Problemi diskontinuiteta vlasti i Hrvatska 1945

Author(s): Marijan Maticka / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The author explains that the government established in Croatia in 1945, under the domination of the KPJ/KPH (The Communist Party of Yugoslavia/The Communist Party of Croatia), was entirely discontinuous from the previous forms of govenment on Croatian territory. It was a direct negation of the government of the NDH (The Independent State of Croatia), but also of the government in the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, or the Banovina of Croatia. The negation of the government of the NDH was tied to the defeat of the Axis, while the negation of the government of the Banovina of Croatia was the result of the development of the government which the KPJ/KPH established during the war for National Liberation. From the beginning of the armed struggle against the occupiers and their collaborators, the question of holding and wielding power was important to the KPJ/KPH. The development of a political basis for the network of a new goverment occurred simultaneously with armed struggle. National Liberation councils initiated and controlled by the KPJ/KPH became the real organs of power. Gradually, it also developed the structures of the higher organs of government. It was characteristic for these to grow from politically representative bodies into the chief legislative and executive organs of government. First of all, they take shape at the all-Yugoslav level (AVNOJ), subsequently on the level of its individual lands, thus also in Croatia (ZAVNOH). The discontinuity in the shape and form of government was obvious in terms of ideas, politics, organization and personnel. The KPJ/KPH in the form of ≪popular democracy≫ rejected the principles of parliamentary democracy; federalism was proclaimed, but in reality a state and party centralism was put into place. A multiparty political system was replaced by national front unity under the leadership of the KPJ/KPH, and all key political and state functions were carried out by the members of the KPJ/KPH.

Glasine o «Trećem svjetskom ratu » ili «novom preokretu» u Hrvatskoj 1945. godine

Author(s): Nikica Barić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

On the basis of archival sources and literature, this article demonstrates how a variety of rumours spread widely in Croatia during 1945 about the supposed eruption of a new world war, the Third World War, which, it was believed, would lead to a new upheaval in the foundations of the existing political and military conditions. Supporters of the Independent State of Croatia, saw in these rumours the last chance to avoid total defeat. On the other hand Partisans and communists believed these rumours were an attempt to destabilize the regime they established to recreate the Yugoslav state.

Folksdojčeri u Hrvatskoj 1945.

Author(s): Vladimir Geiger / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In the last stages of the Second World War, the majority of Croatian Volkdeutsch, as a result of wartime developments, left or were driven from their homes, primarily for Austria and Germany, but also to the territory of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Italy, where they stayed until the end of the war. Only those Volkdeutsch that were not exposed to the danger of direct warfare remained in their homeland. At the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945, the Partisan movement and the newly established ≪people’s≫ government began the expulsion of the remaining Volkdeutsch from Yugoslavia, and thus also Croatia. The AVNOJ (Anti-Fascist Council of People≫s Liberation of Yugoslavia) Presidential decree of 21 November 1944 contributed to this especially, by proclaiming the members of the German minority guilty collectively. The German population that did not escape was henceforth and immediately after the end of warfare given over to the capriciousness of the victors. After the Second World War, the communist government in Yugoslavia suspended the national and civil rights of members of the German minority. Victims of collective reprisal included those Volkdeutsch who could prove their participation in the Partisan movement, or at least support of it. The communist government of Yugoslavia no longer considered refugee and exiled Volkdeutsch as citizens of Yugoslavia. They intended on expelling the remaining Volkdeutsch from Yugoslavia. The Yugoslavian government adopted the position of forbidding the exiled and refugee Volkdeutsch from returning to the country. Most simply, along with the confiscation of German property, this created the opportunity for a radical change in relations of ownership and the ethnic make-up of society. As well, a large number of Croatian Volkdeutsch who left or were forced to leave their homeland at the end of the war were prevented from returning to Yugoslavia. One part of the Croatian Volkdeutsch were immediately exiled to Austria. Since the expulsion of Volkdeutsch from Yugoslavia due to the sealing of the borders with Austria, Italy, and Hungary on the part of the Allied occupying powers after the middle of July closed this option, the majority of Volkdeutsch were relegated to camps and forced labour. At least 10 000 to 18 000 of the remaining 20 000 Croatian Volkdeutsch remained interned in camps after the sealing of the Austrian border and the moratorium on accepting refugees from Yugoslavia in the summer of 1945. Following their release from thesecamps and the reopening of the borders, the majority of Croatian and Yugoslavian Volkdeutsch emigrated during the 1950s and 1960s to Austria and Germany.

