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Assessing the uncertainty of historical map information is a prerequisite for using this source type for land cover reconstructions. We assessed the accuracy of forest cover information from 1930 / 1940 Swiss topographic maps (Siegfried maps) by comparing them with forest cover gained from orthophotos and terrestrial photos from the same period. Orthophotos were considered to contain the true forest cover information and consequently inconsistencies between historical maps and orthophotos were considered as true errors (over or underestimation of the forest cover on the map ). Terrestrial photos reflect the surveyors perspective in the field and we therefore used this source type to develop hypotheses on potential reasons for inaccuracy of map information. Generalized linear models were used to test the hypotheses. The results confirmed our expectation that disagreement between maps is more likely to occur near forest edges, at higher altitudes and in less accessible and visible areas. Contrary to our expectations terrain slope did not play a significant role to explain surprisingly high rates of inaccuracy occurred in forest core areas.
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This paper contains a transcription (modernized according to the norms set out by Academia Latinitati Fovendae) and a Polish translation of titles, inscriptions and Latin explanations, from eight cartographic relics that constitute The Atlas of the Principality of Polotsk, of Stanisław Pachołowiecki (1580).
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Den Gegenstand der Studie bilden zwei sog. „Benefiziarierabzeichen“, die im NO-Teil der Provinz Pannonia inferior, in Sárszentmiklós (Kom. Fejér) und Zsámbék (Kom. Pest), gefunden wurden, in je einem kaiserzeitlichen Wagengrab. Der Autor weist nach, dass diese Abzeichen ursprünglich an den begrabenen Wagen befestigt waren und die einstigen Wagenbesitzer (zugleich die vermutlichen Verstorbenen der Gräber) Unteroffiziere im principalis-Chargen (wie frumentarii, beneficiarii oder speculatores) waren, die man ins Statthalterbüro kommandiert hatte. Mit Hilfe dieser Tatsache konnte nicht nur eine neue, der Funktion nach gesonderte Gruppe der principalis - Abzeichen definiert, sondern auch die Reliefs anders beleuchtet werden, die principales auf ihren Dienstreisen auf dem Wagen sitzend darstellten. Auf Grund der nicht in direkt militärischem Kontext (z. B. in Gräbern, Heiligtümern) gefundenen Abzeichen hat der Autor versucht, einen Unterschied zwischen dem Eigentumsrecht der tatsächlich als Lanzenabzeichen getragenen und der nur mit Emblemen versehenen, meist zur Tracht oder Ausrüstung der principales gehörenden Kleinfunde (wie Fibeln, Gürtel- und Schwertriemenbeschläge) zu machen. Die Bestattung mit dem Wagen war aristokratischer Bestattungsbrauch der lokalen vornehmen Eravisker. So gehörten auch die Wagen besitzenden principales von Sárszentmiklós und Zsámbék zu dieser Stammeselite, die sich schon seit Ende des 1. Jahrhunderts zunehmend enger mit dem Heer verflochten hatte und seit der zweiten Hälfte des 2. Jahrhunderts das Statthalterbüro mit über gute Lokalkenntnisse verfügenden Unteroffizieren versah. Im Appendix der Studie werden auch vier neue Bronzebeschläge veröffentlicht, die zur Ausrüstung pannonischer principales gehörten
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The study we have done on Germencik, a district of Aydın today, has been prepared to make it clear about its name as there are many ideas on the name of the district. By examining various maps and sources belonging to the Ottoman period (XV Century - XIX Century), it was found that the city had four names until the city reaches today and also that the very first name was not Degirmencik but Germiyancık.We can say that these names were ordered from the earliest to the newest in the form of Germiyancık, Ġneâbâd (Eyneabad), Degirmencik and Germencik according to the data acquired.We tried to reach the most accurate result by revealing the origins of these names in our study along with how they developed and changed until present day.
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This paper presents the evolution of the Greater Szolnok–Kővár Unitarian District and its congregations between 1571 and the fi rst part of the 17th century.The spatial unfolding of these changes are analyzed, as well as the changes of the Transylvanian administrative districts. A Graphical Information System (GIS), together with data from Unitarian historical sources, are used to create a series of maps showing these changes over time.The paper examines thirty-one settlements (towns and villages) mentioned in Unitarian sources. For sixteen of these, there is evidence both of the existence of Unitarian congregations in the sixteenth century, including the length of time these congregations existed. For each of the other fi ft een towns, there was either no evidence of a Unitarian congregation, or the there was no record of the duration of its existence.
