Główny Urząd Statystyczny w latach 1918—1939

Author(s): Bożena Łazowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2013

This article presents the history of the CSO in the interwar period – discusses the genesis of the Office as of rescript of the Regency Council, and then the first structure and tasks of the Central Statistical Office of the regulatory framework of the Second Republic. It describes the difficult circumstances of the emerging territory after the First World War, personnel, office and others, in the formation of the CSO and conducting surveys during the merging areas occupying in the reborn Poland after 123 years. The article discusses the major accomplishments of the Office during the period between the first and second world war, particularly the census of the population in the years 1921 and 1931, economic and social research, conduct of publishing and information services. At the end are presented the most distinguished statisticians in the early years of the CSO, derived mainly from Galicia.

Kuratorium Gimnazjum Akademickiego w Szczecinie 1667–1805

Author(s): Paweł Gut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2020

Established in 1667, the Academic Gymnasium in Szczecin was a continuation of the tradition of the princely Pedagogium. Also, like in the Griffins times, the school and the foundation which financed it were supervised by a schoolboard of four persons, comprising the representatives of the province administration and the Pomeranian Estates. The role of the schoolboard was defined in the Gymnasium Statute. It included controlling the administration of the Foundation’s estate, its revenues, as well as the administration of the school, employing professors, admitting students to the establishment, supervising them, and supervising the didactic process. In the 18th century, in the framework of the Prussian absolute monarchy, the activity of the schoolboard was limited by the numerous interventions of the central authorities in Berlin, which most often took the final decisions concerning the Gymnasium and the Marian Foundation.

Miejsce szczecińskiego Pedagogium Książęcego / Królewskiego Gimnazjum Karolińskiego w szwedzkim systemie kształcenia medycznego w latach 1646–1713

Author(s): Joanna Nieznanowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2020

The purpose of the present study is to describe the medical education provided in the 17th century Szczecin in the context of the Swedish academic network of the time, comprising five universities with the medical faculties (Uppsala, Dorpat/Tartu, Åbo/Turku, Greifswald, Lund). Subject to comparative analysis were: the number and continuity of the personnel of the chairs of medicine, the availability and quality of the infrastructure used in didactics and the scientific research carried out by the professors of medicine, the number and topics of the medical discussions and dissertations presented with the participation of students, and the scientific activity of the professors of medicine from various centres. One of the analyzed centres with which the Gymnasium chair of medicine couldn’t be on a par in neither of the analyzed aspects was the faculty of medicine in Uppsala. The most significant difference between Szczecin and Greifswald was the Greifswald faculty’s of medicine right to grant the Ph.D. degree. However, Szczecin could not only equal with the new centres, established in the discussed period (Dorpat, Åbo, Lund), but often surpassed them thanks to the commitment and activity of the professors working there.

Rękopisy szczecińskiego Gimnazjum Mariackiego w zbiorach Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Toruniu

Author(s): Andrzej Mycio / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2020

The historic collection of the University Library in Toruń in its fundamental shape was formed after the World War II, based on the so called restricted collection, i.e. primarily the books from the former German libraries. To Toruń came mainly books from Eastern Prussia and Pomerania. Substantial part of the post-German collection came from Szczecin, including the books kept until the World War II in the Library of the Marian Gymnasium, which continued the tradition of the princely Pedagogium. The Szczecin collection came to Toruń shortly after the military operations of the Wold War II came to an end, either directly from Szczecin or via Pęzino, where they were evacuated by the German administration in order to protect them from the Allied bombings. Single books of Szczecin provenience were bought by the University Library in Toruń also in the subsequent years. In the Toruń university library we house today eight manuscript codices from the Marian Gymnasium Library in Szczecin. All the manuscripts came into being in the modern period, from the late 16th century until second half of the 18th century. Seven of them represent the domains of law, medicine, and theology. Their content reflects the then state of thought and is a perfect source material for studies into the history of science. The eighth one contains the library catalogues and inventories, and is particularly precious for the researchers of history of the Szczecin Gymnasium and its Library.

Did the Abolition of Serfdom Affect the Life Cycle of Peasants in the Western Part of the Grodno Governorate in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries?

