Kryzys ojcostwa lub/i zamiana jego miejsca w rodzinie

Author(s): Monika Grodecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wykazanie, iż z racji narastającego kryzysu roli i miejsca ojca w rodzinie zostaje zachwiany proces wychowawczy, co powoduje osłabienie podstawowej komórki społecznej, jaką jest rodzina.PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problemem badawczym jest historyczno‑fenomenologiczna analiza rozwoju paternalizmu oraz jej doniosłości społecznej. Na tej też podstawie będzie później formułowana ocena obecnego status quo zagadnienia. W pracy zostanie zastosowana metoda analizy krytycznej tekstu i synteza wniosków oraz analiza historyczna i fenomenologiczna pojęć.PROCES WYWODU: Realizacja przedstawionego celu badawczego rozpocznie się od rozważenia etymologii ojcostwa oraz określenia roli ojca w rodzinie i społeczeństwie w starożytności. Następnie przedstawiony zostanie opis funkcjonowania współczesnej rodziny wraz z przyczynami kryzysu ojcostwa, by w ostatnim etapie przejść do konkluzji wypływających z przeprowadzonego namysłu.WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Z przeprowadzonej analizy kryzysu ojcostwa dzisiaj wyraźnie wynika, iż zdecydowanie odeszliśmy od normalnej, wiekowej i normatywnej struktury rodziny, doprowadzając do jej osłabienia i zachwiania procesów wychowawczych.WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Pomimo iż współczesny kryzys ojcostwa, i wtórnie również rodziny, ma kompleksowy charakter przyczynowy, to jednak wydaje się, że wiodącymi prym są ideologia liberalizmu i pragmatyzmu wraz z niekorzystnymi zmianami kulturowymi. Biorąc pod uwagę nieodwracalne zmiany społeczno-kulturowe, należałoby poszukiwać powrotu do mądrego zbilansowania roli matki i ojca w rodzinie.

La violencia verbal entre marido y mujer en los siglos XVI y XVII

Author(s): Jesús M. USUNÁRIZ / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2019

A pesar de la actual preocupación social existente por el maltrato contra la mujer, la violencia psicológica, especialmente la agresión verbal, no ha sido objeto de tanta atención como el la violencia física o sexual; quizás por ser aquella más sutil, quizás por ser menos visible o apreciable en el entorno social, al ser palabras espetadas en la intimidad del hogar; quizás por haber sido minimizada por ese mismo entorno. Este texto quiere abordar el análisis de abuso verbal en la España de los siglos XVI y XVII, a fin de establecer comparaciones ―sin caer, en la medida de lo posible, en anacronismos―, sobre actitudes y procedimientos de los actores protagonistas y de reparto en episodios de violencia en el matrimonio.

Okręg kwidzyński w przededniu plebiscytu w świetle niemieckiej broszury dla komisji alianckiej - tłumaczenie tekstu źródłowego z komentarzem

Author(s): Emilia Figura-Osełkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

This article contains a faithful translation of a German propaganda booklet issued before the plebiscite in Kwidzyn in July 1920. The entire booklet written by the German Committee for Western Prussia is addressed at the Inter-Allied Commission and consists of six chapters informing on the area’s geography, historical conditions, economic structure, current social structure and rivers: Vistula, Nogat and Osa. The passage selected for translation regards the social aspects and describes the inhabitants of Powiśle, area included in the Western Prussian Plebiscite District headquartered in Kwidzyn, in terms of nationality. The publication was created to serve the needs of the German plebiscite agitation and should be approached critically for this specific reason. Nevertheless, this littleknown German document holds great historical value, particularly useful to scholars and persons passionate about the history of the interwar period.

