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The article is focused on a border region between Bulgaria and Serbia which is geographically dominated by Ruy Mountain (whose ridge is the boundary between Bulgaria and Serbia) and the valley of Erma river forming two huge defiles along its way in this mountainous region – the Lomnishko defile (in Bulgaria) and the Poganovsko defile (in Serbia). The micro region (from natural and geographical point of view) shared until 1919 several cultural, social and economic characteristics (from an anthropological point of view), thus forming a common historical and geographical entity. The demarcation of the boundary between Bulgaria and Serbia as a result of the Treaty of Neuilly split the region between the two countries. The border regime, which was rigid and impermeable through the whole second half of the 20th century, made the zones on the both sides of the border well guarded, but industrially underdeveloped periphery. With the opening of the border in the period after 1989 and especially with the intensification of the European integration processes the character of the Bulgarian-Serbian border is undergoing changes and is gradually turning into a bridge for diverse trans-border initiatives. A great deal of these initiatives are connected with the well preserved ecology of the region, which is evaluated at present as a treasure by the local authorities and communities who believe it to be an important resource and instrument for the overcoming of the peripheral position of the region.
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Generally, in the history books, coming to Anatolia of Turks are connected to Malazgirt Victory. If this date is taken as basis, it is assumed that before this date, there were not Turks in Anatolia. However, this preacceptance leads to misunderstanding of Turkish history. Moreover, this situation serves to weaken the ties of the Turks with their histories and Anatolian geography. With this dimension, it strengthens the argument that Anatolia belongs to other nations. However, recent researches and findings in various excavations reveal that this approach is not correct and that the Turks are based on ancient histories of the development of Anatolia. This study aims to further investigate of historians in this subject in order to remove the confusion in this subject. Thus, it is aimed to intensify the attention of historians to the subject. If this is done and both the country and the world committee are fed with the right information, it will be achieved for the purpose of work.
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A land grant issued by Raṇasiṃhadeva of the Candrāvatī branch of the Paramāra dynasty in North-West India has recently come to my attention. It contains a genealogy of the Candrāvatī line from Utpalarāja to Raṇasiṃha. This ruler was hitherto known only from one published inscription (the Roheḍā plates), and has been thought to be a usurper who briefly snatched the throne from the legitimate ruler Dhārāvarṣa. The grant, dated 1 November 1161 CE, makes no mention of Dhārāvarṣa, calling for a reinterpretation of some ambiguous lines of the Roheḍā inscription. It is a possibility that Raṇasiṃha was not a usurper, but ruled as a regent during Dhārāvarṣa’s minority and then willingly handed the throne over to him.
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The main topic of this paper are the borders of Poland in the 16th century. The country’s state and province borders were first delineated by Bernard Wapowski on his 1526 map from (scale 1:1,000,000). While the map is known only from fragments, Gerardus Mercator used Wapowski’s borders in his map of Europe published in 1554. In 1880, Stanisław Smolka proposed elaborating maps of territorial divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century. The first implementation of this program was the Atlas of the Ruthenian Lands of the Crown, elaborated by Aleksander Jabłonowski (to the scale of 1:300,000) and published in 1904. In 1964, a plan to publish a series of maps under the title of ‘Historical atlas of Poland: detailed maps of the 16th century’ was announced by the Institute of History at the Polish Academy of Sciences. The series aims at to cover ethnically Polish lands within the Crown. Out of the planned eight volumes, five were published in the years 1966–2008, and then their content was combined and published in English in 2014. The newest volume to date, published in 2017, concerns Greater Poland. Central large-scale maps (to the scale of 1:250,000) depict all towns and villages that existed in the second half of the 16th century. The maps indicate state borders, borders of voivodeships, lands, districts, and, in relation to lands owned by the Roman Catholic Church, the borders of dioceses, archdeacons and parishes. Settlements and borders of state administration were recreated with the use of extraordinary tax registers called pobor, and the basis for marking church boundaries was the documentation of canonical visitations. Additional maps to the scale 1:500,000 concern the distribution of landed property, with borders marked between various categories of land ownership. Interpolation of settlements belonging to different administrative units and having a different ownership status was used as a method in the reconstruction of borders of territorial units. This is the most detailed study on the shape of borders on historical Poland lands, not only presenting this element of geographical space in the 16th century, but also serving to further our understanding of border shapes in the earlier and later centuries.
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Following the armed conflict in 1992, the Moldovan society, on the left bank of the Dniester broke, from a political and administrative point of view, proclaiming itself a separate state under the name "The Moldovan Dniester Republic" – which is unrecognized until today at an international level.The negotiation process, started in 1992, did not produce significant convergence effects - although issues related to the everyday life of the population are resolved today at a faster pace than ever before.The present article aims at investigating, principally and (as much as possible) quantitatively, to what extent the political divergence has evolved over two decades and a half, and to what extent it finds itself in economic, military and civil society divergences. In conclusion, we will try to evaluate the chances of a convergence process between the two banks of the Dniester in the near future.
