Or Sarua als Geschichtsquelle

Author(s): J. Kahan / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

A source not unimportant to the history of the Jews in the Middle Ages are the responses and the decisoric works of the Jewish scholars. It is true that the historical moment in the treatment of the historical substance takes a back seat, because both the questioner and the spender of the ans-wer are concerned with the decision of the ritual law, but the historical core is all the more diffe-rent from the treated law topic. (Comprehensive in the Yearbook of the Society, VIII, B. Suler "Rabbinische Geschichtsquellen p. 27 ff.) In this regard, the work of Rabbi Yitzhak Or Sarua deserves special attention.

Rabbinische Geschichtsquellen

Author(s): B. Suler / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The excerpts from 33 Responses of Rabbi Israel ben R. Chajim Bruna used here are divided into 21 pieces according to the individual events, each piece comprising the entire material, even if it is taken from various responses, which refers to the relevant event. The majority of them are of great and greatest importance for the history or cultural history of the Jews in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia in the 15th century. Here is a brief overview of the content and the value of the more important pieces of interest to us, which should also serve as an explanation of the events and instructions for a deeper understanding of the context.

Megillath Samuel

Author(s): Salomon Hugo Lieben / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

In the following, the festive days of Purim and Megilloth, as far as they relate to Prague and Bohemia, are listed, and, besides those which have already been published and are mentioned here only very briefly, the others are discussed in some detail. Additionally to the Megillath-Samuel, belonging to the more important ones in content and size, is completely reproduced.

Zwei Beiträge zur Geschichte des Frankismus in den böhmischen Ländern

Author(s): Wenzel Žáček / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this work is not to set out in detail the basics and presuppositions of Jewish mysticism; nor is it our intention to detail the curriculum of the leaders of Sabbatianism, Sabbatai Zewi and Jakob Josef Frank and their prominent confessors. In our narrative we only want to limit ourselves to a concise overview of the lives of the two sectarians and their basic doctrines. In more detail, we only want to deal with those times when their heresies began to invade the Bohemian lands, and describe how they were received here and what attacks and struggles they faced here. That's why our study is in two parts. The first part will contain a brief overview of the life and teachings of Jakob Josef Frank with a more detailed account of his stay in Moravia, written on the basis of new and previously unused material. The second part will be dedicated to the end of Frank's life and especially the persecution of his Prague followers by the advocates of the ruling Jewish orthodoxy around 1800; Also for this purpose previously unknown archive sources were used. The dogmatic side of these struggles remains unnoticed, because the ideological and religious content of the teachings of Frank and the religious foundations of Sabbatai Zewi are not connected with the history of Jewry in the Bohemian lands, but are well known from the previous literature. The present work will pay particular attention to essential events and real facts in order to enrich historical knowledge about the spread of Frankism and its propaganda in the Czech lands. The events are to be faithfully described according to the sources, without the intention of favoring any of the hostile parties; sharp failures against one or the other party will always be only the echo of the sources in their wording or in faithful paraphrase.

Zur Geschichte der Juden in Teltsch

Author(s): Michael Rachmuth / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The history of the Jewish community in Telč (Moravia), which numbered 93 souls as late as 1921, has not yet been published, with the exception of a few short notes by Beringer and Janousek on the history of the city and the rule of Teltsch (Telč). And yet the history of this small Jewish community provides us with events of general interest. So the otherwise seldom found fact that in 1651 the city purchased from its landlord Wilhelm Count Slawata the establishment of a numerus clausus of only three Jewish families by obliging them to pay a Jewish tax (Židoplat) per 30 fl to be paid to the count's pension in two half-yearly installments. The trial of the brothers Josef and Moses Hesky, who were accused of fraudulent bankruptcy in 1667, is neither without general interest, since a case of magistrate justice against bankrupt Jews, if the believers were Christians, is presented here. Finally, we are also shown that Christian tradespeople repeatedly complained about the competition of the Jewish traders against the competition of Jewish merchants, not only the authorities and the state authorities, but also that the latter in their shops (as in a modern department store) peddle a larger number of different categories of commodities. Also interesting are the reasons which the Teltsch Jews cite for the fact that the Jewish trader does not specialize in a single type of commodity in his trade like the Christian one.

