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The article is focused on a border region between Bulgaria and Serbia which is geographically dominated by Ruy Mountain (whose ridge is the boundary between Bulgaria and Serbia) and the valley of Erma river forming two huge defiles along its way in this mountainous region – the Lomnishko defile (in Bulgaria) and the Poganovsko defile (in Serbia). The micro region (from natural and geographical point of view) shared until 1919 several cultural, social and economic characteristics (from an anthropological point of view), thus forming a common historical and geographical entity. The demarcation of the boundary between Bulgaria and Serbia as a result of the Treaty of Neuilly split the region between the two countries. The border regime, which was rigid and impermeable through the whole second half of the 20th century, made the zones on the both sides of the border well guarded, but industrially underdeveloped periphery. With the opening of the border in the period after 1989 and especially with the intensification of the European integration processes the character of the Bulgarian-Serbian border is undergoing changes and is gradually turning into a bridge for diverse trans-border initiatives. A great deal of these initiatives are connected with the well preserved ecology of the region, which is evaluated at present as a treasure by the local authorities and communities who believe it to be an important resource and instrument for the overcoming of the peripheral position of the region.
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In this article, we emphasis on the topic of today’s Antalya city’s one of the ancient names of Adalya’s origin name. Antalya’s region and Adalya city’s toponomic relics of past hasn’t been processed enough and the subject of historical geography hasn’t been processed in a satisfactorily way. In this article, we have tried to show the researches which we have done about these facts: In the ancient history of Adalya city as well as the otocton people’s basic effections on Bergamus, Girit, Persian, Semitic and Greek effects mixed by historical workings haven’t been reflected or spread out enough for today’s public opinion. Especially these elements expect the effects of Bergamus and Greek ignored in a deliberate way. Also, Hebrew and Persian effects have been exposured as if an aware of forgetting. It is a more dore approach to say that the Adalya city’s name, comes from Attelia name and it has been changed into Antalya and so the Adalya name comes from this. In the source of Adalya name, legend, myth and folks materials point to the local people’s memory. In this region, despite of Olympose’s Moses’ Thalia, it seems possible to be source of the name Adalya, there are still more important options. We examined all these under etgmologic and historical facts evidences with all details.
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The management of pastures belonging to Carei during the interwar period is best portrait by the relationship between the Administration and the town. This relationship is emphasized by the social importance the pastoral economy has imprinted on the local community. The installment of the Romanian regime after the Great Union, the public local administrative reform and the agrarian reform in 1921 have re-written and energized the work agenda of the mayors of Carei, a multiethnic and multicultural town, without harming in any way their continuous preoccupation for assuring the necessary pasture areas. By means of the present paper, I wish to awake interest towards this important matter in the history of towns that has been researched in a less pertinent manner, namely the history of the urban pastoral economy.
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The paper presents results of the heavy minerals analysis separated of 39 fluvioglacial sediments samples collected at 19 sites in the Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz area. A significant variability of transparent minerals (ca 14–82,5%) and opaque (ca 17,5–86%) have been shown in the set. Comparying to loess around Przedbórz area as to erosion resistance, transparent minerals were divided into five groups. Additionally, carbonates and phosphates as a local substratum index has been added to the classification of a group of 6. Spectra in all groups proved an advantage of Scandinavian detritic material, which was found some link between the resistance and the distance minerals and sediment transport dynamics and their age. Coming up to 40% of biotites and chlorites in glaciofluvial sediments interpreted as synsedimentary aeolian admixtures. Przedstawiono wyniki analizy minerałów frakcji ciężkiej wyseparowane z 39 próbek osadów wodnolodowcowych pobranych w 19 stanowiskach między Piotrkowem Trybunalskim, Radomskiem a Przedborzem. Analiza wykazała duże zróżnicowanie udziału minerałów nieprzezroczystych (14–82,5%) i przezroczystych (17,5–86%). W nawiązaniu do badań lessowych w okolicach Przedborza, minerały przezroczyste podzielono na 5 grup, przyjmując jako główne kryterium odporność na czynniki wietrzeniowe. Do klasyfikacji dodano grupę 6 – węglany i fosforany ze skał podłoża. Wszystkie próbki wskazały na przewagę źródła skandynawskiego materiału detrytycznego, przy czym stwierdzono pewne powiązanie między odpornością minerałów a odległością i dynamiką transportu osadów oraz ich wiekiem. Obecność tylko w nielicznych próbkach minerałów z utworów lokalnego podłoża dowodzi niewielkiej roli egzaracji w obszarze pogranicza Niżu i Wyżyn. Dochodzący nawet do 40% udział łyszczyków w osadach wodnolodowcowych zinterpretowano jako synsedymentacyjne domieszki eoliczne.