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The Franciscan friary in Dubrovnik (Croatia) has two old wall sundials mounted in the small and large monastery cloisters. Both indicate equinoctial hours according to the apparent solar time. It is known for one who made it and the year it was made in — Paško Baletin in 1770, and for the other, there are no data. The second sundial has two scales; on the upper scale, the direction of the shadow indicates hours counted from midnight (Ore francese), whereas on the lower scale, the hours counted from the previous sunset are indicated by the tip of the shadow i.e. its “sunlet” (Ore italiche) as it has been believed so far. In order to check this, we calculated both scales, made drafts and compared them with the existing sundial scales: hour lines on the upper scale coincide, while on the lower scale all calculated hour lines deviate from the existing lines towards the west. However, when the calculations for the lower scale are done in accordance to the hours counted from the end of the civil twilight (Ore italiche da campanile) there is complete compatibility. This was confirmed by on-site observation of the sundial. It remains to search through Dubrovnik archives to discover when the two-scale sundial was made. The last-mentioned variant could have been brought to Dubrovnik in the second half of the 18th century, and since then there was a need to construct a two-scale sundial.
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Since 1999, the accountability for human rights violations committed in Kosovo during and after the war was addressed by ICTY, UNMIK and EULEX. However, a whole set of crimes committed in the aftermath of the war were not properly addressed. The research aims to understand whether international judicial mechanisms intervening in Kosovo until today, successfully planted the seeds for the blooming of post-conflict justice. The paper adopts a qualitative approach, including analyses of cases, reports and interviews. The findings show that both international and local actors in many cases could not ensure justice for war crimes committed in the country, which brought to the conceiving of the Specialist Chambers, an extraterritorial court with no local personnel, but under Kosovo national legislation. The paper focuses on previous experiences to understand if the lessons have been learnt, showing the challenges that the new Specialist Chambers will have to overcome to bring justice.
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In this article, we emphasis on the topic of today’s Antalya city’s one of the ancient names of Adalya’s origin name. Antalya’s region and Adalya city’s toponomic relics of past hasn’t been processed enough and the subject of historical geography hasn’t been processed in a satisfactorily way. In this article, we have tried to show the researches which we have done about these facts: In the ancient history of Adalya city as well as the otocton people’s basic effections on Bergamus, Girit, Persian, Semitic and Greek effects mixed by historical workings haven’t been reflected or spread out enough for today’s public opinion. Especially these elements expect the effects of Bergamus and Greek ignored in a deliberate way. Also, Hebrew and Persian effects have been exposured as if an aware of forgetting. It is a more dore approach to say that the Adalya city’s name, comes from Attelia name and it has been changed into Antalya and so the Adalya name comes from this. In the source of Adalya name, legend, myth and folks materials point to the local people’s memory. In this region, despite of Olympose’s Moses’ Thalia, it seems possible to be source of the name Adalya, there are still more important options. We examined all these under etgmologic and historical facts evidences with all details.
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The management of pastures belonging to Carei during the interwar period is best portrait by the relationship between the Administration and the town. This relationship is emphasized by the social importance the pastoral economy has imprinted on the local community. The installment of the Romanian regime after the Great Union, the public local administrative reform and the agrarian reform in 1921 have re-written and energized the work agenda of the mayors of Carei, a multiethnic and multicultural town, without harming in any way their continuous preoccupation for assuring the necessary pasture areas. By means of the present paper, I wish to awake interest towards this important matter in the history of towns that has been researched in a less pertinent manner, namely the history of the urban pastoral economy.
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During the last two thousand years the Western Balkans area has been mainly ruled by external factors, whose governors were mainly interested in personal gain or the exploitation of domestic resources, people and riches. One of the rare individuals who stood out from this general rule was Publius Cornelius Dolabella. His reign, lasting from14 to 20 AD, was marked with the introduction of civilisation values from the developed Mediterranean world into the less developed world of the proto-historic Western Balkans. This was especially crucial if we take into consideration the fact that this was the time of reconstruction after the catastrophe which befell upon the Illyrian lands during the Great Illyrian Uprising from 6 to 9 AD. Dolabella’s activities were mainly focused on the large infrastructural works, such as the building of a road network with a combined length of over 400 Roman miles, which is a feat not even rivalled in modern times. Beside this, Dolabella also undertook another important project by introducing a unified land-registry which was the first of its kind in the Western Balkans. This land-registry would later become the basis for the development of territorial relations.
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The article contributes to recognition of the settlement processes in the Western part of then Zgierz County at the turn of 18th and 19th centuries. It discusses and presents issues based on formerly unknown sources concerning the establishment of Olęder settlements in Ruda Bugaj and Brużyca Mała. The study, based on sources which were never accounted before, resulted in clearing the doubts concerning the exact date of establishment of the industrial settlement in Aleksandrów.Artykuł stanowi przyczynek do poznania procesu osadniczego przebiegającego na przełomie XVIII i XIX w. w zachodniej części ówczesnego powiatu zgierskiego. Omówiono nieznane dotychczas w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu źródła dokumentujące założenie osad olęderskich w Rudzie, Bugaju i Brużyczce Małej. Na podstawie nieuwzględnianego dotąd przekazu źródłowego rozstrzygnięto wątpliwości narosłe wokół daty założenia osady przemysłowej Aleksandrów.