Etiketa «ustaštva » kao izgovor za progon političkih protivnika u poslijeratnoj Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Mario Jareb / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

May 1945 brought the victory of the Partisan movement and the establishment of a new communist totalitarianism on Croatian territory. The new regime decided categorically to settle accounts with anyone who could possibly create difficulties with the implementation of their intended revolutionary changes. Following the example of Soviet practice, Yugoslavian communists turned all means at their disposal to a massive settling of accounts with all their enemies. To the public they justified this as a necessary punishment of war crimes. Consequently they wanted to portray all their opponents in the worst possible way, without regard to their actual responsibility for events that transpired during the war. Communist propaganda aimed at fomenting hatred of designated enemies. Special attention was paid to those individuals and groups who could by no criteria be labelled Ustaša or Ustaša collaborators. In many cases this was the public tarnishing of potential opponents (The Croat Peasant Party and the Catholic Church). This was a rather widespread occurence, which for certain individuals and groups ordinarily had drastic consequences. If these types of practices were predominant in the immediate postwar period, they did not disappear altogether later on. Thus, in the case of the Franciscans of Široki Brijeg, there was an attempt to hide one≫s own crimes in accusations directed at others.

Djelovanje obavještajne službe Nezavisne Države Hrvatske i Odjeljenja za zaštitu naroda (OZNA) krajem Drugog svjetskog rata

Author(s): Davor Kovačić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Totalitarian regimes maintain security/intelligence services to use against foreign enemies, but the majority of their energies and potential are directed in dealing with internal opponents of the regime or specifically defined groups. After the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) by legal decree on 4 May 1941, the Ravnateljstvo za javni red i sigurnost (Directorate for Public Order and Security – RAVSIGUR) was created as the regular policing body of the NDH with Eugen Dido Kvaternik as its director. RAVSIGUR was formed as the unified organization of all police districts in NDH, responsible for overlooking all types of security services. At the same time, Eugen Dido Kvaternik began creating a special, independent Ustaša police force, the Ustaška nadzorna službu (Ustaša Serveillance Service – UNS). The UNS, which was the special police force of the Ustaša movement, was created in order to monitor and control the activity of all regular policing bodies and all other institutions of the NDH. The Glavno ravnateljstvo za javni red i sigurnost (Chief Directorate for Public Order and Security – GRAVSIGUR) emerged from the joining of RAVSIGUR to the UNS only at the beginning of 1943, even though the name was promulgated by a decree of 16 October 1942. One of the main reasons for the establishment of this police/ security body, its strengthening, and the creation of a number of other police forces was the growing strength of the Narodnooslobodilački pokret (People≫s Liberation Movement – NOP). From the beginning of 1943, reports and analysis of individual bodies and institutions in the NDH demonstrate the constant growth of the Partisan movement across the whole territroy of the NDH and the corresponding contraction and weakening of the position of the Ustaša regime regardless of which countermeasures it took. Organizationally, politically and in terms of success the Partisan security service was getting increasingly more powerful, becoming the main opponent of the NDH security services, which were less and less able to meet their challenge on the territory they were contending over. As the communist government began to constitute itself, and as the war drew to a close, so the regime became increasingly authoritarian and gradually even totalitarian. The government was taken over following the pattern of Soviet bolshevism and Stalinism.

Obračun s «narodnim neprijateljem » u Međimurju 1945.