Von den Anfängen des Vereines für Verbesserung des israelitischen Kultus in Böhmen

Author(s): František Roubík / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

On March 25, 1832, the wealthy Prague Jewish merchant Jakob Dormitzer, probably under the influence of a request in the Prague newspaper of March 1 of the same year, which will be discussed further, presented a memorandum to the Prague Gubernial Presidium to carry out the necessary improvements to Jewish customs and conventions, and did not even shy away from the then revolutionary proposal to postpone the Jewish Sabbath holiday to Sunday in order to assimilate the Jews of the Christian population. All the better Jews - Dormitzer argued - would realize that it was necessary to remove from Jewish customs everything that is inappropriate today and has its origins in times of long persecution and contemptuous treatment of the Jews. In grateful remembrance of the fact that the Austrian government was the first in Europe to call the Jews to defend their country, Dormitzer recommended the introduction of Reformed Jewish worship in the Vienna and Pester Muster synagogues and the relocation of the Saturday holiday to Sunday, an amendment whose permissibility and usefulness are allegedly proven by strict orthodox principles. Dormitzer relied in support of his radical proposal on a booklet of Chief Rabbi Aron Chorin from Arad: "The faithful messenger to his fellow religious", of which he enclosed a copy in his memorandum and in which he himself (on page 16) is quoted with his views under the pseudonym Jakob. Of course, Dormitzer's unusual proposal required a thorough consideration by the provincial authorities, who were always very cautious in Jewish matters in order to avoid, in particular, the awakening of religious passions He did not, however, express any concern that the Jewish religious leaders might object to Dormitzer's radical suggestion, and therefore called on the town captain to discuss both the mayor of Prague and the Antra Gierer and some more educated Prague Jews, especially on the question whether the transfer of the Jewish holiday to Sunday according to religious principles was permissible at all.

Zwei Testamente des Simon Biach

Author(s): Heinrick Flesch / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Der gelbe Fleck in Prag

Author(s): L. Moses / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Tobias Jakobovits has dedicated an in-depth study of the Jewish badges in Bohemia. (Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden…, Vol III., Prag 1931, pp.. 145 ff.) Amongst these badges, the yellow spot ordered by Maria Theresia in 1750 played its defamatory role the longest and only in 1781 did this remnant of a bad time disappear. Jakobovits shows in detail the drudgery that arose the Prague Jews from occasional violations of the ordinance, which was directed primarily against the unmarried Jews, since the married people were already marked by the beards. In addition to the files which he refers to, which relate to the yellow spot, there are also some documents in the Vienna State Archives of the Interior and the Judiciary, which record the facts of some transgressions of this kind and are therefore extensively communicated here as a supplement to the work of Jakobovits.

Satyryczny obraz polityki mocarstw europejskich w obliczu kryzysu bułgarskiego (1885–1886) w krakowskim „Diable”

Author(s): Waldemar Chrobak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Bulgarian crisis (1885–1886) depicted the growth of the particular interests of the European powers and constituted a violation of the rules of the Berlin Congress (1878) regarding the balance of power in the Balkan region. The ambiguous attitude of the powerstowards the dynamic events taking place from the revolution in Eastern Rumelia in April 1885 to the short Serbian-Bulgarian war (November 1885) and the conclusion of the Tophanen Peace (April 1886) was widely commented on in the Polish press of that period. This topic was also taken up by “Diabeł”, an illustrated satirical magazine published since 1869 in Krakow. It featured texts and illustrations mocking the cynical policy of European powers towards the nations of the Balkan Peninsula.

Karykaturalny wizerunek Wilhelma II w europejskiej i polskiej prasie satyrycznej w latach 1888–1914

Author(s): Romuald Rydz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The second half of the 19th century was a period of rapid development of the satirical press in Europe, which quickly became an important tool for shaping public opinion. With the development of printing technology, one of the main forms of influence of this type of publication became satirical drawings – caricatures. Thanks to the use of humor in such works, publishers of satirical periodicals could reach a much wider audience with their messages than before. The popularity of satirical press was also influenced by the topics that were addressed by caricature artists. Although they initially focused mainly on social issues, over time political issues became important for them. In particular, the caricaturists began portraying those involved in the struggle for power. For this reason, monarchs were a common subject of their interest. Among the European monarchs, the German Emperor Wilhelm II was of particular interest to satirists from the beginning of his reign. Due to his character traits, style of governance, and imperial ambitions, he became the subject of numerous caricatures printed in Europe and North America. Polish satirical publications also devoted a lot of attention to him. Many of them published caricatures of Wilhelm that were inspired by his actions on the international stage. However, what distinguished Polish caricaturists from their European counterparts was their use of themes related to the German policy towards the Polish community in the Prussian partition. As a result, the caricatures of Wilhelm and the satirical publications dedicated to him contributed to the consolidation of his image as a person responsible for the Germanization policies and the problems of Poles at the beginning of the 20th century.

