems, Their Defining and Implementation as a Precondition in Geospatial Applications

Author(s): Aleksandar Sekulić,Zoran D. Nedeljković / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

There are many users of spatial information, and quite large interest about the nature and genesis of such information. Different users found spatial information in the form of maps, plans or alphanumerical tables. Recently, there are more often in the form of spatial databases, and in the form of geographic information systems. What is behind these spatial data? On what foundation are they designed? In this article we look at the basic aspects of space, dimensionality and global coordinate systems in applications of global geospatial research. Here is explained the definition of the coordinate system as an abstract entity and, consequently, its implementation or establishment in the form of a geodetic reference frame, as real geodetic reference network. The applicative aspect of coordinate systems in this article is emphasized through recommendations and considerations during usage of their different implementations.

Evaluation of Normal Heights by the Means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Global Geopotential Model

Author(s): Jovan Popović,Miljana Todorović-Drakul,Sanja Grekulović,Danilo Joksimović,Oleg Odalović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

This paper presents geometrically and physically defined height systems, along with their evaluation by the means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Global Geopotential Models (GGM). The paper defines ellipsoid heights as an instance of geometrically defined heights; with physically defined heights being represented by definitions of orthometric and normal heights. Methods of normal heights calculation by the means of ellipsoid heights are presented in detail, as determined using the GNSS and height anomalies calculated from the GGM application. Apart from the above, numerical part of the paper evaluates normal height values and compares them to their conditionally accurate values at 1073 points with relatively uniform distribution over the entire territory of Serbia. Conditionally accurate values had been determined by the means of classical geodetic terrestrial methods. Under the procedure of evaluating normal height values, GGM – GGM05C was used, as created in 2016 by the Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin. In order to evaluate the quality of applying the model above, data on normal heights evaluation were also presented, using the GGM EGM96, created in 1996 by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC – NASA) and Ohio State University, presently being the most commonly used model. The comparison above indicates that application of the GGM05C model provides 50 % greater quality of normal heights evaluations against the ones obtained using the EGM96 model.

Large Cities and Their Traffic – Spatial Aspect

Author(s): Bojan Vračarević,Miomir Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The analysis of the interdependence of transport strategy and the portion of urban land given over to traffic attains its full meaning only in the light of drastically different spatial/physical characteristics of world cities. Advocates of the pro-automobile transport strategy are persistent in their support of the hypothesis that along with the increase in the degree of motorisation of a population, the share of urban land needed for transport unavoidably increases. But it is exactly this spatial aspect that makes transport strategy of the large, proautomobile oriented US cities (that occupy few thousand square kilometres and have extremely low population densities), completely inadequate for the compact, densely populated cities of developing countries and countries in transition. Distinctive features of large cities of the developing world and countries in transition: monocentric, compact spatial structure and extremely high urban densities, are the main causes of extremely high volumes of motorized traffic per unit of urbanized area (in spite of their very low levels of motorization). Supply of urban roads per capita in these metropolises is not going to significantly improve, whatever length of new urban roads they (manage to) construct. That makes them completely unsuitable for pro-automobile transport strategy and, at the same time, very suitable for development of light rail and metro systems, and rigorous traffic limitation policy.

GIS Application in the Spatial Analysis of Illegal Landfills in Big Cities – A Case Study of Belgrade

Author(s): Filip Krstić,Stefan Paunović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

This paper represents the attempt to map and analyze spatial distribution of illegal landfills in the City of Belgrade. To make this happen the main tasks were to form the geospatial database of illegal landfills in the study area and to analyze the patterns in their spatial distribution. The data on the landfill locations were obtained from the Agency of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia, while the ArcGIS software was used for their spatial analysis. The City of Belgrade, respectively the public utility companies use five landfills, which cover up the area of 89 ha. On the other hand, in the study area there are 223 illegal landfills. The spatial analysis showed two patterns: (1) increasing of the number of illegal landfills with distancing from the city urban center, and (2) increasing of their number with distancing from the municipal centers. This paper also showed that there is landfill clustering, or that their spatial distribution is not random.