The Value of Historical Knowledge for the Modern World

Author(s): Svitlana Hanaba / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2023

The purpose of the article is to understand the lessons of history from the standpoint of human values and to emphasize the heritage of the past as a social resource capable of fostering understanding, tolerance, complicity and contributing to the solution of contemporary social problems. The methodological basis is the use of socio-philosophical analysis to characterize the historical process as the interaction of two principles: objectively determined and subjectively volitional. The axiological approach helped to analyse the educational potential of history in the modern world practices and to present education as a space of freedom in a person’s self-development. The scholar underlines that the change of historical eras causes a change in the established system of values. It is about the process of revaluation and the value system ‘creation’. No historical fact can be explained and evaluated beyond its historical time. The understanding of the past including its value system in the realities of the modern world determines the understanding of a person as a development system, which is carried out on the basis of the cultural-historical experience of a particular society. The formation of a new system of values and moral-ethical priorities of each historical era does not occur from scratch. The universal human virtues tested by time and sanctified by history serve as a basis for revising and creating worldview and value standards of a specific historical era. They appear to be a spiritual capital of humanity, accumulated over millennia, which will never depreciate, but on the contrary, will gain more value. The reference point in all historical processes is a person. The person is considered to be an active agent of history, who does not create his life under the influence of objective laws and external factors, but who combines his own intentions with the worldview and value orientations of his time. The basis of the historical reality manifestation is determined by the multifaceted nature of human existence. A picture of the past is created from small particles of historical events, individual touches, memories, a mosaic set of human perception of the world, which is more reliable, because it carries the ‘human spirit’. The focus of the scholar’s attention is the world of the unique and unrepeatable, and not the general and theoretically modelled one. Education built on the intentions of tolerance is designed to contribute to the formation of an individual capable of caring about the universal pain of human problems, to cultivate involvement as an important component of worldview mobility.

ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 6/2023

В НОВИТЕ БРОЕВЕ НА СПИСАНИЯТА НА ИЗДАТЕЛСТВО ,,АЗ БУКИ“ ЧЕТЕТЕ

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2023

Thomas Kuhn, Stefan Amsterdamski, and the Cycles of Scientific Development

Author(s): Anna Martin-Michalska / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

In his most seminal work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas S. Kuhn advances a notion that science is embedded in historically contingent constellations of practices and ideas. In this view, history is part and parcel of science. Science develops by transforming that, which it emerges from – a theme later picked up by Polish philosopher of science, Stefan Amsterdamski. Kuhn also noticed important parallels between psychological and historical development. These insights have led him to the conclusion that what scientists do and what the science does are two different things. Scientific development is discontinuous in the sense that it cannot be measured by any external standard. Science is therefore its own judge. This paper identifies critical shortcomings of Kuhn’s theory of psychological development, which most affect his vision of scientific development. Subsequently, the problem of development is recast in terms of dynamic system theory or embodied cognition. The ensuing insights are organized into a cyclical model, with two main trajectories: one creative, the other generative. It is argued that the cyclical approach permits to overcome the dualisms, which plagued Kuhn’s original account (engagement versus criticism, creativity versus rule-following, etc.) and to further develop Amsterdamski’s idea that absent universal norms or standards, criticism and rationality are nonetheless possible.

Between Biology and Culture. Polish Reflections on the Concept of Race in the Nineteenth Century

Author(s): Joanna Nowak,Katarzyna Wrzesińska / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

In the nineteenth century, the Polish reflection on race and derivative terms was strongly influenced by the Western thought. New achievements and terminology in the field of natural sciences were adopted. Gradually, there was a change of look at peoples, their origin and diversity. In the Enlightenment, while hierarchizing humankind, its biological variety was emphasized. The Romanticism focused on human culture and spirituality. The Positivism, in turn, based on the achievements of natural sciences, saw the basis for evaluation of human groups in biological criteria. The state of contemporary ideas and knowledge favoured the formulation of various racial theories, which also had their own political context. The analysis of Polish sources made it possible to show the specificity of the domestic view in this field. It was often critical, but also approving the division of humankind into lower and higher races. This resulted from the adoption of a Eurocentric point of view. Historiosophy, seeking factors determining a historical role of a given race, also contributed to the search for differences between the white nations of Europe.

The Connections Between the Lvov-Warsaw School and the University in Poznań

Author(s): Roman Murawski / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

The Lvov-Warsaw School in Philosophy – as the very name suggests – was connected mainly with two academic centers: universities in Lvov and Warsaw. However, it had a broader impact. The members of this school were active also at other universities, in particular in Cracow, Vilnius and Poznań. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the connections of Lvov-Warsaw School with the university in Poznań.

