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SME Viability Assessment Methodology: Combining Altman’s Z-Score with Big Data (1999-2020)

SME Viability Assessment Methodology: Combining Altman’s Z-Score with Big Data (1999-2020)

Author(s): Dimitar Haralampiev Popov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Due to their important place in an economy, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) viability is the focus of numerous scientific studies, European and national programs. One of the most widely used viability prediction model is Altman’s Z-score. Altman’s classical models are not suitable for all situations, though. SMEs’ large nominal number in an economy presents another challenge to researchers. One possible solution to this issue is to use data mining tools that can lead to new knowledge discovery. Data mining is the result of a natural evolution of information technology. The cross industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) is a methodological framework for researching large amounts of data. This paper aims to outline the characteristics of Altman’s Z-score and CRISP-DM, and propose combining them into a methodology for predicting SMEs’ viability.

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Problem and Prospect of Microfinance Banks in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria

Problem and Prospect of Microfinance Banks in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria

Author(s): Muhammad J. Shehu,Tajudeen Idera Abdulmajeed,Musa A. Olaniyi,Habeebat Umar Adebayo / Language(s): English Issue: 02-03/2022

In 2005, the Nigerian government launched the Microfinance Banking Scheme to offer funding to economically active impoverished people who cannot obtain loans from traditional banks, create jobs, promote rural development, and alleviate poverty. This study looks at the theoretical issues these institutions have had to deal with since their creation. It also examines the business climate to analyze the potential of microfinance institutions in the Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State. According to the research, microfinance banking in the Ilorin metropolis faces enormous challenges due to inadequacies in infrastructure, social misconceptions, a poor legal and regulatory framework, unbridled competition from other financial institutions, abandonment of core microfinance functions, and a scarcity of qualified workforce. The research highlighted areas where these institutions might capitalize despite the numerous hurdles. Some of these potential include expanding entrepreneurial awareness, increased government involvement, significant unbanked rural areas, and a high number of disadvantaged individuals. According to the study, with correct regulatory interventions and the dedication of other stakeholders to the primary objective of microfinance banking, its issues may be solved, and its prospects may be improved. As a result, this study suggests that the future of microfinance banking in the Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, and Nigeria is promising.

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Правове регулювання та розвиток системи BankId

Правове регулювання та розвиток системи BankId

Author(s): Volodymyr Hula / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 05/2022

The article analyzes the development of the BankID system. The legal framework for regulating the functioning of the BankID System of the National Bank of Ukraine has been studied. Some elements of the mechanism of operation of the BankID system are outlined. It is concluded that the existing BankID System significantly improves interaction with the user, saves time and facilitates the receipt of administrative (government), financial, commercial and other services on the Internet in a legally safer way; today, along with a physical passport, it is the most commonly used method of identification.

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CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE: THE PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT

CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE: THE PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Irina Dorogaia / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The modern world is full of unpredictability and risks. Until recently, change management models could develop an approach that is adequate for business for several years ahead without the need for significant changes later. Today, such an approach is practically impossible, given the dynamism and complexity of the external environment. Today's environment is often characterized by one concept - digitalization. In this article, we will try to characterize the features of the modern business environment and outline trends in the development of change management in uncertain and unpredictable operating conditions, will define the problems that stand in the way of transformation, as well as clarify the factors that should contribute to the successful functioning of modern organizations.The research methods used in writing the work were: the method of analysis, synthesis of scientific literature, analysis of statistical data, as well as a study conducted by the author on a number of Moldovan enterprises in order to determine the prospects for the development of change management in the Republic of Moldova.

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Transparenţa informaţiilor publicate de băncile comerciale din România privind guvernanţa corporativă şi implicaţiile asupra auditului financiar

Transparenţa informaţiilor publicate de băncile comerciale din România privind guvernanţa corporativă şi implicaţiile asupra auditului financiar

Author(s): Andreea Claudia Crucean / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2019

