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Sociálna situácia a politický konflikt vysokoškolského študentstva v 30. rokoch 20. storočia

Author(s): Tomáš Černák / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The study focuses on the social situation at Slovak university in the 30's of the 20th century, and especially the question of how academics, namely active functionaries of student associations, tried to solve this complex and complicated issue themselves. Poor social status in academic circles, high tuition fees or accommodation costs, its planned increase, the lack of accommodation facilities and few possibilities for getting a job after graduation, were all factors that influenced the growth of discontent among the university student population and in some cases led to radicalism. The tensions between students and government institutions increased especially after the second half of the 30's. Solutions to the emergency situation were largely under the influence of political interests. Academic and national institutions were sceptical of the submitted solutions, which often resulted in negative discussions among academics themselves. Therefore the social status of university students logically reflected the political situation in Slovakia, which at that time was also radicalized.

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Osveta a ľudovýchova sociálne slabých vrstiev spoločnosti v čase Veľkej hospodárskej krízy

Author(s): Martina Orosová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

Educational activities were an important part of the cultural policy of the First Czechoslovak Republic. They were carried out within the scope of four laws aimed at organizing civic education courses, establishing public municipal libraries, setting up municipal chronicles and civilian military education. These activities existed under the authority of the Ministry of Education and National Edification in Prague, which delegated some of their competences to the Department of the Ministry of Education and National Edification in Bratislava. The Czechoslovak Republic invested a lot more funds into education and training than the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The 20's of the 20th century saw the most generous funding; it was a time when public education experienced its best period. Edification was carried out by educators working in district associations and local edification committees. Most edification workers were found in the ranks of teachers of primary and secondary schools. The Great Depression hit public education by reducing state subsidies, which were the lowest in the period 1932 - 1934. At this time of deteriorating economic conditions, educational activities focused on the organization of courses for unemployed young people under 17 years of age, and educational courses for women. The main objective of all activities was the education of citizens towards democracy and civic responsibility in the spirit of the idea of Czechoslovak national unity. The economic crisis was understood primarily as a moral crisis and radical displays of young people were considered a symptom of moral decline. Educational activities took a new direction in the second half of the 30's of the 20th century. Military education became the main focus, as did issues of war and the defence of the Republic. After the breakup of Czechoslovakia, the educational and edification associations ceased to exist and their activities were carried out only by Matica slovenská.

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Vo vrstvách pamäti. K československej stope sovietskeho diplomata Alexandra Jakovleviča Aroseva

Author(s): Marína Zavacká / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

Negotiations focused on full diplomatic recognition of the USSR by Czechoslovakia, which was the main task of Alexandr J. Arosev (head of the soviet mission to Prague from 1929-1933), required intense and friendly contacts with local political, economic and cultural elites. On the other hand, these contradicted the expectations of the local Communist community, which was relying on the production of an image of the USSR as the "homeland of all proletarians" and as their protector from alien bourgeois regimes. Moreover, in 1932, Arosev, a divorced father of three teenage girls who lived with him, got married to a local woman, whose circumstances were incompatible with the propagated preferences of the regime that he was supposed to represent. The study concentrates on memories of the everyday tensions between his different professional tasks and his private life, and on a comparative analysis of their interpretations in his diaries and in the published memoirs of his heirs.

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Obnova náboženských rádov v Uhorsku po smrti Jozefa II. a ich vyrovnávanie sa s dôsledkami sekularizácie

Author(s): Ingrid Kušniráková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

The decision of Francis II. to restitute the Benedictine, Cistercian and Premonstratensian orders in Hungary in 1802 does not constitute a turn in ecclesiastical politics of the Viennese court, but a continuation of secularisation trends of the last third of the 18th century. Although the ruler had approved the restitution of religious orders canceled by his predecessor, at the same time, however, persuant to his own power and without consultation with the church hierarchy, he made the decisions on their organisational structure, changed their spirit form from monastic to scholastic religious order and also interfered in their religious life. The convents obtained de jure all their former property, and de facto became only the administrators of a part of the Religious fund`s property. They managed it as their own, but had to use it primarily for the objectives set by the ruler and only secondarily for their own provision. It is known that the proper observance of the order rules and statutes is mainly determined by a firm incorporation of monasteries into the order structures and control system which work within them. If these linkages are released, discipline and the level of religious life decreases. In the case of the above mentioned Hungarian convents other factors multiplied the effects of the isolation; the establishment of united abbeys, the return of monks into the monasteries after years of worldly life and mainly in the fundamental change of their previous commitment. Decrees about the restitution of abbeys quite clearly defined their obligations to the state power, to the tasks in the field of education and training and to the competent authorities, which were subordinated in this area. The decrees minimally solved their internal affairs and issues related to discipline and the religious life of regulars. They did not specify that monastic or other ecclesiastical authorities should effectively oversee the religious and spiritual dimension renewal of religious communities and judge the potential inadequacies and conflicts. All these factors resulted in the orders, shortly after their restoration, being able to take over a number of schools and parishes and lead and manage them effectively. On the other hand, they were not able to find a balance between the order rules and their new commitment during the first half of the 19th century, to reconcile religious life with changing social conditions and, mainly, to satisfactorily resolve their long-term internal contradictions..