The Challenges of the Urban Transport Strategy of Belgrade

Author(s): Miomir Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2013

Belgrade’s main characteristics are: a) high densities, b) extremely high concentration of jobs in CBD and its central zone, c) very high level of usage of urban public transport and of pedestrian movements. According to the Newman - Kenworthy classification, Belgrade is a typical “public transport city”, while due to its transport strategy Belgrade can be best described as a hybrid of the Thomson’s “low cost strategy” (very high usage of buses) and “strong centre strategy” (high concentration of jobs in it’s CBD). This type of spatial development and urban transport strategy is extremely sensitive to the rise of personal motorization and automobile usage. Since in Belgrade: a) main mode of transport are buses, b) streets are very narrow, c) although public transport oriented, Belgrade doesn’t have rail systems with separated, “exclusive” right of way (metros, and light rail systems - traffic jams at Belgrade’s streets are extremely pronounced – number of vehicles per 1 km of streets is – 277 vehicles/km. Hence, Belgrade has four times more vehicles per 1 km of street network than Australian cities, two times more than metropolises of the USA and Canada, and 25% more than the West European and wealthy Asian cities. In short, Belgrade is (for a very long time) mature for a rail (metro or LRT) system, with completely separated, exclusive right of way, and much more strict private motor vehicles limitation strategy.

Геосистемност комплексних географских атласа

Author(s): Jasmina Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2012

Complex geographical atlases represent geosystems of different hierarchical rank, complexity and diversity, scale and connection. They represent a set of large number of different pieces of information about geospace. Also, they contain systematized, correlative and in the apparent form represented pieces of information about space. The degree of information revealed in the atlas is precisely explained by its content structure and the form of presentation. The quality of atlas depends on the method of visualization of data and the quality of geodata. Cartographic visualization represents cognitive process. The analysis converts geospatial data into knowledge. A complex geographical atlas represents information complex of spatial - temporal coordinated database on geosystems of different complexity and territorial scope. Each geographical atlas defines a concrete geosystem. Systemic organization (structural and contextual) determines its complexity and concreteness. In complex atlases, the attributes of geosystems are modeled and pieces of information are given in systematized, graphically unique form. The atlas can be considered as a database. In composing a database, semantic analysis of data is important. The result of semantic modeling is expressed in structuring of data information, in emphasizing logic connections between phenomena and processes and in defining their classes according to the degree of similarity. Accordingly, the efficiency of research of needed pieces of information in the process of the database use is enabled. An atlas map has a special power to integrate sets of geodata and present information contents in user - friendly and understandable visual and tactile way using its visual ability. Composing an atlas by systemic cartography requires the pieces of information on concrete - defined geosystems of different hierarchical level, the application of scientific methods and making of adequate number of analytical, synthetic and complex maps. The essence of each database is its model. The selection of model - the organization of database is very important.

Обележавања пројектованих граница природног добра Вршачке планине употребом методе RTK GPS/glonass

Author(s): Siniša Delčev,Olivera Vasović,Vukan Ogrizović,Jelena Gučević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2012

The existing topographic and cadastral maps of the former Yugoslav republics are in Gauss-Krüger projection on Bessel ellipsoid. For the collected GPS data to comply with the existing cartographic material, it is necessary to provide the transformation parameters from WGS84 to Bessel ellipsoid and according to the principles of cartographic mapping, to make mappings in the plane of the State Coordinate System (SCS). The aim of this research is to present the surveying activities necessary for the establishment and maintenance of digital cartographic basis, which is shown in the test area of “VRŠAC MOUNTAINS”, a Serbian region with outstanding characteristics. In order to establish a connection between the collected data, it is necessary to primarily calculate the parameters of transformation from WGS84 into the SCS. After the vectorisation of projected boundaries from bases made in the SCS, the transformation of vectorised boundary lines from SCS into the WGS84 is carried out, followed by staking the boundaries. To understand the fundamental differences in the methodology of using GPS receivers, it is important to emphasise that the concept of GPS determination of the coordinates is generally divided into absolute and relative positioning. If the correct procedure of GPS positioning, applied to certain environmental conditions, is not followed, the error up to 200 m could be expected. Conclusions are drawn about the selection of staking methods, related to the applied instruments and specific field conditions. The stakeout procedures are given in accordance with the principles of geodetic positioning. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 043007: Istraživanje klimatskih promena i njihovog uticaja na životnu sredinu: praćenje uticaja, adaptacija i ublažavanje]

Modele 3D ale spaţiului construit din Municipiul Reşiţa prin tehnici CAD şi G.I.S.

Author(s): George Laurenţiu Merciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2012

The economic needs of urban development require proper design products that take into account the environment. Numerical modeling of urban space can generate tools for sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to present some 3D models of built space in Reşiţa city to highlight the extension of functional zones.