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Aurél Popovici terve 1906
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The article presents the results of measurements of the longer axes orientation in the morainic tills at 11 sites and 12 outcrops in zones I–IV of the glacigenic forms in the area between Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz. Zone III located in the western part of the said area corresponds to the well-recognised Widawka lobe in the Łódź region. Zones I, II and IV in the eastern part of the study area associated with the hypothetic Pilica-Luciąża lobe (S part of the Rawka lobe) and both coming from the Warta ice-sheet. Measurements of fabric clasts in zone III proved that the ice sheet has arrived from NNW and NW (330º–340º). In zones I, II, and IV transgression came from the NNE and NE (357º–52º). The lobe reached the Kamieńsk–Rzejowice–Przedbórz line. In the Łódź hump, the meridian belt between Kamieńsk and Łódź fabric tills are of various orientation interpreted as a confluence of the two lobes.
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The famous Kurukṣetra War is rightly considered as one of the greatest mythological conflicts in world literature. All the heroes of the Mahābhārata came together on Kuru’s field to fight with each other. But one of the great warriors was absent. He was Balarāma, Kṛṣṇa’s brother, who alone refused to take part in the war and went on a pilgrimage. In this paper I aim to present Balarāma’s travel during the epic battle. My research is based on an Epic sub-parvan, namely the Sārasvataparvan. This book is a detailed catalogue of the sacred sites along the Sarasvastī. Having studied this text I examine how the importance of these places changed through the ages. Some of them (like Somnāth, Thānesar) are among the most popular places of pilgrimage, while others have lost their significance. This paper may provide an insight into the history of this sacred area along the mysterious river.
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Bibliografia „Bălţi – important centru urban din Nordul Moldovei” propune cititorilor peste 3 500 documente despre evenimentele istorice desfăşurate pe teritoriul municipiului Bălţi, despre realizările în toate domeniile de activitate umană, începînd cu anii 90 ai sec. 20 pînă în 2015, perioadă marcată de importante transformări sociale, economice şi politice. Poate servi drept un suport documentar şi educativ de mare importanţă în cultivarea dragostei pentru pământul Moldovei. Dispune de indexuri de nume şi titluri.
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Considering the changes in the cultural consciousness of Lithuanian rural and small town residents, intended to carry out a systematic study of the concept of mythological creatures. The article analyzes the field study collected information characterizing the twenty-first century town of Vidukle and surrounding villages in the situation. Formed a systematic questionnaire, taking into account aspects such as functionality, appearance, living space, the relationship with the man, described the ten most popular of the Baltic mythological and legendary creatures. The study collected information is compared with the sixteenth-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries written sources of information, Lithuanian folk legends and mythologists works to identify the essential differences between concept of mythological creatures in the earlier period and the twenty-first century.
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Baranja is borderland of Croatia situated between the Danube and the Drava rivers and Croatia-Hungary boundary. The region is rich in natural resources for agriculture and always has had important position on comunicational directions. Therefore Baranja has always been attractive area population. Up to 16th century populations had been influenced by rather frequent migrations: of Illirs, Huns, Avarians, Croats and Hungarians. In the post-Ottoman period the new migrations led to a very heterogeneous ethnically compositions. The region was populated by the Croats, Hungarians, Germans and Serbs. Such an ethnic composition remained until present-day, except that Germans after world War II were forced by the communist regime to leave. Although after 1945 the Croats were the most numerous among population of region, Baranja was claimed by Serbia. Due to that in 1991 Yugoslav (Serbian) Army occupied Baranja and after that almost all the Croats and Hungarians were expelled from region.
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Discussed in this brief paper is the origin of the name of Lake Barátok tava (“friars’ lake”) on the outskirts of Kisszékely in County Tolna in the light of the evidence offered by landscape archaeology and the written documents. According to the literary sources, the Dominican friary of Simontornya received two fishponds in an area called Tömörkény puszta. The data contained in medieval charters suggested that the medieval village by Lake Barátok tava could be identified with the perished settlement of Temerkény, and thus it seems likely that Lake Barátok tava and Lake Csádés-tó lying near it were the two fishponds donated to the Dominican friars of Simontornya.
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The article shows a baroque hortus ludi (the garden of entertainment) in the perspective of geopoetics. The subjects of explorations are chosen works of seventeenth century’s poets in the base of which there was considered this studied phenomenon. There was demonstrated to what extent real places could inspire authors who were writing about noble or baronial patios and on the other hand, there was made a try of designation how the literary creation builds subjected places for a potential receiver (reader). As a result of analysis it was alleged that descriptions of baroque hortus ludi – creations of places processed in poet’s mind, characterised by aspect of being painterly, which can inspire not only landscape architects, but also painters and other artists. In the article there was also considered a genesis of baroque gardens of entertainment and distinctive features of park-garden assumptions, starting with medieval times to baroque. Hortus ludi present in poetry of seventeenth century was shown in new, geopoethical conceptualization.
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