Author(s): Cezary Kuklo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The objective of the article is an attempt to find the answer to whether the agrarian reforms of the 1860s carried out in Russia affected the individual’s life cycle in peasant Catholic families in Podlasie which, after 1807, was included in the Grodno Governorate. In Polish historiography the subject of the individual and the family’s life cycle in the 19th century has not yet been adequately researched; hence these studies are intended to fill this gap, at least in part. In this paper a cross-section analysis of demographic phenomena was employed, which is based on three lists of the inhabitants of the large Podlasie parish of Trzcianne, drawn up in the years 1843–1910. The research value of the lists was evaluated with the help of three indexes: Whipple’s index, the total modified Whipple’s index (Wtot) and ABCC . The application of the cross-section method aimed at illustrating the dependence between the age and the status of the individual (children, household servants, householders, independent female heads of households, relatives and lodgers) in the household. The article devotes more attention to the pace of children’s leaving family homes, as well as the status of old people, i.e., 65 years old and above, always including their sex.

Did the Sex Ratio at Birth Reflect Social and Economic Inequalities? A Pilot Study of the Province of Poznań, 1875–1913

Author(s): Grażyna Liczbińska,Agnieszka Sobkowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The goal of this study was to examine whether and to what extent sex ratio values at birth may have reflected social and economic inequalities in the Province of Poznań (German: Provinz Posen) in the last decades of the 1800s and early 1900s. It was assumed that maternal economic, social and emotional well-being differed according to the size of the place of residence (Poznań / town / village) and her marital status (married / unmarried). In the population of the Province, urban areas (e.g., Poznań) and single motherhood were the predictors increasing the chance that the proportion of boys to girls at birth would decline below the biological norm. These factors could affect women during pregnancy through biological (physiological) mechanisms induced by adverse economic conditions (poverty, poor housing conditions, physical effort related to work and spatial mobility) and psychological stress (lack of social approval and support, social instability, occurrence of stigmatization, etc.). It is worth noting, however, that the variability of sex ratio values at birth could also be due to other factors, not identified (captured) in this paper.

Population of Gubin District in the Context of Situational and Statistical Reports in the Years 1945–1949

Author(s): Hanna Kurowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The article aims to reconstruct the number of inhabitants in the Gubin district in the early post-war years. The statistical data available include previously unused source material in the form of reports and lists of the district administrator and the State Repatriation Office (PUR). The displacement of Germans and the influx of Poles will be discussed, the district’s population levels will be given with a division into town and village, and the speed of change in 1945–1949 will be indicated, as well as the population structure in terms of sex, age, nationality and direction of influx (repatriates from the East and West and displaced people from central Poland).

Нормативна уредба на учителския съвет като орган на управление в българското училище през периода 1878 – 1944 година

Author(s): Violeta K. Atanasova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The research presents the normative regulations of teacher council in Bulgarian school from 1878 till 1944. The analysis of the normative documents reveals rights and obligations of teacher council.

Interaktywny Atlas statystyczno-demograficzny Królestwa Polskiego – projekt badawczy

Author(s): Krzysztof Narojczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

This report presents the basic assumptions of a research project aimed at digitising the corpus of statistical and demographic sources essential for research on the history of the Kingdom of Poland, and using these materials to create an interactive atlas of the Kingdom of Poland. Primary sources will include official publications of the Russian authorities published annually in individual governorates, supplemented by the non-institutional sources available. The final outcome of the project will be a digital research platform combining elements of a source publication with advanced analytical and research tools (research database) and a user-friendly, intuitive graphical interface enabling visualization of the distribution and the scale of socio-economic processes in time and space (an interactive atlas).

Социалното законодателство в България от освобождението до 1944 година

Author(s): Ivan S. Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The current study reviews and traces historically the establishment of social work respectively social legislation in Bulgaria. The purpose is to present the historical background of the Bulgarian state on solving social economic problems concerning social protection from the Liberation to 1944, as well as some of the reasons for legislation initiation from social and legal perspectives.