Author(s): Goran Hutinec / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Many important factors differentiate the fate of Međimurje from other Croatian regions during the course of the Second World War. At the end of the war, Međimurje was territorially attached to the People≫s Republic of Croatia, and the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija – DFJ). These were not merely administrative-territorial changes, but deeper social changes. The new Yugoslavian state was established on the foundations of the National Liberation Movement (Narodnooslobodilački pokret – NOP), under the firm control of the KPJ (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije – Communist Party of Yugoslavia). One of the key processes which enabled the KPJ to impose its vision of political and social organization was the settling of scores with ≪enemies of the people≫, that is, the punishment of all those who were prominent in cooperating with the Tripartite Pact, and activities directed against the National Liberation Movement. Pronouncing political and military opponents enemies of the people became common practice in the communist-led Partisan movement relatively early on. In this way a blow was dealt to those who held opposite views and rivals who were put outside of the law and often threatened by execution without trial. During April 1945 there was no organized trials of enemies of the people. It appears that there were many cases of liquidation without trial. The documents that have been preserved suggest that the OZN (Odjeljenje za zaštitu naroda – the State Security Policy) prepared a list of individuals to be liquidated even before the liberation of Međimurje. These lists have not been preserved, so that it will never be possible to precisely deteremine the exact number or identity of the victims who suffered this fate at the time. Some of the enemies of the people were amnestied and allowed to go free before the death sentences were carried out. The first wave of amnesties came in the summer, when many who were arrested at the beginning of the liberation were freed. It is very hard to reconstruct the total number of people who paid the price of government repression during its settling of the score with “enemeis of the people.” A massive settling of scores with enemies of the people in Međimurje was concluded in the middle of 1946, even though sporadic cases continued to occur until the middle of 1947.

Tri sudbine hrvatskih nacionalnih intelektualaca: Vinko Krišković, Julije Makanec, Ivo Bogdan

Author(s): Višeslav Aralica / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This article briefly presents the intellectual and political activity of three Croat intellectuals who experienced the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) as the collapse of their personal political aims: Vinko Krišković, Julije Makanec and Ivo Bogdan. Their varied fates reveal to us the full spectrum of thought on the Croatian Right before the creation of the NDH, during its existence, and after 1945. Vinko Krišković is a person whose work spans two historical eras, during which Croatia’s fate was determined within the framework of three different states – the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes/ Yugoslavia, and NDH – and three different political systems. Julije Makanec and Ivo Bogdan represent the younger generation of Croat intellectuals who came of age in the Karađorđević monarchy. Their intellectual development can be characterized as the road to a critique of liberalism, the acceptance of totalitarianism, and ultimately its rejection and a principled return to liberal values, apparent especially in the works of Ivo Bogdan. The development of nationalism can be sensed in this progression as well, which links the three thinkers and provides a constant theme in their intellectual and political activities.

Politika podržavljenja poduzeća u vlasništvu stranaca na primjeru poduzeća Mustad d.d.

Author(s): Tomislav Anić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes the process of supporting foreign owned buisness enterprises by examining the legal and political mechanisms of the process itself and the example of the Swedish corporation Mustad d.d.. This was one of the key issues of postwar economic life because it influenced the degree to which the development of the new system could proceed uninterrupted. Depending on the make-up of the ownership structure, the new government was committed to placing all small and large industries under its control at any cost, so that it could begin with the restructuring of the social and political system.

Zdravstvene prilike u Hrvatskoj neposredno nakon završetka Drugog svjetskog rata

Author(s): Aleksandra Bednjanec Vuković / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The period at the end of World War II is characterized by various political, economic and social changes which had a multifaceted effect on health conditions as well. The aim of this study is to identify the basic changes in the field of medical services immediately after the end of the Second World War. Divided into sections, the work is concerned with the organization of medical services, paying particular attention to the status of communicable diseases, analysis of changes in the pharmaceutical services, and the acquisition of medicine as well as showing data on the activities and work of important instititions, especially the Medical Faculty and schools for middle and lower medical personnel. Besides consulting the available literature which deals with this issue, research was mostly carried out on the basis of articles published in the newspapers Vjesnik and Narodni list, as well as the generally reliable documents of the People’s Ministry of Health for the People’s Republic of Croatia from 1945 which are held at the Croatian State Archive in Zagreb.

Uloga Komande grada Zagreba u životu Grada prvih poslijeratnih mjeseci 1945. godine

Author(s): Iva Kraljević / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This work attempts to review certain events in Zagreb during the first weeks after the conclusion of the war in 1945, that is, to point out the role the Command of the city of Zagreb, as the temporary city administration put in place by the Yugoslavian army, had in the life of the city in the first days after the end of the war. No serious research has been undertaken about the activities of the new and temporary city government in postwar Zagreb, only a few journalistic works have been published thus far. Due to the insufficient literature and the sparse archival materials in the Zagreb City Archive and the Croatian State Archive, journalistic publications, and articles from the newspapers Narodni list and Vjesnik were utilizied to write the article. Even though they were the main sources of information, it must be mentioned that the newspapers of the day, despite the fact that they were propagandistic, enable a faithful reconstruction of the first days in postwar Zagreb. The activities of the Command of the City of Zagreb can be classified into three categories. The first and most wide-ranging was related to the adiministration of city affairs, the second was maintaining discipline within the Yugoslavian Army in the city, and third was the activity of its Military Court.