Articolul prezintă aspectele relevante referitoare la implementarea regulilor şi a principiilor de guvernanţă corporativă în cadrul domeniului bancar din România. Scopul lucrării îl reprezintă cercetarea bazei teoretice şi legislative care reglementează acest domeniu, dar şi cercetarea aspectelor practice pe acest subiect. Pe baza recenziei literaturii de specialitate, naţională şi internaţională, a fost realizat un studiu bazat pe un eşantion format din 17 de bănci comerciale cu sediul în România. Cu ajutorul datelor colectate de pe site-urile oficiale ale băncilor, au fost analizate gradul de detaliere a elementelor de guvernanţă corporativă alese: sistemul de administrare, structura acţionariatului şi cea organizatorică, controlul şi auditul financiar precum şi dacă instituţiile analizate oferă o transparenţă informaţională asupra codurilor de guvernanţă aplicabile. Principala concluzie care rezultă din studiul efectuat, este că informaţiile puse la dispoziţia publicului oferă detalii despre structura de conducere şi despre departamentul de audit, dar aceste informaţii nu sunt foarte amănunţite, informaţiile referitoare la experienţa profesională a membrilor sau la beneficiile pe care aceste instituţii de credit le obţin în urma aplicării codurilor de guvernanţă corporativă sunt foarte vag descrise, in unele cazuri chiar deloc.

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O analiză comparativă a criteriilor de evaluare a proiectelor finanțate din fonduri structurale din perspectiva managementului riscurilor

O analiză comparativă a criteriilor de evaluare a proiectelor finanțate din fonduri structurale din perspectiva managementului riscurilor

Author(s): Ciprian Nicolae / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2019

Evaluarea proiectelor cu finanțare nerambursabilă reprezintă un proces esențial pentru eficiența utilizării fondurilor, indiferent de finanțator. Cu atât mai mult, în contextul utilizării fondurilor provenind de la Uniunea Europeană și a multitudinii de nevoi de dezvoltare de acoperit, România avea nevoie să-și stabilească cele mai eficiente sisteme și criterii de evaluare, a căror aplicare să conducă la selectarea proiectelor cu cel mai bun impact economic și social. Prezentul articol prezintă rezultatele unui demers de cercetare care a analizat comparativ, din perspectiva gradului de subiectivitate și a relevanței lor pentru selecția proiectelor, criteriile de evaluare stabilite pentru câteva programe de finanțare relevante, de către autoritățile responsabile pentru finanțările din fondurile structurale din perioadele financiare 2007-2013, respectiv 2014-2020. Rezultatele demersului de cercetare permit formularea de răspunsuri la o întrebare importantă pentru autoritățile și instituțiile care gestionează finanțări nerambursabile în România: Există o legătură între modul de abordare a procesului de evaluare a proiectelor și manifestarea unor riscuri specifice procesului de evaluare? De asemenea, rezultatele cercetării permit o analiză mai detaliată a modului în care o metodologie unitară de management al riscurilor pentru toate finanțările nerambursabile gestionate în România s-ar putea aplica riscurilor specifice procesului de evaluare a proiectelor.

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Scurtă incursiune în megatendințele ce vor modela lumea asigurărilor

Scurtă incursiune în megatendințele ce vor modela lumea asigurărilor

Author(s): Adrian Marin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2019

O scurtă privire către mediul socio-economic actual relevă, pentru industria asigurărilor, o serie de provocări ce au capacitatea de a revoluționa acest domeniu. Progresul tehnologic manifestat în aproape toate domeniile, digitalizarea accelerata a proceselor de business, modificările de ordin demografic, precum și zona de reglementare și protecție a consumatorilor vin să redeseneze cadrul unei industrii cu rădăcini până în Antichitate și, totodată, ese nțială pentru continuarea unei dezvoltări durabile a societății. Așadar, identificarea acestor elemente disruptive, prioritizarea importanței lor și definirea proceselor ulterioare de adaptare vor ocupa, în perioada următoare, tot mai mult din agenda companiilor de profil.

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Câteva aspecte ale arbitrajului ca modalitate de soluționare a litigiilor din asigurări

Câteva aspecte ale arbitrajului ca modalitate de soluționare a litigiilor din asigurări

Author(s): Raul-Felix Hodoş,Narcis Păvălașcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2019

Lucrarea își propune o scurtă trecere în revistă a avantajelor arbitrajului în raport cu justiția clasică, publică, pe de o parte, iar, pe de altă parte, a arbitrajului specializat (în asigurări) în fața celui general. Soluționarea alternativă a litigiilor a fost receptată în ultimele decenii ca o măsură necesară nu doar pentru degrevarea instanțelor de judecată de o parte importantă a cauzelor potențiale, cât mai ales pentru natura confidențială și rapidă a procedurilor adoptate. Schimbările tehnologice au adus cu ele noi moduri de comunicare, iar conflictele se pot naște acum nu doar din lipsă de comunicare, cât mai ales din comunicarea neconformă a unor informații sau a prea multor informații care conduc la pierderea celor esențiale. Ieșirea din formatele predefinite a jucătorilor de pe piața asigurărilor trebuie să conducă în mod obligatoriu și la adaptarea modalităților de soluționare a conflictelor, iar arbitrajul specializat este dintre cele mai importante căi ce pot fi alese.