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Altınova is a delta formed by alluvium carried by Madra river filling the east edge of depression extending in the direction of NW-SE between Edremit and Çandar depressions. Rising of the sea level after the last glacial maximum (Holocene transgression) led to significant changes in the Altınova-like coastal regions and the shoreline was reshaped. In order to reveal these changes, 22 drilling holes were drilled in Altınova between 1995 and 1998, and 10 drilling holes were drilled between 2012 and 2015.The paleogeography and geoarchaeology of the delta-coastal basin were evaluated by analysis of drilling samples and C14 dating. As a result of the research, three main periods were determined in the alluvial development of Altınova in the Holocene.These; Early Holocene transgression period, Middle Holocene marine sedimentation period, Late Holocene deltaflood plain development. It was determined that the first settlement, Yeniyeldeğirmeni Höyük (Early Bronze), was located along the 5000 BP coast and there were an old lagoon and a coastal barrier in part of this coast extending to the north of the delta. The shoreline that has been filled with alluvial deposits has been progressing seaward for the last 7000 years but after the construction of the Madra dam, it has begun to progress landward.
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Reminding the importance that is not given preciously by the users or government to the historical environment, this study tells about the significances and historical or situational meanings of the buildings. When it is taken into consideration that the railways of the Turkish Republic are important in the history of it while the Republic was founding in 1920’s, the founder of Turkish Republic, Gazi Mustafa Kemal, wanted Ankara to be the capital city of Turkey, despite its geographical and financial insufficiencies, he believed that, the heart of the country must be these not yet fully developed lands. In the history of Turkish Republic, the architecture was also affected by the changing regime and nationalistic attitude besides all economical, political and social changes. One of the ideas of Gazi was to build railways, because the country needed to stand on and rehabilitate its economical conditions, so that, station buildings also carried much importance. These buildings have to be paid more attention and awareness in the manner of preservation of them, because architecture is a gadget which counts and shows the time with buildings. It is aimed to narrate that, one of the most important station buildings of Early Republic Period of Turkey; Gazi Paşa Station is analyzed in respect to boost the awareness of preservation of historical buildings.
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In the Seljuk Period, the Anatolia urban network and transportation system taken from Byzantine Empire were re–organized by the multi–purpose economic policies in order to increase the international trading potentials and develop the agricultural production. So, it is said that the port cities of Mediterranean and Black Sea were played a key role in Seljuk both economic and military policies. In this context the port cities functioned and acted like logistic centers for the overseas military operations and international trading activities in the urban network and transportation system in Anatolia. In that vein, this study attempts to examine the spatial patterns and functional characteristics of the port cities under Seljuk control in Anatolia. Here, the methodological framework is mostly based on examination of the original historical documents, archaeological findings and architectural remains with the numismatics, and also transferring those data on to the maps. It is considered that this study is contributed to identify the port cities with locational conditions for logistic center potentials in the context of the historical geography of Anatolia.
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The paper presents results of the heavy minerals analysis separated of 39 fluvioglacial sediments samples collected at 19 sites in the Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz area. A significant variability of transparent minerals (ca 14–82,5%) and opaque (ca 17,5–86%) have been shown in the set. Comparying to loess around Przedbórz area as to erosion resistance, transparent minerals were divided into five groups. Additionally, carbonates and phosphates as a local substratum index has been added to the classification of a group of 6. Spectra in all groups proved an advantage of Scandinavian detritic material, which was found some link between the resistance and the distance minerals and sediment transport dynamics and their age. Coming up to 40% of biotites and chlorites in glaciofluvial sediments interpreted as synsedimentary aeolian admixtures. Przedstawiono wyniki analizy minerałów frakcji ciężkiej wyseparowane z 39 próbek osadów wodnolodowcowych pobranych w 19 stanowiskach między Piotrkowem Trybunalskim, Radomskiem a Przedborzem. Analiza wykazała duże zróżnicowanie udziału minerałów nieprzezroczystych (14–82,5%) i przezroczystych (17,5–86%). W nawiązaniu do badań lessowych w okolicach Przedborza, minerały przezroczyste podzielono na 5 grup, przyjmując jako główne kryterium odporność na czynniki wietrzeniowe. Do klasyfikacji dodano grupę 6 – węglany i fosforany ze skał podłoża. Wszystkie próbki wskazały na przewagę źródła skandynawskiego materiału detrytycznego, przy czym stwierdzono pewne powiązanie między odpornością minerałów a odległością i dynamiką transportu osadów oraz ich wiekiem. Obecność tylko w nielicznych próbkach minerałów z utworów lokalnego podłoża dowodzi niewielkiej roli egzaracji w obszarze pogranicza Niżu i Wyżyn. Dochodzący nawet do 40% udział łyszczyków w osadach wodnolodowcowych zinterpretowano jako synsedymentacyjne domieszki eoliczne.
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