Popis žrtava Drugog svjetskog rata , poraća i Domovinskoga rata . Rezultati i perspektive

Author(s): Josip Kolanović,Milan Pojić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Starting from the fact that the number of victims of the Second World War and the postwar era in Croatia has never been firmly established, and that a list of victims has never been compiled, in 2002 a scholarly research project entitled ≪Victims of the Second World War, the Postwar era and the Homeland War≫ was launched. The aim of the project was to create as precise a list of the victims of the Second World War, the Postwar period, and the Homeland War as is possible on the basis of existing lists, archival sources, published works, and other documents. Work up to this point projects the creation of an electronic database coordinated with existing databases and the data expected from other sources, which enables research into 19 out of a total of 26 elements, and the conversion and transfer of data from the 1964 census in Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina of over 417 000 entries/victims as well as the database of the Ministry of Croatian Veterans of the Republic of Croatia. Up to May 2004, 86 archival fonds and collections had been fully examined as had 58 publications (books, articles), and information about 85 148 victims had been entered into the electronic database.

Arhiv OZN-a s osvrtom na godinu 1945.

Author(s): Diana Mikšić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This article provides a brief overview of the creation and development of the state security service during the war, reviewing the system and scope of activity of the security service before its official formation as the Odjeljenja zaštite naroda (OZN – Department of National Defense) in May 1944, and follows its activities up to its restructuring in 1946. The article features the fond for OZN operations in Croatia stored in the Croatian State Archive, which numbers 49 archival boxes and 3 books. The fond has been inventoried and catalogued. A selection of the sources the fond contains for 1945 were presented to the conference to address its theme. Indeed, there is much interest in this period, and an examination of the sources can serve to advance scholarly research and personal or other needs.

Поетическият език и унгарската поезия от XX век

Author(s): György Bodnár / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this chapter the topic is for the Hungarian poetry and its development reviewed from its place in Hungarian language from 20th century.

Романистът Костолани

Author(s): Sándor Olasz / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This chapter follows the changes of the prefered Hungarian genre of poetry into a novel. In it a relation is being made between the change of the literary taste and the historical changes that took place in Hungary. The author is following the Hungarian novelist Kosztolanyi, who wrote short stories, although the intended literary work to be produced was a novel and although he wrote few novels he stayed as one of the figures that made the poetry-to-novel change.

Месецът на стрелеца на улицата на призраците

Author(s): Gyorgy Posler / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This chapter gives an analysis of the works of Milan Fust, of his life, his believes and the motives of his works. Here are reviewed the theory and the poetics of this Hungarian author as well as his standings, his virtues and interests that led to the creation of his plays, poems and other literary works.

С чисто сърце

Author(s): György Tverdota / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This chapter is analyzing the poem "With a pure heart" by Attila Jozsef. The author of the article chose this poem because through it reveals very precisely and in details the first work period of the poet, his perspectives and innovative thinking.

Възпоменание за грозната майка и антикваря

Author(s): Gabor Shane / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The researches about Antal Szerb, in their most, are remembrances and obituaries - related to his tragic end. The beginning of this chapter introduces the reader in the tragic circumstances that led to his death. After the introduction the attention goes to the humanistic position of Antal Szerb and his novel "Journey by moonlight" with analysis of the novel.

Тайното зрънце на съществуването

Author(s): Janos Savai / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this chapter the novel "The candles burn down to the stump" is being analyzed and more closely which properties of the novel made it possible for its author Marai to gain popularity in the European literature.

На север от Осиек

Author(s): Peter Balasha / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article is about the reforms in Hungarian prose in the late seventies up to the late eighties. The author is reviewing the critic towards the prose genre and the denial of its independence as a genre.

Monumentality versus Economic Vitality: Was a Balance Struck in the Late Antique City?

Author(s): Marlia Mundell Mango / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0