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Bilder aus dem täglichen Leben der Juden in Prag.
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The paper is devoted to the historical novel Master Kampanus (publ. in book form in 1909) by the Czech writer and historian Zikmund Winter (1846–1912), and to its comparison with some similar Czech and foreign books, namely, Darkness by Alois Jirásek, Salammbô by Gustave Flaubert, The Egyptian by Mika Waltari and some recent Czech historical novels. Master Kampanus is one of the books of fiction that belong to the debates on the sense of Czech history. It is characterized by a close relation between the protagonist and his milieu, thematization of the conflict between the great and small history, tragicomism, and the rich use of irony.
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"For someone to acquire skill and ability in a particular branch of activity, thus becoming a labor force" – said Karl Marx in Capital – "education is necessary", adding that the communist order will ensure favorable social conditions for the individual qualities of to every man not to be stifled, but to be revealed and developed through education. The expression "multilateral development", applied to both the individual and society, has become one of the most common in Marxist pedagogy or Marxist-inspired theory. The communication aims to present the "multilateral development" and "formation of the new man" during the regime of Nicolae Ceausescu, being composed of two parts. In the first part, the communication will deal with the Marxist-Leninist conception of multilateral education, which was necessary and possible in mass proportion only in the conditions of socialist and communist society. The second part will contain the conception of the Romanian Communist Party about the "multilaterally developed socialist society" and the "multilaterally developed personality" which was to be characterized by "creative spirit and the tendency towards self-improvement and self-improvement". The conclusions will aim at the fact that, in the case of communist regimes, "multilateral development" was only an ideological fiction, because, unlike the liberal regimes, in which education means emancipation and permanent creation, communist education was organized to ensure the strength of work distributed according to socialist planning, the regime emphasizing social and cultural homogenization, in order to create a "working class culture".
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The present paper presents the main social and political concepts of Greek Antiquity: Democritus, Plato, Aristotle and Epicurus. Democritus analyzes three fundamental problems: - the role of politics: to achieve happiness for as many people as possible; - justice: the main virtue that citizens must cultivate; - form of government: democracy. Plato builds the model of an ideal society consisting of three social classes: - the philosopher (politician) – who must lead society; - the soldiers - who must defend the fortress; - citizens (producers of goods and services) - what must ensure the necessary for the functioning of the fortress. Aristotle thinks of the state as a higher court that must ensure the welfare of the citizens, and therefore politics becomes the most important practical science. Epicurus supports a view close to that of the social contract. Society is structured on the basis of a non-aggression agreement between people. This agreement (the law) legitimizes a higher structure (the State) to oversee the functioning of society.
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Theological works were the prevailing literary works during the early Middle Ages. For western Europe at that time, the Catholic Church was the intellectual center of society and was, by far, the most productive source of literary works. The main purpose of these works was to increase the religious influence of the church on people and to guide the behavior of the audience. Literature was also used as a means of propaganda for the values and deeds of a king or a people, as was the case with the chansons de geste. Many medieval literary works, from the chanson de geste and finishing to the chivalry novel, have a high theological symbolism and many details of the text may be used as a support for various reading methods. The central figure of the chivalry novel emphasized was the knight-errant, bringing forth a new set of virtues, different from the warrior’s heroism and fidelity towards the senior. The knight–errant was always on the quest to punish injustice, help the poor, and serve God and one lady of his heart. Spite all obstacles, the real quest of the knight-errant was spiritual perfection. His journey was full of fictional adventures set in the medieval west. Exile and madness, decay and redemption, as well as a perpetual journey are specific features of mythical characters revived in the medieval characters. The novel Yvain- the Knight with the Lion of Chretien de Troyes is full of biblical symbols. The present article aims to emphasize the biblical symbolism of the fountain, considered the source of new perspectives, of a new destiny, as well as a passage towards a new stage in the life of Yvain.
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The military operations conducted on the territory of Ukraine during the conflict started by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022 show that the chances for large-scale combat operations in Europe have significantly increased. Consequently, the way those operations are carried out must be carefully reconsidered. Adapting to the requirements of the modern battlefield requires rapid multi-domain integration of new technologies and modern weapons systems. Therefore, doctrinal changes are required. There is no doubt that the Battle of Kyiv is a valuable source of information for military leaders, regarding the conduct of military operations at each level. Therefore, a pertinent analysis in relation to the factors that have contributed to the battle’s outcome could be very helpful. The main objective of the analysis is to highlight lessons on the topic of planning and carrying out military operations at the tactical level. It emphasises both the determining factors for the failure of the Russian offensive and the features that gave the Ukrainian forces the upper hand, ensuring the successful defence operation. The research methodology is based on the qualitative evaluation of the available information, to enable an assessment of the battle from the combat functions perspective with the aim to identify possible gaps in Westernarmies’ way to carry out combat operations.
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Starting the study from the theory of the Heartland, drawn up by Halford John Mackinder, according to which who rules Eastern Europe rules the world, we identify the geopolitical importance of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus. The region imaginarily bordered to the North by the Baltic Sea and to the South by the Black Sea has been a hotspot throughout history. Thus, the strategic importance of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus and the conflicting interests in the region are the current reasons for the confrontation between the Russian Federation and the West. The illegal aggression of the Russian state in Kyiv confirms the hypothesis that Moscow is the main threat to the security and territorial integrity of the states of the Ponto-Baltic region. In this respect, to become aware of the regional geopolitical realities, in the first part of the research both the geographical coordinates of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus and the historical coordinates stated at the national level will be outlined, in keeping with the writings of scholars such as Simion Mehedinți and Nicolae Iorga. Afterwards, the strategy of the Russian Federation in the region will be analysed, in relation to the permanent fuelling of conflicts on the territory of states that pursue their Euro-Atlanticvision. Romania’s role in the Ponto-Baltic region will also be identified, through its status of a regional pivot and a relevant actor in the process of consolidating NATO’s eastern flank. The research will be the result of the cross-use of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, for an in-depth approach to the subject under study.
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In 1943, the Soviet fleet in the Black Sea was clearly superior to its opponents (Germans, Italians, Romanians, Bulgarians), but there were no major naval confrontations in this theatre of war. In most confrontations, starting in 1941, the Soviet naval forces suffered losses and were forced to retreat. The Romanian intelligence services had data on the organisation of the Soviet fleet, the dispersal, the commanders, the naval constructions and the ways of action. At the end of 1943, when the Red Army was on the offensive and had begun the landing in Crimea, the Romanian-German naval forces started an operation to supply the defenders, and later, in 1944, an evacuation of their own troops. Despite the vulnerabilities, the Soviet fleet did not attack decisively, so the withdrawal by sea was relatively organised and saved more than 120,000 soldiers and civilians.
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