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Numerous technopreneurs start their ventures at college age, but the entrepreneurship of computer and electrical engineering (CEE) students remains under-studied. This study analysed both the combined and interactive effects of psychological factors on the entrepreneurial intentions of CEE students. In this study, entrepreneurial intention comprised two dimensions, conviction and preparation. Regarding the direct effects, the results indicated that self-efficacy affected entrepreneurial conviction the most, followed by negative emotion, intrinsic motivation, and metacognition. Negative emotion affected entrepreneurial preparation the most, followed by self-efficacy and positive emotion. The results also revealed several crucial interactive effects resulting from psychological factors. An increase in cognitive load increased the entrepreneurial intention of students exhibiting high intrinsic motivation and reduced the intention of students exhibiting low intrinsic motivation. An increase in metacognition increased the entrepreneurial conviction of students exhibiting either high or low intrinsic motivation. An increase in positive emotion reduced the entrepreneurial intention of students exhibiting high negative emotion and increased the intention of students exhibiting low negative emotion. An increase in self-efficacy increased the entrepreneurial intention of students exhibiting either high or low negative emotion.
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In the third millennium BC in the Mesopotamia a civilization developed very quickly, with a well-functioning economy stimulated by employing a multitude of diverse specialists. The measurement of the work and wages adequate to the contribution of the employees as well as strict planning and control activities were the features of Sumerian economics. Both the phenomenon of achieving such a rapid economic progress and the method of educating specialists in many professions, including managers, scribes, dub-sar, controllers and auditors is worthy of exploration and explanation. Professional knowledge was linked to the issue of me and these objects were the hallmark of the Sumerian culture. In this study a multi-faceted analysis leads to the conclusion that some methods of obtaining professional skills by applying me must have existed.
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Jailed wealth manager may also be accused of illegally tapping investments of Russians linked to Gazprom.
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hospitality services, that is why the article draws brief practical illustrations from those sectors.
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In this paper are represented the main economic problems соnnected with antitrust sanction.Comparative economic analysis is made between the practice in Bulgaria and United Kingdom duringthe period 2001 to 2010.
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The issue of international competitiveness is crucial in today's global economy. Moreover the belief that the competitiveness of the national economy is created by various sectors is gaining popularity. The aim of the article is to indicate the competitive position of the Polish furniture industry using statistical analysis. The study indicates that Poland is one of the fastest growing furniture markets in the European Union in terms of production levels. The production potential of the industry places Poland on a high position among manufacturers and exporters. In addition, aggregated data confirm the improvement in the competitive position of the Polish furniture industry in the analysed period.
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Konieczność dostosowywania się do zewnętrznych wymagań biznesowych oraz turbulentność otoczenia, jak również dynamiczne zmiany zachodzące w sektorze non-profit wymagają obecności menedżerów, którzy nie tylko będą potrafili zabezpieczyć kwestie finansowe, ale także wykorzystywać zasoby ludzkie w optymalny sposób. Organizacje funkcjonują dziś w świecie, w którym nie ma stałych reguł postępowania i nie ma uniwersalnego stylu zarządzania. Zatem, co się z tym wiąże, nie ma również uniwersalnej recepty na sukces. Wiadomo jednak, że na czele przedsiębiorstwa społecznego powinien stać kompetentny menedżer, najlepiej ktoś z praktyką w biznesie, ze znajomością kwestii formalnych. Analiza literatury przedmiotu wskazuje bowiem, że praca w przedsiębiorstwie społecznym wymaga dużej elastyczności, różnorodnych umiejętności i kwalifikacji, a zarządzający stoją przed trudnym wyzwaniem, jakim jest równoczesna realizacja celów społecznych i ekonomicznych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie i zbadanie najbardziej optymalnych cech i kompetencji kluczowych dla pracy menedżera przedsiębiorstwa społecznego.