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Optimizarea portofoliului de actiuni pe piața de capital

Optimizarea portofoliului de actiuni pe piața de capital

Author(s): Adrian-Nicolae Căpățînă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2019

Această lucrare iși propune să analizeze diverse modele de optimizare a investițiilor în acțiuni pe piața de capital din România. Cercetarea prezintă interes atât pentru instituții finanaciare precum fonduri de investiți, fonduri de pensii sau bănci, cât și pentru investitori individuali. Lucrarea este structurată pe 3 capitole. Primul capitol oferă o scurtă descriere teoretică a teoriei portofoliului privind optimizarea pe piața de capital și prezentarea unei literaturi de specialitate relevante. Al doilea capitol reprezintă metodologia studiului de caz și descrierea setului de date, mai exact constituirea portofoliului de acțiuni. Ultimul capitol reprezintă partea aplicativă a acestei lucrări. Aici vor fi prezentate rezultatele si analiza metodelor de optimizare a portofoliului.

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Analiza comparativă a normalității distribuțiilor randamentelor indicilor BET și S&P500

Analiza comparativă a normalității distribuțiilor randamentelor indicilor BET și S&P500

Author(s): Roxana Ioan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2020

În prezent, piețele de capital la nivel mondial prezintă capitalizări imense, fapt care conduce către o expunere extrem de ridicată a investitorilor. În același timp, turbulențele manifestate în interiorul piețelor de capital în prezent, determină existența unor riscuri deosebit de ridicate asociate investirii. De asemenea, volatilitatea ridicată din perioadele caracterizate prin instabilitate economică determină asimetrii pronunțate în ceea ce privește distribuțiile seriilor de randamente zilnice. Principalele metode de estimare a riscului pe piața de capital se bazează pe ipoteza de normalitate a distribuțiilor seriilor zilnice de randamente. Dar, în ultimii ani, cercetările au relevat faptul că acestea nu mai prezintă caracteristici de normalitate a repartițiilor, situându-se mai degrabă în apropierea altor familii de distribuții (asimetrice, exponențiale). Lucrarea își propune testarea normalității randamentelor zilnice în lumina celor mai recente evoluții ale pieței de capital, dominată în prezent de evoluții imprevizibile și de o tendință puternic descendentă, în contextul economic curent, determinat de instaurarea pandemiei Covid-19. De asemenea, ne propunem să construim un indicator care să evidențieze momentele apropierii de normalitate și de eficiență, iar ulterior, să studiem dacă indicatorul propus poate fi sau nu utilizat ca și predictor pentru apariția unor evenimente extreme.

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Performanța financiară a firmelor europene în contextul implicării în acțiuni de responsabilitate socială corporativă dedicate mediului înconjurător

Performanța financiară a firmelor europene în contextul implicării în acțiuni de responsabilitate socială corporativă dedicate mediului înconjurător

Author(s): Petru Ștefea,Grațiela Georgiana Noja,Irina-Maria Grecu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 9/2020

Cercetarea întreprinsă are drept scop principal stabilirea legăturilor și a interdependențelor existente între performanța financiară a firmelor cu activitate economică derulată pe teritoriul statelor europene și dimensiunile specifice Responsabilității Sociale Corporative (RSC), cu accent pe componenta de mediu. Cercetarea se bazează pe analizele de tip rețea prin modele Gaussiene (GGMs - Gaussian Graphical Models) și modelarea prin ecuații structurale (SEM – Structural Equation Modelling) și subliniază determinanții economici care conduc la implicarea întreprinderilor în activități de responsabilitate socială, respectiv influența acestora asupra rezultatelor financiare ale companiilor și configurarea de strategii manageriale specifice.