Study of the Inclinometer Calibration Method using Geodetic Measurements

Study of the Inclinometer Calibration Method using Geodetic Measurements

Author(s): Mihail Iacob,Vasile Chiriac,Vladimir Ciclicci / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2018

The inclinometer is used for small-angle measurement and can be fixed on the radio-communication tower to obtain changes relative to the construction’s vertical plane. The real inclination of the tower can be calculated by modelling the variables obtained from the inclinometer in combination with geodetic measurements. In order to perform assembly error calibration a precise mathematical model based on inclinometer data and total station measurements is proposed. For experimental measurements a dual axis inclinometer and a reference prisms installed on the rigid platform were used. Finally, through simulations of various inclination of the platform, the calibration method is validated and the inclinometer measurement accuracy is evaluated. The preliminary results show the possibility to use this calibration method in order to determine initial position of the inclinometer installed on the tower construction.

Study of Deflection of the Vertical Determination Methods and the Influence on the Traditional Terrestrial Three-Dimensional Geodetic Measurements

Study of Deflection of the Vertical Determination Methods and the Influence on the Traditional Terrestrial Three-Dimensional Geodetic Measurements

Author(s): Vasile Chiriac / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2017

In present Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are extensively used for national geodetic networks development and surveying. However; there are some applications where GNSS observations have to be integrated with traditional three-dimensional terrestrial geodetic measurements (e.g.; underground engineering surveying; hydro electrical construction monitoring etc.). In order to integrate the GNSS observations and traditional measurements using total stations; it is necessary to know the Deflection of the Vertical (DoV); defined as the angle between the gravity vector that coincide with plumb line and the ellipsoidal normal in a given point. This paper is focused on studies of DoV components influence on the traditional terrestrial three-dimensional geodetic measurement: distance; horizontal and vertical angles. DoV components were calculated in the test network using geodetic (ellipsoidal) height differences determined by GNSS measurements and normal height differences from levelling network. The preliminary results show the necessity to use 1-II order levelling measurements and at least 1 hour GNSS observation in order to determine DoV components with a level of precision comparable to the angular accuracy achievable by 1 arcsec precision total station.

Update of the Topographic Parameters of the Structural Elements to the Pipes Networks

Update of the Topographic Parameters of the Structural Elements to the Pipes Networks

Author(s): Mihail Luca,Alexandru Lucian Luca,Daniel Toma,Fabian Tămășanu / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2017

The paper presents a way of updating the parameters of representation and tracing of the structural elements to the water supply networks in the execution or rehabilitation phase. Between the design phase and the construction phase of the pipe network components there are divergences in the field tracing. This situation arises, in particular, in the execution of rehabilitation works for water supply pipes. The case study on the rehabilitation works of the Timisesti - Iasi adduction pipeline that underlines the river Moldova confirms the necessity of changes in time of the topographic documentation of the execution. The morphological changes of the Moldova River bed during the period between the implementation of the rehabilitation project and its application in practice necessitated the modification of the situation plan and of the longitudinal profiles. The updating of the topographical documentation was carried out during the start of the execution of the works (plans for the location of the constructions and installations) and then during the rehabilitation works (longitudinal and transversal profiles).

Evaluation of the Control Quality for Tachymetric Controlled Vehicles

Evaluation of the Control Quality for Tachymetric Controlled Vehicles

Author(s): Otto Lerke,Volker Schwieger / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2017

This contribution presents the application of a new method for the evaluation of the control quality for vehicles, controlled by robot tachymeters. The method shows in which way a highly accurate measurement system, consisting of a laser tracker and an active target, is used to separate the measurement accuracy from the control quality for a subsequent evaluation. For several years, the Institute of Engineering Geodesy, University of Stuttgart operates a construction machine simulator to evaluate the performance of different sensors as well as filter and control algorithms under laboratory conditions. For this purpose a model truck (scale 1:14) is guided on a predefined reference trajectory as accurately as possible. Thereby the lateral control is realized by a PID controller. The root mean square value (RMS) of the lateral deviation between the driven and reference trajectory is called combined measure and is defined as quality criterion. Under laboratory conditions, the simulator achieves RMS values for combined measures of 2-4 mm. These values contain the measurement accuracy and the control quality. An external measurement system, the API Radian laser tracker, in combination with an active target allows to split up the two quantities. Thus the control quality can be evaluated individually. The investigation has shown that the simulator system reaches a control quality of 3,1 mm and a measurement accuracy of 2,9 mm.