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Petrographic studies of indicator erratics in glacial sediments revealed the existence of at least two lithotypes of glacial tills (marked S and O/W), differing in source area of moraine material. The older one (S), represented by glacial till in Mąkolice, was deposited by the last advance of South Polish Glaciation in the area. The younger lithotype (O/W) includes glacial sediments of Middle Polish Complex. Among them, two varieties (sublitothypes), probably deposited by separate ice masses (but not ice streams), can be distinguished. These sublitotyphes are clearly recognizable only in the southern part of the area under research. Their relative spatial distribution and petrographic features confirm the validity of the conclusions based on the analysis of the relief, which suggests that the ice-sheet during the Middle Polish Glaciation (Odranian/Wartanian) entered the Piotrków region from two directions.
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This article presents the results of measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of Quaternary sediments collected from 13 sites, located in zones I–IV of glacigenic forms in SE of the Łódź Region. Based on statistical analysis and graphical position of the principal axes of ellipsoids illustrating the magnetic susceptibility tensors, recreated directions of transport for 206 samples, mainly of glacial sediment of different ages and types. The usefulness of AMS analysis in determining the direction of transport in clasts of the till has been proved and also to verification of the directional results of other measurements in the sediments layered.
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Anatolian geography, which has embraced humankind from the first periods and which has been the homeland of our nation in the last thousand years, is the favorite of humanity because of its strategic location. Our homeland Anatolia, known as cradle of civilization, also accommodates members of different religions together in peace. The process of the development of the Christian religion, that appeared in Palestine in the first century after Christ, occured on Anatolian soil. The aim of this study is to explain the importance of Antioch-Nicaea- Constantinople line in the formation of Christianity within the scope of the spread of religion and the formulation of the Trinity.
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The paper deals with the occurrence cartography of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) of the 16th century, represented by the map of Moscow State (Russia) compiled by Anthony Wied in 1542, in Vilnius and its publications in 1555 and 1570, which have been hardly studied in Lithuanian art research. Attempt is made to define Mannerism features characteristic of the artistic design of the maps. The main intentions of these creations are discussed. The appearance of the maps was induced by economic and military reasons. The maps are shown to have fulfilled propagandist functions. Russia was introduced to European readers as a wild and crude country.
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Assessing the uncertainty of historical map information is a prerequisite for using this source type for land cover reconstructions. We assessed the accuracy of forest cover information from 1930 / 1940 Swiss topographic maps (Siegfried maps) by comparing them with forest cover gained from orthophotos and terrestrial photos from the same period. Orthophotos were considered to contain the true forest cover information and consequently inconsistencies between historical maps and orthophotos were considered as true errors (over or underestimation of the forest cover on the map ). Terrestrial photos reflect the surveyors perspective in the field and we therefore used this source type to develop hypotheses on potential reasons for inaccuracy of map information. Generalized linear models were used to test the hypotheses. The results confirmed our expectation that disagreement between maps is more likely to occur near forest edges, at higher altitudes and in less accessible and visible areas. Contrary to our expectations terrain slope did not play a significant role to explain surprisingly high rates of inaccuracy occurred in forest core areas.
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This paper presents the evolution of the Greater Szolnok–Kővár Unitarian District and its congregations between 1571 and the fi rst part of the 17th century.The spatial unfolding of these changes are analyzed, as well as the changes of the Transylvanian administrative districts. A Graphical Information System (GIS), together with data from Unitarian historical sources, are used to create a series of maps showing these changes over time.The paper examines thirty-one settlements (towns and villages) mentioned in Unitarian sources. For sixteen of these, there is evidence both of the existence of Unitarian congregations in the sixteenth century, including the length of time these congregations existed. For each of the other fi ft een towns, there was either no evidence of a Unitarian congregation, or the there was no record of the duration of its existence.