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Impactul COVID -19 asupra randamentului acțiunilor din sectorul farmaceutic

Impactul COVID -19 asupra randamentului acțiunilor din sectorul farmaceutic

Author(s): Meral Kagitci (Ibraim) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 9/2020

Într-o perioadă marcată de efecte negative ale crizei economico-sanitare la nivelul întregii economii mondiale, prezintă o importanță deosebită analiza impactului manifestat asupra sectoarelor ce compun sistemul, cel farmaceutic fiind unul important, care a generat venituri de 1,25 trilioane USD în anul 2019; domeniu care s-a aflat într-o continuă ascensiune până în momentul declanșării pandemiei COVID-19. Articolul își propune să arate impactul avut de factori precum incertitudinea economico-politică prin politicile implementate (EPU), numărul de cazuri noi înregistrate de COVID-19, precum și indicele Dow Jones (DIJIA) asupra randamentului zilnic înregistrat de acțiunile din sectorul farmaceutic, un sector indispensabil unei societăți sănătoase și aflate într-o continuă transformare.

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COVID-19 crisis as a systematic risk: an empirical study in the egyptian stock market

COVID-19 crisis as a systematic risk: an empirical study in the egyptian stock market

Author(s): Mustafa Hussein Abd-Alla / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

This paper examines the ability of beta (β) to measure the systematic risks posed by the COVID-19 crisis and analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on stock returns for a sample of 50 stocks, grouped on the basis of size and value in the Egyptian Stock Market. CAPM beta of the stock was used to represent the systematic risk stocks, market capitalization was used to construct the large and small stocks portfolios and the book-to-market equity ratio was used to construct high medium and small portfolios. The results showed that systematic risks measured by beta increased after COVID-19 crisis for all sample stocks, the portfolios consisting of stocks with high and medium B/M ratio and the portfolios consisting of small capitalization stocks and big capitalization stocks. However, the COVID-19 crisis has no effect on systematic risks for the portfolio consisting of stocks with low B/M ratio. The results also indicated that stock returns decreased after the COVID-19 crisis for all sample stocks, the portfolios consisting of stocks with low B/M ratio and the portfolios consisting of big stocks. However, the COVID-19 crisis does not affect stock returns for the portfolios consisting of stocks with high and medium B/M ratio and the portfolios consisting of small stocks.

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The impact of social responsibility on financial performance: evidence from Romanian companies

The impact of social responsibility on financial performance: evidence from Romanian companies

Author(s): Nour Lakiss / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

This study aims to assess the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the financial performance (PF) of Romanian companies to provide a practical framework for measuring the performance of companies. The financial performance of the company considered as a dependent variable was established through accounting measures (ROA, ROE, ROIC, EPS), liquidity measure (current ratio), and market-based measure (PBV). Based on a regression analysis, the results showed that CSR positively influences EPS but has no influence on ROA, ROE, ROIC, and PBV. The variable CA/ANG had a negative influence on ROA in the first model, a negative influence on ROE in the first model (where the total number of employees represents the size of the company and the ratio Long-term debt / Equity ratio represents the debt). In addition, CA/ANG had positive in the second model (where the total assets represent the size of the company and the ratio Total debt / Equity represents the debt), a negative influence in the two models of ROIC, and a positive influence on the PBV. Concerning size measures, the total number of employees positively influences ROA and PBV. For debt, the variable DT_CP has a negative influence on ROE and ROIC while the variable DTL_CP positively influences ROIC and negatively the PBV. The two models where liquidity ratio was used as the dependent variable were not statistically validated.

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A quasi-cyclical regressive model of the pandemic impact on Romanian e-market

A quasi-cyclical regressive model of the pandemic impact on Romanian e-market

Author(s): Bogdan Ion Boldea,Costin Radu Boldea / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2021

The emergence and accelerated spread of COVID-19 has severely affected Romanian and European e-Market, manifested by the explosion of sales of basic products. We propose in this paper a non-linear model of growth of e-Commerce observed in the Romanian retail sector that consider the economic and socials effects of the two pandemic Waves in 2020. Starting from the hypothesis, statistically verified, that the effect of a Pandemic crisis can be strongly related to the global increase of sales in e-Market and the accentuation of seasonal variation of this sector, we obtained a first nonlinear model that can simulate with a high level of confidence (95%) the chaotically effects of a pandemic crisis on the very volatile sector of digital retailing and allows a prediction of the general behaviour of Romanian e-Market for 2021 and 2022.