Measurement Methods Used in Tracking Behavior in Time of Construction

Measurement Methods Used in Tracking Behavior in Time of Construction

Author(s): Felicia Sătmăreanu / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2016

Tracking behavior while construction takes place throughout the life of the assets from its execution and is an activity systematic collection and use of information derived from observation and measurements of phenomena and sizes characterizing properties of construction in the process of interaction with the environment ambient and technology.While tracking the behavior of construction refers to changes in position and shape of all or some elements of it, and referral emergence of evolutionary phenomena that may affect construction safety. This allows taking speedy measures to prevent accidents, disasters and even loss of life.

Spectral analysis of multi-year GNSS code multipath time-series

Author(s): Jacek Kudrys / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

In the presented study multi-year time series of changes in the L1 pseudo-range multipath are analysed. Data from 8 stations of the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) were used in the study. Periodic components present in the signal and their stability over time were analysed. Also, the type of background noise was determined, based on the spectral index. In some cases, the presence of weak components with a 1/2 and 1/3 of the Chandler period has also been found. Time-frequency analysis shows that periodic signals are not stationary in most of the examined cases, and particular signal components occur only temporarily. The analysed signals were characterised by pink noise in the lower frequency range and by white noise for higher frequencies, which is also characteristic for time series of coordinates obtained from GNSS measurements.

Importowanie mapy zasadniczej do modelu BIM

Author(s): Andrzej Szymon Borkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

BIM technology becomes more and more popular in the process of design of buildings and construction. Most models are created on maps for design purposes sent to designers by surveyors. However, the proposed changes, including the introduction of the Urban and Building Code, are intended to allow to design on the basic map. In some cases it will be possible to design buildings on the basic maps. The paper presents the possibility of importing a vector map made in CAD technology into the BIM model. Properly imported underlay is the basis for further design in BIM technology.

Właściwości kruszyw lekkich modyfikowanych zużytymi sorbentami mineralnymi

Author(s): Małgorzata Franus,Lidia Bandura / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The paper presents the possibility of modification of the lightweight aggregate with mineral sorbents after sorption of petroleum substances. The aggregate is obtained with the plastic method by burning at 1170°C. Evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties was based on the parameters such as specific gravity, bulk density and volumetric density, porosity, water absorption, frost resistance and resistance to crushing. The investigated properties indicate that the resulting lightweight aggregate with the addition of used sorbents meets the basic requirements for the lightweight aggregates used in construction.

Optimization of Measurements in the Geodetic Network for Monitoring the Horizontal Deformations of the Rogojeşti Dam

Author(s): Constantin Chirilă,Bianca Paula Siminicaru,Cristian Cucoară / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2020

The monitoring of the horizontal deformations of the dams in Romania was done by means of classical geodetic methods of angular measurements and, sometimes, of distance measurements. With the advent of GNSS technology, testing the capability of spatial geodetic networks to meet the precision requirements in monitoring the horizontal deformations of the engineering structures has begun. The case study was carried out for the monitoring network of the Rogojeşti dam, which is made of local materials and located on the Siret River, 12 km from its entrance in the north of Romania. Optimization of measurements in the monitoring network has been analysed from the perspective of global precision indicators (standard reference deviation) and errors in the horizontal positioning of new points, highlighted by the graphical representation of standard error ellipses. The optimization problems were taken into consideration by both the classic geodetic micro-triangulation network and the modern GNSS network, used either individually or through the horizontal distance components, in a combined micro-triangulation-trilateration geodetic network. The conclusions highlight that by combining both classical measurements (angular measurements) and GNSS measurements (by horizontal distance determinations), positioning errors can be diminished and an improvement in the geometric configuration of the error ellipses in the newly determined points compared to the simple network of geodetic micro-triangulation becomes noticeable.

Topo-Cadastral Works Carried Out in View of the Cadastral Plan Corresponding to the Cadastral Sector Number 108 from the Village of Săliștea, Alba County

Author(s): Eva Koncsag,Diana Monica Vancea / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2021

The introduction of systematic cadastre in Romania represents a project entitled "National Cadastre and Land Registration Programme", developed at a national level since 2015. The period for the National Cadastre and Land Registration is from 2015 to 2023 and it aims at the systematic registration of buildings in 2337 LAUs located in rural and urban areas. The objective is to register buildings in the integrated cadastre and land registration system, tax-free, accompanied by the issue of certificates for the registration of owners.