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Nearly all research work on the personality traits and the management style of a project manager is universal in its nature and postulates conclusions and generalisations that are not adapted to the particular situation in which a project is being implemented. The aim of this paper is to suggest that project team management requires a situational approach that is consistent with the type of project executed. To this purpose, some key professional and personality traits of project managers are examined and several typologies are presented: 1) a typology of project managers – explorers, coordinators, drivers, and administrators; 2) team leadership models– hierarchical, team leader, team coordinator, shared leadership, and self-managed teams; 3) a typology of projects – 13 types of projects grouped in four categories. The paper also presents some options for choosing a project manager and a management model which are consistent with the specific nature of a project, including the stage of its life cycle.
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The aim of this article is to analyse some aspects of Value Based Management in real estate development companies. The subject of this analysis will be the impact of the applied rules for income and expenses on the measurement of values. This analysis was carried out in order to make sure that these measurement methods would be consistent with the creation of values. This will ensure that measurement results can be used in management systems. The authors developed correction templates that can help to measure values using the residual income. This article discusses the simulation of measurement values and the proposed approach of the SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle/Entity) which carry out real-estate development projects.
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This paper seeks to examine the effect of ownership concentration on corporate financial performance in the Czech Republic. The study uses linear regression models and analyses data gathered from medium and large businesses in order to test the aforementioned relation. Using data from a sample of over 5,000 Czech businesses between 2010 and 2012, the study finds that ownership concentration expressed as the Herfindahl index has a weak, but statistically significant negative effect on corporate performance represented by return on assets. However, the data do not conclusively reveal whether the effect is monotonic or inverted U-shaped.
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The article analyzes the legal definition of electronic money (e-money). The components that make up the definition of electronic money allowed to be assigned to a family of instruments of payment along with the payment card. E-money are a type of a payment instrument. Despite the external appearances, outlined are the essential differences between the payment card and electronic money. Explored is the diversity of the prepaid cards. It is concluded that the open prepaid cards (open-loop prepaid card) for general use issued by international card organizations gives it a special status of a payment instrument. In legal aspect, the prepaid card play the characteristics of electronic money, and payment transactions that can be done with it – play the features of card payment. Put another way, the internal relationship between issuer and holder of the prepaid card is electronic money, which have technical carrier and external relationship – for payment to third parties, it functions similarly to the payment card.
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Economics includes many strands of thought such as Marxism and monetarism, but one thread in which work is the essence and the most important part of the debate, manifested in the very beginning of civilization and continues to the present day. In this paper a modern economics of labor (laborism) is presented as a compact, coherent, integrated and scientific theory of economy, which is best for the practice of balanced socio-economic development. Presented system is reinforced by the scientific perception of labor and capital as well as positive results of research on the measurement of human capital and equitable remuneration. Therefore the theory offers an economy with a low tax burden and no budget deficit.
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International franchising in the hotel industry is still insufficiently researched theme in the literature. However, due to the fact that for the internationalization of the hotel chains it is necessary to ensure a large amount of capital, hotels increasingly decide to expand internationally through franchising. Therefore, it is necessary to devote more attention to franchising as the strategy of internationalization in the hotel industry. The greatest number of hotels which operate as franchisors comes from the U.S. On the other hand, the international franchising in hotel industry is significantly less developed in the rest of the world. Therefore, the paper focuses on the hotel franchise companies from the U.S. that have an international franchise units. The aim of the paper is to determine the impact of internal factors, the size and the age of the franchise system, on the use of franchising as a strategy of internationalization for hotel franchise company.
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The wired-up Baltic nation could become the first to have its own digital currency.
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In his article, the author touches the problems of supporting innovative enterprises functioning at the Warmian-Mazurian technological parks (the Elbląski Technological Park, the Olsztyński Scientific and Technological Park and at the Scientific and Technological Park in Ełk). Objective: creation of value for the client takes the central place in the theory and practice of creating the business model, hence, the objective of research was to identify the elements connected with creating value for the client that must be supported (and how) in order to reinforce the entrepreneurial perspective in their logic of action. Research method: the research was carried out with the use of direct questionnaire-based survey addressed to managing persons (directors) of the three Warmian-Mazurian technological parks. Main research findings: provision for the “park” enterprises of support facilitates transformation of their business models towards the philosophy of action compliant with the entrepreneurial perspective. Practical implications: it is stated that the support provided by technological parks most affects perception of the entrepreneurial perspective in enterprises’ functioning, next it reinforces the perspective of adaptation, whereas the weakest impact is on firm’s functioning according to the perspective of population ecology. Article category: research
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Management processes in family enterprises need a lot of information of market, clients, competitors and other elements of environments. The results of marketing 4.0 based on IT technology and activities in Internet area are supporting development of family business. The aim of article is identification of marketing 4.0 activities in marketing activity of family enterprises. There are presented the main instruments of marketing 4.0 in modern family enterprise in theoretical view and real opinion of managers, by own researches. The aim of researchers was recognize to opinions of 40 enterprises in Mazovian voivodeship. In the article presented some conclusion from researches and opinion of family enterprises about future expectation of advantage from marketing 4.0 usage.