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Management and reduction of fraud by analysis of the insurer’s internal and external vulnerabilities and contributions

Management and reduction of fraud by analysis of the insurer’s internal and external vulnerabilities and contributions

Author(s): Mihai Ovidiu Vădean / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2021

Fraud is a dynamic phenomenon: when the industry discovers a „scam” – a specific pattern of fraud – and sets up barriers to prevent it from recurring, another scam takes place – a new pattern is developed by fraudsters. The motivations for committing fraud vary: from opportunists who submit a fraudulent request as a way to recover their insurance premium, probably encouraged by a change in public attitudes towards crime without victims to criminal networks that use fraud as a regular source of revenue generation. The legal, organizational and commercial constraints under which the insurance industry operates often have a negative impact on existing fraud prevention, detection and investigation practices. Initially, the fight against insurance fraud focused on identifying the characteristics of fraudulent claims and fraudulent claimants – the empirical phase / traditional approach and the role that insurance company employees played in this phase was a major one. Then, given the wave of interest in the insurance industry, emphasis was placed on the use of approaches such as: a) cognitive interviewing and vocal stress analysis that were used in forensic investigation, as well; b) data extraction techniques, specially developed for fraud detection. Are just these effective? The material will try to analyze the vulnerabilities and contributions, both internal and external, that are introduced by the policies, procedures and controls implemented by the insurer within the organization.

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Trends in corporate governance practices at the level of companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange

Trends in corporate governance practices at the level of companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange

Author(s): Ana Maria Alexie / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2022

The purpose of this paper is to study the interest given to governance practices in Romania, but also the motivational and non-motivational factors existing in this regard. The research is conducted on a sample of 160 companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, for the years 2015-2019 (pre-pandemic period) and 2020. Information on the degree of implementation of good practices was obtained by using the Declaration “Apply or Explain”. For a better comparability, the extracted data were divided into 4 categories, namely: the provisions of the Governance Code were observed; they were not respected; they have been partially complied with; section missing. For each data found, one point was awarded to the corresponding section and zero points to the other sections, then a summary of the total scores obtained for each category was made. The results of the study indicate that, in general, companies do not give due importance to the recommendations of the Romanian Governance Code, having a rather reserved character due to the costs involved in fulfilling them.

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Актуално изследване за укрепване на връзката „академична сфера – бизнес“

Актуално изследване за укрепване на връзката „академична сфера – бизнес“

Author(s): Miroslava Peicheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

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Impact of financial indicators on the VEKTOR score by categories of listed companies

Impact of financial indicators on the VEKTOR score by categories of listed companies

Author(s): Cosmin-Ionuț Boșcu,Maria Francesca Poll,Raluca-Andreea Popescu-Predulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2022

This paper aims to expose the evolution of investor relations among companies listed on the main market of the Bucharest Stock Exchange through the VEKTOR qualitative indicator. For this purpose, both economic and financial analysis tools were used, such as the dynamic analysis of the VEKTOR score between 2019 and 2021, by using multiple grouping criteria, namely share type, field of activity and structure of majority shareholding, but also econometric tools, respectively a regression model that aims to correlate the evolution of the VEKTOR indicator obtained by the companies in the sample analyzed with three of the most relevant stock market and financial indicators, in this case market capitalization, stock price and return on equity. Thus, significant increases of the average value of the researched indicator were observed in the period 2020-2021, as well as a strong, direct link between the independent variables and the dependent variable, the analyzed phenomenon being explained in a proportion of 30,05% by the dynamics of the indicators used in the analysis.

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Contagion effects on financial markets risk

Contagion effects on financial markets risk

Author(s): Anca Ionășcuți,Bogdan Dima / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2022

Financial contagion represents a very controversial concept in international finance being one of the most frequently referenced subjects and yet least understood. The literature highlights that shocks and crises can spillover from a country to others through various channels. Although it is hard to determine exactly the cause and channel that lead to the transmission of the initial shock, it is more than clear that these events are encouraged when economies are integrated or in the process of global integration. The core of this study is to capture evidence of financial contagion based on a sample of daily closing prices from 17 different market indices, for the period January 1st, 2007 – October 15th, 2021. We employed the shortfall method for estimating the risk and we built a model within the framework of Bayesian Neural Networks (BNN). Given the results, evidence of contagion was sensed between some of the 17 markets within the sample, however the causality between them differed from the full sample period to the sub-samples periods. Nevertheless, we found that for the sub-sample corresponding to January 1st, 2020 – October 15th, 2021, period that encompasses the global exogenous shock triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic that appeared in Romania at the beginning of 2020, the relationships between global markets were decoupled, contagion being sensed mostly regionally, at the level of the European countries.

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