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Aurél Popovici terve 1906
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The article presents the results of measurements of the longer axes orientation in the morainic tills at 11 sites and 12 outcrops in zones I–IV of the glacigenic forms in the area between Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz. Zone III located in the western part of the said area corresponds to the well-recognised Widawka lobe in the Łódź region. Zones I, II and IV in the eastern part of the study area associated with the hypothetic Pilica-Luciąża lobe (S part of the Rawka lobe) and both coming from the Warta ice-sheet. Measurements of fabric clasts in zone III proved that the ice sheet has arrived from NNW and NW (330º–340º). In zones I, II, and IV transgression came from the NNE and NE (357º–52º). The lobe reached the Kamieńsk–Rzejowice–Przedbórz line. In the Łódź hump, the meridian belt between Kamieńsk and Łódź fabric tills are of various orientation interpreted as a confluence of the two lobes.
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The article shows a baroque hortus ludi (the garden of entertainment) in the perspective of geopoetics. The subjects of explorations are chosen works of seventeenth century’s poets in the base of which there was considered this studied phenomenon. There was demonstrated to what extent real places could inspire authors who were writing about noble or baronial patios and on the other hand, there was made a try of designation how the literary creation builds subjected places for a potential receiver (reader). As a result of analysis it was alleged that descriptions of baroque hortus ludi – creations of places processed in poet’s mind, characterised by aspect of being painterly, which can inspire not only landscape architects, but also painters and other artists. In the article there was also considered a genesis of baroque gardens of entertainment and distinctive features of park-garden assumptions, starting with medieval times to baroque. Hortus ludi present in poetry of seventeenth century was shown in new, geopoethical conceptualization.
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U ovom radu prikazali smo srednjovjekovni grad Bihor. Ostaci ovog grada nalaze se na uzvišenju Gradina kod sela Bioče, na lijevoj obali Lješnice pri njenom ušću u Lim. Grad je dominirao jednim dobrim dijelom doline Lima i dolinama manjih rječica koje se u njega ulivaju, otuda i njegov dobar odbrambeni položaj i mjesto za kontrolu važnih puteva. Uz podgrađe grada razvijala se varoš sa trgom koji prerasta u kasabu sredinom XVI vijeka. Bihor grad imao je, sem strategijske, upravnu i privrednu funkciju.
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The globalisation phenomenon led to the relaxation of borders all over the world. But, at the same time it generated the appearance of invisible frontiers which may create deeper fragmentations inside the society. Apart from the national states, the cities are also markers of identity and places where the ethnic, religious, social, economic differences are more sensible. The present article tackles the issue of frontier / border cities in order to highlight the differences between them and to analyse how the border / frontier affect their development.
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After the Congress of Berlin (1978) which divided the Bulgarian lands, the bulk of the Bulgarian Catholics remained within the Ottoman Empire – mostly in Macedonia and less in Eastern Thrace. Using interdisciplinary methodology, the study traces the geographical distribution, size and demographic indicators of the Bulgarian Catholics (respectively Uniates) in Macedonia in the period 1879-1912, which has not been a subject of specialized scientific research so far. For this purpose it analyzes the above mentioned parameters according to official statistics of the Ottoman Empire, data of the Bulgarian Exarchate, Catholic data (such as the mission of the Lazarites, etc.), and Greek and Bulgarian official sources. It presents the differences in the national statistics about the number of Bulgarian Uniates and the attempts to manipulate the data by the Greek and Turkish side with the aim to demonstrate their “real” nationality. Last but not least it traces statistically traced the waves of ebb and flow of the Uniate movement in the 19th-20th centuries. As a result, the conclusion is made that although the registered outflow from the union in the late 19th – early 20th c., on the eve of the First Balkan War (1912) is observed strengthening and certain extension of the positions of Catholicism among the Bulgarians in Macedonia. This is confirmed both by the data from Catholic sources, and those of the Bulgarian Exarchate for 1911–1912.
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Ein Skizzenbuch, von der Save bis zum Eisernen Thor
Digsimile edition of the original edition: Leipzig, 1854, F. A. Brockhaus. Vol I (268 pp.) & Vol II (248 pp.) in one eBook-file.
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