Mikhail Ziegler, the First Professor of Metallurgy at Warsaw Polytechnic, and His Contribution for Developing our Knowledge about Steels

Author(s): Dmytro Zhurylo,Volodymyr Levchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

The article presents results of research on the origin and development of scientific schools in the field of metallurgy in Eastern Europe at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, associated with the scientific and pedagogical activities of the famous scientist Professor Mikhail Karlovich Ziegler in the higher technical educational institutions of Warsaw (Warsaw Polytechnic Institute of Emperor Nicholas II), Kharkiv (Kharkov Technological Institute of Emperor Alexander III), St. Petersburg (Petrograd Polytechnic Institute) and Moscow (Moscow Mining Academy).The main facts of the biography of this scientist and educator are given. The stages of formation of M.K. Ziegler as a personality and a scientist against the backdrop of occurring historical processes are shown. The Soviet period of his activity was considered separately.The scientific achievements of Professor Ziegler in the field of steel metallurgy, in particular, in determining the strength of steels depending on the conditions of their crystallization, studying the diffusion of impurities in steels, which became the foundation for the development of continuous casting technology, i.e.one of the most important world inventions of the 20th century, are systematized and analyzed.His organizational and educating contribution for the training of scientific and engineering personnel for the metallurgical industry is also estimated.The article includes interesting forgotten and little-known facts from the history of metallurgical science and the training of the higher engineering and technical personnel in educational institutions located on the territory of modern Ukraine and Poland.

Ideologiczne, polityczne i filozoficzne podstawy polityki naukowej i przemysłowej niemieckiej partii Zielonych w latach 80. i 90. XX w.: przypadek „miękkiej chemii” (sanfte Chemie)

Author(s): Marcin Krasnodębski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2023

Sanfte Chemie, or soft chemistry, is a scientific and philosophical concept developed in the 1980s under the auspices of the German Green Party (Die Grünen). Its purpose was to thoroughly reconstruct not only the chemical industry but also chemistry as a science in the spirit of environmentalism. Soft chemistry followers wanted to forge a new scientific method and criticized what they called a Baconian-Cartesian paradigm in the philosophy of science. Even though the sanfte Chemie project ceased to be endorsed by the Green Party in the 1990s because of its radicalism, the history of epistemological foundations, on which the soft chemistry was built, gives us a privileged insight into a vision of chemical sciences as advocated by early proponents of sustainability and pioneers of environmental movements.The article analyses sources of sanfte Chemie, highlighting plurality and complexity of scientific, philosophical, political and ideological traditions that served as its basis. The study of the eco-critical narratives on empirical sciences allows us to better understand subsequent political choices concerning science, industry and the environment in Germany. In particular, the article shows that the tradition on which sanfte Chemie was built, gives it the advantage over later concepts, such as green chemistry, that lack philosophical depth.The purpose of the article is to question the relation between the philosophy of science and the practice of science and ponder whether different chemistry is possible at all.

Tożsamość miejsca a marketing terytorialny na przykładzie dawnej pomorskiej krainy Kosznajderii – szanse i ograniczenia

Author(s): Tomasz Marcysiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2023

Contemporary attention is closely focused on the changes taking place within small local communities, where members not only see the value in building their community brand but also feel the need for self-identification. This process supports the development of entrepreneurship, tourism, and various other areas of human activity. However, not all regions possess a well-established identity that is unquestionable for their residents, or it may require redefinition. In some cases, inherited material and sometimes spiritual heritage may not be considered a regional asset and, on the contrary, may be seen as a “problematic” legacy. Border regions or post-migration areas, where one group of people settled in the place of another, sometimes even forcibly, are particularly complex. This situation may be euphemistically described, but it relates to extremely dramatic circumstances associated with displacement, expulsion, or even extermination. The Author considers it essential to examine attempts to build an identity based on the centuries- old heritage of Kosznajders in the southern part of Pomerania, near Chojnice. In this article, he analyzes the opportunities and limitations of place branding through the study and observation of grassroots initiatives aimed at preserving the memory of Kosznajders and their heritage. One opportunity is the openness of residents to a dialogue about the history of the place, while a limitation lies in the unresolved collective traumas and suffering dating back to the times of occupation, and sometimes even the pre-war period, deeply ingrained in collective memory.