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Verní a neverní kráľovi

Author(s): Angelika Herucová,Pavol Hudáček / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2019

In the Middle Ages a good relationship between the ruler and his people was built on loyalty (fidelitas). Loyalty to the king was also very important for the political order and preservation of the power of the ruler as well as his people (magnates, mounted warriors, bishops, abbots and provosts). The oath of personal fidelity, devotion and loyalty was a part of the ritual in strengthening the relationship between the lord and his man. In Medieval Latin the words fides and fidelitas had originally a religious meaning – believer, a Christian, and Faith. Later these words had begun to refer to the relationship between people, e.g. between the king and his faithful supporters who swore to him fidelity, devotion, reliability, and loyalty. Medieval intellectuals commented on fidelity, oaths, and infidelity as well. In their works they were mainly concerned with affection, love, friendship, morality, loyalty in the relationship between the lord and his people, which resulted in fidelity (forma fidelitatis). The people loyal to the king should not act against their lord’s interests, nor should they hurt him. They have received property, social promotion or exemption from previous service for their loyalty, tireless and devoted services. The examples from the Hungarian Kingdom provided in the study, coming from diplomatic as well as narrative sources, show the importance assigned to fidelity by the kings and by the scribes authoring the chronicles. They viewed it as the basis of the royal and main building block of a functional realm to rule in.

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Music Samizdat as Zines? The Case of “Ot Vinta” from Soviet Latvia

Author(s): Jānis Daugavietis / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The conceptual problem this article aims to research is how zines (of the Western or “the first world”) and music samizdat (of socialist countries or “the second world”) should be analysed. Thus far, they have been regarded as separate phenomena; however, do these two forms of underground literature differ so greatly that they should be analysed using different theoretical approaches? The subject of the paper, От Винта (Ot Vinta), is a Russian-language music samizdat from the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic which was published in the late Soviet period. It came out in Riga between 1987 and 1991 and was closely connected to the local underground and semi-official rock scene. As Soviet music samizdat is an under-researched topic, and the Latvian one is practically unexplored, an important part of the paper is devoted to a description of this field and the context in which it appeared. The paper also explores the history of Ot Vinta, which is based primarily on original interviews, and an analysis of the content of the publication itself. Ot Vinta was thecentral magazine of the Riga Russian language underground music scene of its time and is closely linked to the unofficial rock music subculture of the whole Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, making it a very important historical source for this time and for this music. The final conclusion is that there are no significant differences between Soviet music samizdat and Western zines. There are differences in design, determined by the different means of production and reproduction, as well as by the poor circulation of information about Western underground zines until the late 1980s. There are also differences in the attitude of the state towards zines and samizdat. The political resistance of music samizdat, which until recently was the dominant thesis in samizdat research, is now being questioned. Such discussion is also taking place in zine research (and in the sociology of culture and taste in general), which is a further reason why research of these forms of alternative press in the two worlds of Christian civilization (the “first” and the “second”) should not be separated.

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Space, Paper, Transition/ality at Bolzanova 7. The Dissolution of the Czech Samizdat Scene and the Growth of Zine Culture in the 1990s

Author(s): Martin Tharp / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The present contribution takes a relatively unconventional angle for its investigation of the abrupt shift in Czech unofficial journalistic culture from severely repressed samizdat before November 1989 to significant social force in the first years of the subsequent decade. It takes as its locus the Prague office building at the address Bolzanova 7, a former Czech Rail property assigned to the samizdat-based independent journalistic agency Informační servis at the end of 1990. Here, in the hectic early years of uncensored publication, the rapid diversification of Czech independent periodicals witnessed the emergence of both culturally prestigious organs (the weekly magazine Respekt, the quarterly cultural journal Revolver Revue) and of attempts to reformulate a counterculture under radically different conditions – specifically the transformation of the underground information bulletin Voknoviny into the anarchist periodical A-Kontra. My interest in the present study is in examining the processes involved in this particular historical moment, as much from an analytical as well as a (necessary) descriptive aspect.

