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Рад је посвећен картографској традицији исламске географије од 9. до 10. века у контексту државних/просторних/владајућих односа о којима се активно расправља у тренутним историјско-географским дискурсима. Главна пажња је посвећена опису светског система царстава, држава и земаља на мапама и у текстовима главних представника тзв. „класичне школе арапске географије“ из 10. века. Са њихове тачке гледишта, царска државност – за разлику од „држава“ и „земаља“ – створена је органском комбинацијом три фактора: религије, културе и моћи. Заправо четири царства која су навели арапски географи – Калифат Абасида, Византијско царство, Кина и Индија – у целини кореспондирају са цивилизацијским областима формираним на основу ислама, хришћанства, конфучијанизма и хиндуизма. Овај систем царстава је хијерархизован: Византија, Индија и Кина су не само стубови светског поретка већ делом и темељ на коме је свет ислама – врх хијерархије – растао. Унутрашњи простор исламског света је такође формирао хијерархију: Иран је симболизовао суштину исламског простора, редукован на калифат Абасида, док су друга два калифата, Фатамиди и шпански Омејади, једноставно искључени. Таква геополитичка структура је била тесно повезана са персијским пореклом оснивача „класичне школе арапске географије“, који су користили ову геополитичку конструкцију да представе своју домовину као центар света. Тако су исламске средњовековне мапе представљале не само уопштене географске информације већ су биле облик политичког дискурса: оне су манифестовале моћ кроз приказивање светског поретка.
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The aim of this paper is delimitation and territorial origin of Old Serbia with its primary core Kosovo and Metohija in the historical, ethnic, cultural, geopolitical and national respect from the time of the Turkish invasion of the Balkans, as well as its withdrawal. This was accomplished by analysis and comparison of geographic, ethnographic, historiographic, memorial, political, military and other maps of the leading European cartographers from the 16th to the 20th century, who had a high government official titles, such as ‘The Cosmographer of the Republic’, ‘The Royal Geographer’, ‘The Imperial Geographer’, or were military architects, high-ranking General Staff officers, Princes, Consuls, Professors, scientists, etc., which implies a high level of their knowledge and great seriousness in the authorization of their map. Forty historical and historiographical maps of the Dutch, Venetian, French, Austrian, German and Serbian cartographers were analyzed, which were collected, systematized and published in the form of the atlas in 2007, “An Atlas of Old Serbia – European maps of Kosovo and Metohija” by M. Vemić and M. Strugar. It is clearly and indisputably shown on all analysed maps that Kosovo and Metohija have always been the Serbian territory, and never Albanian. These two geographic areas are represented on the maps only in the natural historical and ethnical boundaries of state creations of the Serbian people, even over a long period of decline of the medieval Serbian state under the Turkish rule, in 1459. Until the middle of the 19th century, main separate boundary, that is, ethnographic border between fixed Serbian and Albanian settlements was on the rivers of Valbona (Crnica) and Crni Drim (northern Albania) that were considered both as geographical borders of Albania and (Old) Serbia, but also as a language-speech line that divided the Albanians of northern Albania from the Metohija Serbs.
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Novi Sad was presented on a large number of detailed topographic maps since The First Military Survey of the Habsburg Empire (1763–1785) until the second half of the 20th century. Over time, the drawing of maps was improved and, in addition to that, the countries to which Novi Sad belonged had changed. Thus, depending on the time when they were drawn, their publishers and purposes, the topographic maps differed in the way they displayed contents, details, and according to the content that was represented on them. In accordance with that, the need of analyzing the historiographic contents of topographic maps of Nov Sad has arisen, along with connecting them with the historical circumstances and the circumstances of their creation. This paper deals with the topographic maps of Novi Sad, covering the period from the second half of 18th c. to the second part of the 20th c. The aim of this paper is to highlight the differences in presenting the content of topographic maps, depending on various factors. This work aims to analyze each section in details, explain their mutual comparison to the different parameters, and find and explain certain procedures used when presenting the contents on the available topographic maps. In order to complete this work, cartographic, historiographic methods and comparative analysis were used.
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War and warfare are related to human existence and actions. All have been during the course of time set into an actual frame subjected to multiple natural and social influences and laws. It is exactly the laws that can be precisely analyzed in leading warfare and other military actions, from training armed forces to preparation and selection of battlefield, application of military techniques and decisions on the level of tactics represented in actions, ways and means for achieving clearly oriented results on the level of smaller military units and strategy, as well as system of military knowledge and skills on preparation and leading war on the level of larger military units. Therefore achievements of history and geography are necessary for actions of military system, because with their achievements they indirectly support leading, decision making and organizing military activities during peace and war time. Military history and military geography have had, from the beginnings of institutional studying of military sciences, a significant position in Art of war as disciplines (branches) even though their point of origin is in their parent sciences – history and geography. In its core it is not just using the results of these sciences, since through theory and practice of warfare these sciences (history and geography) have been formed and transformed as special scientific disciplines that have been integrated into military theory and practice. During the sixty years work of School of Artillery and Military Academy, significant subjects with their place in the processes of educating of military personnel were the studying of history and geography in several forms. That studying had a principal goal, to acquaint cadets by learning history with events from the past, and by learning war practices to get them to make observations on certain experiences and lessons from the previous wars that would enable them easier understanding and give them ideas for resolving future war situations. From the perspective of geography, main goal was to enable cadets by learning and applying what they`ve learned to study those geographic features that have influence on leading, organizing and planning military actions and using armed forces in particular military situation. Learning national history and history of liberation wars of Serbia was supposed to nurture freedom traditions of Serbian people and by that influence developing patriotic feelings and strengthening morale of the future officers, and in the classes on Military Geography cadets were studying farther and nearer geographic regions, foremost on the level of strategy and tactics. Typical example of symbiosis of Military History and Military Geography in the Serbian Army, and their influence on creating war plan is represented by the preparations for the liberation of Old Serbia and Macedonia in the First Balkan War.
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The article is the first attempt in twenty-five years to present complete corpus of Golden Horde sites found on the territory of Astrakhan region. The corpus includes 115 sites: barrow and ground necropolises, fortified and open settlements. For each site, the author indicates its characteristics, short description of the location, topography, state of preservation and research, as well as main finds; and for the necropolises — he provides peculiarities of the funeral rite. The material presented enables a better understanding of such problem as “Lower Volga Golden Horde town and formation of its vicinity”.
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