Spory o pojęcie dzieciństwa i podmiotowość dziecka od średniowiecza do czasów nowożytnych

Author(s): Katarzyna Doliwa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article presents the controversy around the concept of childhood and subjectivity of a child in past centuries - in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. One of the analyzed issues concerns the existence in medieval culture of understanding the child as a being different from an adult. According to the widespread view, formulated in the 1960s and 1970s by Philipp Ariés, childhood in the Middle Ages was not noticed, it was not considered a separate, important stage in human life, a period governed by specific rules, different from important principles of the adult community. The child entered the adult world very early and assumed the role assigned to him. The discovery of childhood did not take place until the 16th and 17th centuries, when it began to be recognized that the child was and should be the subject of special treatment. Ariés' view of the non-existence in the Middle Ages of the sense of separateness of childhood is criticized by some medievalists - they accuse the French researcher of technical defects and an analysis of unrepresentative, too scarce source materials. According to the adversaries of Ariés, the analysis of childhood in the Middle Ages cannot be based on the modern definition of this term, just as considering the relationship "children - adults" in the Middle Ages cannot refer to contemporary categories. Opponents of the thesis about the non-existence of the concept of childhood in the Middle Ages argue that this epoch had its own vision of it, but it was a vision definitely different from the present one. The early modern period bring a new approach to childhood and the subjectivity of a child - the seventeenth century, in addition to the approach that the child placed at the center of family life, promotes an attitude that places particular emphasis on the child's development and fulfilment of its mental needs, while the eighteenth century brings a "romantic" vision of the child when it becomes - as a bearer of exceptional qualities and a creature of extraordinary sensitivity - a role model for adults. The development of education has certainly contributed to the formation of a subjective approach to children; the evolution of the attitude towards children in the human mentality finds its fullest reflection in the development of education and school institutions. Today, the concepts of childhood and the subjectivity of a child are the subject of complex interdisciplinary research - scientists from various fields of science combine their efforts to develop the most complete concept of childhood, corresponding to the challenges of modern times.

Francuscy emigranci w pruskiej kolonii Wymysłów w latach 1797–1800

Author(s): Anna Łysiak-Łątkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2020

Folwark Wymysłów was part of the land property Pabianice which until 1795 belonged to the Cracow cathedral chapter. As a result of the 2nd and 3rd partitions of Poland, it was seized by Prussia and included in the then established South Prussia which became a territory of the Prussian settlement action. The seized land properties were divided into farms and organized into new colonies. Wymysłów was one of such settlements, established as a result of parcelling out Folwark Wymysłów. However, it was not populated with the typical Prussian settlers. Frederick William II of Prussia in 1796 gave consent that the land divided in Wymysłów might be settled by the French emigrants who were leaving their country because of the revolution (1789–1799). It was a group of aristocrats one of whom was Stanislas Jean de Boufflers. Granting land to the members of French aristocracy served not only the Prussian policy of settlement of the seized lands, but also implemented one of the principles of the policy of the Prussian authorities towards the emigrants from France, namely separating the refugees in order to prevent them from forming larger groupings in one place. It was also the effect of the contacts established by Stanislas Jean de Boufflers with the King of Prussia. The article describes the rise of the colony Wymysłów as a result of the Prussian settlement action, the emigration policy, and the principles of establishing and running new settlements. It also discusses the questions of the French emigration as a collective and individual experience seen in the context of the revolutionary legislature.

Kawaleryjskie tradycje współczesnych jednostek wojskowych garnizonu Stargard

Author(s): Grzegorz Ciechanowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2020

After the year 1990 in the Polish Armed Forces started the process of inheritance of the military traditions encompassing thousand years old history of the Polish Army. It was a grassroots process with great commitment from the military professionals in the army units, supported by the action of the specialized institutions of the Ministry of National Defence aimed at persuading this idea to the veteran associations or family members of the commanders, who were to become patrons of particular army formations. Efforts were made to assign the heritage to the formation of the same number and service profile. From 1946 in the Army didn’t exist the cavalry units, therefore the Department of Defence took actions so as to particular motorized regiments, later brigades and divisional reconnaissance battalions, assumed the traditions of this branch of service, so merited in the history of the Polish military. On the map of Western Pomerania particular position occupied at that time the garrison in Stargard Szczeciński, where were stationed units belonging to two different mechanized divisions. The article describes the process of tradition inheritance by the 6th Armoured Cavalry Brigade of the 12th Mechanized Division and the 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion of the 2nd Mechanized Division, with addition of the phaleristic analysis

Konteksty "Poniemieckiego" Karoliny Kuszyk. O doświadczaniu Polski Zachodniej oczami pokolenia lat 70. XX wieku

Author(s): Marceli Tureczek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2020

Description of Images – Images of Description

Author(s): Dobrinka Parusheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The text discusses photography as an instrument for investigating culture and the relationship between photography and ethnography in particular. The author addresses, first, the state of the art and offers a short overview of the most widely used research practices that combine ethnography and photography. Against this background, second, she pays attention to the developments in Bulgaria. Third, since this is an introductory text to a thematic issue, she briefly presents the articles included in the volume.