Lwowski humor drobnomieszczański na przykładzie czasopisma „Goniec i Iskra” oraz „Wesołego Kurjerka”

Author(s): Piotr Fałat / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

“Wesoły Kurjerek” is a humorous supplement to the magazine “Goniec i Iskry”, which was arranged in Lviv from July 1, 1893 to August 1899. on: “Happy Kurjerek Illustrowany” or “Happy Kurjerek for All”. The petty-bourgeois joke of “Wesoły Kurjerek” was presented in the form of humorous dialogues, poems or charades. They concerned love, family and economic and living matters. The aim of the article is to recreate the issues that were laughed at in Lviv at the end of the 19th century. Examination of the detailed subject of jokes in “Wesoły Kurierek” will indicate the areas which were interesting for its recipients. The typographic and graphic aspect of the journal will also be analyzed in order to check to what extent these elements served to emphasize the humorous nature of the published content. The study fills the research gap in the field of 19th-century Lviv satirical and humorous magazines and opens the field for further discussion.

Ironia vs sarkazm „Przewodnika po Krakowie” Kazimierza Bartoszewicza w kalendarzu humorystycznym „Ananas” z 1889 roku

Author(s): Paweł Glugla / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

One of the most frequently cited Polish authors of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in the field of irony, sarcasm and humour was Kazimierz Bartoszewicz. He can be called a master in this field. His wide-ranging interests, versatile journalistic, publishing and political activities, as well as his patrician work, deserve attention. The text attempts to outline his uncommon talent on the example of the text Guide to Krakow. In this publication of ironic and sarcastic characteristics, he humorously presented to the readers the advantages and disadvantages of both the city, its infrastructure, the functioning of its various institutions, the naming of streets, buildings and, in particular, the inhabitants and administrators of the city. It should be remembered that this was a time of national slavery, and publications of this kind were also intended to snap people out of their stupor and inability. Bartoszewicz was a master at his craft. As a bookseller and publisher of historical works, he wrote accurate, humorous poems and published the equally excellent humour calendar “Ananas”. Many of his personal and situational diagnoses and assessments are still relevant today. He owed this to his sharp mind, uncommon sense of perception and accurate analysis of events, behaviour and assessments. Most importantly, he was not a pamphleteer or a panderer. Over the years, he developed his own style and class. His innate talent, family tradition and extensive academic background predisposed Bartoszewicz to journalistic, editorial and satirical work.

Humor i satyra w prasie Polonii amerykańskiej (do 1918 roku). Przegląd problematyki

Author(s): Daniel Kiper / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article makes a cross-sectional characterisation of the satirical and humorous press of the Polish diaspora in America between 1886 and 1918. Using selected examples, it shows how the satirical magazines of the Polish diaspora in the United States tried to meet the needs of the mass audience and to influence the public ideologically. The publishers of the Polish diaspora were forced to adapt the humour magazines they published to their vision of the world and the expectations of their audiences. They did not compete with American magazines but tried to find a separate niche in the media macrocosm of the time and develop it independently of the mainstream. To maintain a colloquial style in the media message, an attempt was made to balance linguistic conventions, journalistic forms, and illustrative material in order to be comprehensible not only to the first generation of immigrants but above all to the representatives of the Polish diaspora born in the New World who learnt American humour.

Opieka zdrowotna i relacje lekarz – pacjent w satyryczno- -humorystycznych interpretacjach czasopisma „Kolce” (1871–1914)

Author(s): Anita Napierała / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The changes that took place in the second half of the 19th century in the Polish lands in the area of health care, related to its, increasing accessibility, popularization of medical and preventive knowledge, gradually increased public confidence in medicine and its representatives. On the other hand, there was a growing criticism that focused on various infirmities and flaws in the health care of the time. One form of this criticism was humor and satire presented in satirical magazines. In the form appropriate to this genre of journalism, the “realities” of medical care were presented, while at the same time creating – in a distorting mirror – the image of the doctor of the 19th century. The article discusses the above-mentioned issues in the context of medical humor contained in the humorous-satirical magazine “Kolce,” which was published in Warsaw in 1871–1914 and was among of the most popular magazines of its kind. The image of health care, including doctors and their relations with patients, created in “Kolce”, although to some extent based on stereotypical and schematic depictions, shows interesting social aspects of the functioning of health care in the second half of the 19th century.