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The objective of the article is to analyse and assess the level of cooperation of the companies rendering marketing services with their customers, being considered from the perspective of the latter. There were diagnosed the factors affecting customers’ satisfaction or lack of it. The basics for considerations are findings of the research carried out by the method of face-to-face interviews with managers of the enterprises using marketing services. The obtain results indicate a high level of customers’ satisfaction with marketing services. It is most frequently justified with an adequate level of prices of these services, high quality of them, reliability of business firms and high competence of employees. It concerns both advertising services and research ones. However, there are not any statistically significant differences between the assessment of satisfaction and the majority of features characterising the entities surveyed. The only exclusion is location of enterprises in which case there takes place a weak dependence.
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Purpose - In spite of the fact that the success of new ventures has been a widely studied topic in the field of entrepreneurship, no consensus on what is understood by the success of a firm can be found in the literature. Thus, the objective of this work is to discover what the entrepreneur really understands by the success of his/her business in its early years. To that end, this study clarifies the principal indicators used by entrepreneurs and analyses the relationship between how entrepreneurs understand the success of their business and the performance of that business. Design/methodology/approach – In a logit regression model, the research data are analyzed, using a sample of 98 entrepreneurs who are the heads of new firms in various sectors of activity. Findings - The study shows that there is a relationship between the way in which the entrepreneur measures how the business is doing and the performance of that business. More specifically, this research reveals that it is not the use of a greater number of indicators to measure the success that identifies the successful newly-created business from the unsuccessful, but the fact that those indicators are from different perspectives. Moreover, the results show that customer-related indicators are more effective than financial indicators to distinguish between successful and unsuccessful organizations. Research limitations/implications – Future research including qualitative interviews will help to further investigate the relationship between the entrepreneur’s perception of success and company performance. Practical implications – As a result of this research, the entrepreneurs can be conscience about how important it is the way they understand “the success” before they constitute their business. The results of this study mean a valuable knowledge to the academics that research in the entrepreneurship field, specifically to those that are focused on the success factors study. Originality/value – This research is pioneering in relating the way that the entrepreneur measures his company’s success and demonstrating its importance.
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Purpose – Increased workload, stress factors, changes in working life, rapid lifestyles, changes in food industry, and trends in fast food consumption, especially in young people's food purchases, are among the important reasons for the increase in health problems based on unhealthy nutrition and youth obesity in the last few years. However, it is accepted by many environments that food marketing affects the health of young people in the world gradually and negatively. Social-purpose de-marketing practices bring some limitations to marketing practices in the food industry. The aim of this study is to provide a conceptual basis for the demographics of social purposes related to food consumption that threatens the health of the young population. Design/methodology/approach – This research is an explanatory research which is based on interviews, questionnaires and experimental methods in order to reach the primary data by gathering the existing data and presenting the current situation. In order to reach primary data, one of the quantitative approaches was used. Findings – A significant relationship was found between young people' eating habits and diet and weight control behaviors. The fact that young people take into account labeling practices for their nutritional content shows that they are aware of what they eat and that they are changing in direct proportion to the habits of conscious food consumption. Discussion – Young people no longer eat more food, healthy eating, sugar, salt and fat consumption, healthy diet, such as follow-up, have become themselves questions. Therefore, if food producers and retailers develop easy to read and understand nutritional labeling, they can make their products more advantageous than products with a standard diet label.
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