Диалози за руската литература на XX век (III. Столица / Провинция)

Author(s): Galina Petkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2020

Sztuka jako narzędzie poznawania artystyczno-kulturowej przestrzeni – omówienie prac „Ars inter Culturas”

Author(s): Jarosław Chaciński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2020

In the current issue of the journal „Ars inter Culturas”, scholarly articles have been gathered and arranged into several thematic groups. Most of the issue is devoted to music, its analysis and to musical education, both conceptual and historical studies, as well as research into its e ects. The articles in the rst section are arranged chronologically, covering musical space from ancient Egypt to contemporary times. The second section includes historical research on music education, from the perspective of both Eastern European and Polish experiences. The third section maintains a multicultural pro le, showing the interpenetration of various musical concepts between countries and their national adaptations.Traditionally, space is set aside in „Ars inter Culturas” for elds that round out the theore- tical area of other aspects of multiculturalism. This time, these were texts o ering theological analysis as well as in teaching religious education for young people. The last part of this issue are references to other arts – ballet, design, as well as historical and contemporary interpreta- tion of literature, and sport.

Що треба да прави един учител, за да ползува учениците си със своите наставления

Author(s): Georgi A. Kardzhiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 01/2021

Поглед към ранната история на българското морско образование посредством нейното документално наследство

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

Мухйиддин Абдал – един духовен проповедник от алевийско-бекташийската общност в Източните Балкани под османска власт

Author(s): Nevena Gramatikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2019

There are key names among the representatives of the Alevi-Bektashi poetic tradition, whose life and work have been closely related to the Balkan Ottoman provinces, and more specifically, today’s northeast and northwest Bulgarian territories. In this sense, these are poets who originated from the community itself here, or settled here and became an integral part of the emerging Balkan Alevi-Bektashi community. Among them are key names of people who are related to this religious-mystical poetic tradition, for whom we can find nothing in the Ottoman biographical collections, but who are important for the functioning of this tradition here. Muhyiddin Abdal belongs exactly to this group. In this article, for the first time in the Bulgarian scientific literature, an attempt is made to present the information about the personality of Muhyiddin Abdal. His religious-mystical affiliation is commented on and attention is paid to the research interest in him in the Turkish scientific literature. Information is given about the cult center associated with his name and located in Eastern Thrace near the village of Hacı danişmend (region of Lâlâ Paşa, Edirne vilayet, Turkey). The most widely considered are the religious-mystical and ethical views, represented in his verses, some of which are given for the first time in Bulgarian translation. The thesis is argued that Muhyiddin Abdal belongs to an Islamic mystical tradition, intertwined with Alevism, Bektashism, Calendarism and Hurufism. The study emphasizes on the two key motives in his verses – the cult of Ali ibn Abu Talib and the cult of Man as a higher creation of God and the Universe. The verses presented in the article are extracted from two notebooks with nefesi (religious-ritual songs), written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, found by us in the village of Sevar (Ceferler), region of Razgrad, and from a dozen notebooks with nefesi written in Turkish Latin belonging to representatives of the Alevi-Bektashi community in the villages of Sevar, Mıdrevo, (Mesimahlesi), Bisertsi (Kasçılar), Ostrovo (Ada köy), Razgrad area. In conclusion, the verses of Muhyiddin Abdal play a key role in affirming the Alevi beliefs and the Hurufi and mystical views that are adapted to them in a specific interpretation in the Eastern Balkans and in particular the northeastern Bulgarian territories in the Ottoman period. The ideas presented in them about Man quite deservedly raise him to the level of his predecessor Yunus Emre – a standard of humanism in Türk (respectively Turkish) religious-mystical poetry.