Emancypantka na łamach „Kolców” – warszawskiego pisma satyryczno-humorystycznego w latach 1871–1914

Author(s): Aleksandra Staniszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The 19th-century world observed through the prism of satirical and humorous magazines was full of imperfections and hypocrisy. In such newspapers, absurdities in the moral and cultural sphere were criticized. The existing order was criticized and areas requiring changes were indicated. Although at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the satirical and humorous press was not appreciated by the intellectual and artistic elite, its creators cannot be denied the perceptiveness and lightness of conveying information about the observed phenomena. Therefore, it is worth considering the satirical and humorous press as a very valuable source for research on the history of societies and culture, because it was the press that served the functions of agitation, moral and teaching, and at the same time, entertainment. The aim of the article is to present the image of women fighting for equal rights in the light of the weekly “Kolce”. This magazine, next to “Mucha”, boasted the largest readership, which resulted in a significant influence on public opinion. The pages of “Kolce” often referred to the women’s issue. Although the creators were aware of the need to change and re-discuss the position of women in the family and society, in accordance with the form of the magazine, they placed emphasis on presenting the incompetence of women. In the article, the author will try to answer the question – what features of appearance and character were attributed to emancipated women in the pages of “Kolce”? In conclusion, the author will consider whether showing the mockery of feminists and their activities could have had positive effects.

O kobiecych troskach w sposób żartobliwy na łamach czasopisma „Mucha”

Author(s): Marta Milewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

One of the satirical and humorous magazines in the Kingdom of Poland was “Mucha”. The editors of “Mucha” carefully observed the fair sex, and then transferred their observations to the pages of the magazine. Women’s worries about education, finding a suitable candidate for a husband, marriage, raising children, etc. became the subject of satire. The editors of “Mucha” showed the above-mentioned women’s concerns in a distorting mirror, while criticizing women’s vanity. In the texts published in the “Mucha” magazine, women’s ills regarding various aspects of their lives were aptly hidden.

Humor i satyra na polowaniu na podstawie czasopism „Łowiec Polski”, „Łowiec Wielkopolski” oraz archiwów ziemiańskich

Author(s): Piotr Hubicki,Karolina Studnicka-Mariańczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Hunting has accompanied man since the dawn of time. The history of hunting is directly intertwined with the history of society. As society changed, the social aspect of hunting developed. This article deals with the second half of the 19th century; its aim is to show hunting humour and satire. It has been developed on the basis of the archives of the landed gentry, the stories, poems and rhymes related to hunting contained in them. Another source of hunting humour and satire are magazines describing rural culture and hunting, which were very popular at the time. Funny stories were published in the magazines “Wieś i Dwór”, “Wieś Ilustrowana” and in the pages of “Łowca Polski”. The authors’ aim in this article is to show and discuss the characteristic hunting humour of the second half of the 19th century.

Wątki humorystyczne w „Wierszach” Stanisława Apolinarego Zambrzyckiego

Author(s): Ignacy Karpiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the article is humorous, satirical and ironic aspects of poems written by Stanisław Apolinary Zambrzycki who was a polish landowner living in 1824–1908 in his Wiazynka estate situated in Minsk governorate, in Russian Empire. Poems were being created from 60s in XIX to the death of poet in 1908. In work author presented the history of the poet’s family, his social and material position, personality and environment in which he existed. Cross-sectionally were displayed pieces of poems describing important events ocurring in poet’s life but also everyday life affairs. Poems refer to author’s family, neighbours, friends and whole groups of the society. Poetry presents personality, mentality, the way of thinking and sense of humor of Polish, middle class, provincional landowner.

O życiu z humorem, o żarcie poważnie – „Trzy po trzy” Aleksandra Fredry w kontekście twórczości oraz życiorysu autora

Author(s): PRZEMYSŁAW ROZENTAL / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Much can be said about Aleksander Fredro. He is a very important figure for Polish culture and art. He is commonly known as a cheerful character – considering the literary achievements of this artist in the field of comedy. Aleksander Fredro’s jokes are also known. However, the question arises whether Aleksander Fredro was joking just for the sake of a joke? The aim of the article is to present the issue of a joke in the 19th century through the prism of Aleksander Fredro’s diary Three by Three. Although the diary itself is full of jokes, it presents the difficult experiences of the author, his broken hopes regarding the Napoleonic Wars and many other events that, in the author’s opinion, left a powerful mark on him.

Janowe poczucie humoru – uśmiechnięte oblicze Jana Matejki

Author(s): Marta Kłak-Ambrożkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Jan Matejko (1838–1893) was above all a painter, and his artistic activity revolved around historical interests, a passion for research, the exploration of relics of the past, and their preservation from destruction. He developed these interests in parallel with his talent. He travelled extensively, visited museums and monuments, conducted in-depth historical and ethnographic studies. There was another Matejko – a man full of emotions, reflections, a sense of humour, self-irony, and distance. In his work, he did not shy away from allusive and often piquant pieces related to Poland’s past. The work presents Matejko’s works as well as occasional satirical drawings, which portray Matejko as a humorous and self-reflective individual. The artist’s character is illuminated through preserved satirical works, epistolary sources, memoirs, and a journal kept by Matejko’s secretary.