Paulina Olechowska, W salonie międzykulturowości. „Magazyn Polsko-Niemiecki DIALOG” w latach 1987–2017, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego 2022, ss. 269

Author(s): Krzysztof Wasilewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2023

From "Scourge of the Countryside" to "Social Patrasites" and "Job-Hoppers"

Author(s): Pavel Baloun / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

This text aims to analyse representations of “Gypsies” (cikáni) in Czechoslovak criminology in the period from 1945 to the onset of normalization. My focus is also on the issue of long-term continuities and discontinuities in the criminological discourse of the first half of the twentieth century. In the period of interwar Czechoslovakia, police expertise played a crucial role in criminalizing and marginalizing Roma and Sinti in Czechoslovak society, when it served to register, control and carry out surveillance of “wandering Gypsies” (potulní cikáni), and also greatly informed public debate on the issue. In the period of Stalinism, with the abolition of former police-repressive legislation, criminology still offered various representations of “Gypsies” as criminals, but these did not extend beyond the narrow framework of the police community. Ideological emphasis on representing “Gypsies” as victims of capitalism and understanding the “Gypsy question” as a social problem required different representations of Roma – as a social group that could be assimilated into the constructed socialist collective. However, after a certain degree of setback in the period of Stalinism, the development of criminological expertise in the 1960s in Czechoslovakia also brought about an increased interest in “Gypsies”, which was also characteristic of the emerging normalization regime.

"From Post-War Europe to Post-Wall Europe – and Back"

Author(s): Daniela Spenser / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Review of: GARTON ASH, Timothy: Homelands: A Personal History of Europe. New Haven – London, Yale University Press 2023, 363 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-25707-6.

End of the Cold War and Promises

Author(s): Luboš Studený / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Review of: BARTEL, Fritz: The Triumph of Broken Promises: The End of the Cold War and the Rise of Neoliberalism. Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press 2022, 440 pages, ISBN 978-0-674-97678-8.

Missed Opportunities? NATO's Post-Cold War Enlargement and the Gradual Decline in Relations between Washingtonm and Moscow

Author(s): Matěj Bílý / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Review of: SAROTTE, Mary Elise: Not One Inch: America, Russia, and the Making of Post-Cold War Stalemate. New Haven – London, Yale University Press 2021, 550 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-25993-3.

Jewish Life in Post-War Czechoslovakia. Unveiling the Aftermath

Author(s): Hana Kubátová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Review of: SEDLICKÁ, Magdalena: „Není přítel jako přítel“: Židé v národním státě Čechů a Slováků 1945–1948. Praha, Academia – Masarykův ústav a Archiv AV ČR, v. v. i., 2021, 225 pages, ISBN 978-80-200-3307-9 and 978-80-88304-58-6.

Two Decades of Involuntary "Druzhba". A Gap-Filling Book on the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia after 1968

Author(s): Ivan Beliaev / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Review of: ČERNÁ, Marie: Sovětská armáda a česká společnost 1968–1991. Praha, Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR, v. v. i. – Univerzita Karlova, Karolinum 2021, 398 pages, ISBN 978-80-7285-263-5 and 978-80-246-5046-3.

L’art, l’artiste et la presse: les armes de la propagande et de l’idéologie communiste en Roumanie. L’exposition Flacăra, 1948

Author(s): Alexandra Clara Ianc / Language(s): French Issue: 3-4/2023

After the proclamation of the Romanian People’s Republic in December 1947, a new direction in art developed. The Flacăra exhibition marks the beginning of Soviet-style socialist realism, which gradually takes hold of the Romanian art scene. The press played an essential role in the establishment of realism and exercised a particular form of control. The Communist Party realised that art and the press could be a powerful tool to convey the Marxist-Leninist ideology. The article analyses the press discourse on the works presented in Flacăra.