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The “Old” Samizdat Is Dead, Long Live the “New” Samizdat! The Liberated Samizdat Club in the PostCommunist Czechoslovak Book Market

Author(s): Petra Loučová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In the final issue of the clandestine Lidové noviny from December 1989, Václav Havel bid farewell to the newspaper’s samizdat era in his “Goodbye samizdat” editorial: “Goodbye samizdat Lidové noviny, goodbye conspiracies, goodbye interrogations! Hello printer, hello new readers, hello freedom!” A few months later the press began to report about an extraordinary project by the Liberated Samizdat Club and its promise to literally “return to samizdat” by self-publishing the first editions of previously unpublished books. All the participants were to work for free, and the size of the print run was to be determined by previous subscriptions. This “new” samizdat, as a revolt against the principles of market economics in the era of liberalisation and transformation, is at once a specific chapter in the post-Communist history of the Czechoslovak book market and a contribution to the history of samizdat and its continuities and discontinuities.

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Na ceste za zločinom v dejinách mojmírovskej Moravy a arpádovského Uhorska

Author(s): Miroslav Lysý / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

Sanctions and penalties enforced upon law-breakers are an age-old phenomenon. The division of civil and criminal laws from a legal standpoint began in practice relatively late in the territory now known as Slovakia. Terminology is first used in public administration beginning to distinguish clearly between these two spheres of legislation as late the 13th century. In previous times, the difference was not so obvious and in some norms from the 9th to 12th centuries, completely indiscernible. Legal terminology was underdeveloped with standards that stipulated a composition and combination of profane and ecclesiastical sanctions. The oldest legislative code did not specify attributes of criminal law such as culpa, a perpetrator, or a punishment. Moreover, not only was there an absence of definitions, but terms were either sporadically used or completely absent. In the early stages of criminal law, foreign influence played an important role, such as the impact of the Canon law, a focus on the perpetrator and the emerging Municipal law. It was the municipal privileges of the 13th century that first began to distinguish between civil and criminal procedures.

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Domestic violence in the 18th century Transylvania

Author(s): Andrea Fehér / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This paper examines family violence in the 18th century Transylvania with a focus on two major themes: child maltreatment and intimate partner violence. The topic will be explored based on records and documents produced by secular and ecclesiastical courts. The primary goal of the current study is twofold—to analyze the legal consequences of family violence and to investigate the construction of the narratives surrounding these trials. Emphasis will be placed on the differences in approaches to domestic violence in the aforementioned sources and a few illustrations of the way hierarchical violence was perpetuated in these documents will be provided.

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Uhorská trestnoprávna dogmatika v dobe osvietenstva – pohľad na evolučné zmeny trestného práva hmotného v diele Štefana Husztyho

Author(s): Adriana Švecová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

The developing science of criminal law in the Early Modern period in the Kingdom of Hungary, like elsewhere in Europe, produced few synthesizing works and manuals dedicated to the amendment of substantive and procedural criminal law of the time and its theoretical-dogmatic basis. All the while, Beccarian ideas of modernizing the science of criminal law resounded throughout Europe. One of the leading experts on Hungarian law in its complexity was Eger professor of law Stephan Huszty, who regarded the order of established estates as well as several traditional medieval legal concepts and institutions of punishment. The current study provides an overview of his concept of substantive Hungarian criminal law dogmatics based on the typified and standardized institutes, doctrines, principles, constructs and criminal law procedures previously constituted in the Middle Ages, which drew from the common European—in the case of the Kingdom of Hungary, particularly the German—legal tradition. These were normatively accepted and reflected in the basic sources of Hungarian criminal law. In addition to customary law, the primary source of Hungarian feudal law was the written, customary-law collection of the Tripartitum as well as the rigid, uncodified legislation and judicial practice, which lasted practically until the revolution of 1848.

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Petty offences Related to Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Hungary in the Period before 1848

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Peres / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The history of alcohol consumption in Hungary, like much of the rest of the world, dates back to the time before the state was founded. Smoking, on the other hand, became popular under Turkish influence in Hungary in the early modern period. Both vices were eventually regulated due to their wider detrimental effects on society and the possibility of resultant accidents. Though neither alcohol consumption nor smoking in general was strictly prohibited, legislation attempted to raise awareness of their serious consequences by imposing restrictions and sometimes even fines on perpetrators. In the absence of state regulations, many of these rules were found only in county and city statutory decrees, which were the legal regulations most often applied by courts due to a lacking hierarchy of legal references. After a brief introduction to the structure of Hungarian criminal law before 1848, the current article aims to provide insight into these alcohol and smoking regulations. In addition, a brief description of the afterlife of such provisions, through codification attempts of the 19th century and Act No. 5 of 1878, the first criminal code passed by the Hungarian Parliament, is provided in the conclusion.

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Corpus more regio curatum. When a king dies

Author(s): Daniela Dvořáková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The present study deals with how the bodies of deceased medieval kings and other significant persons were treated after death. The body of a monarch still represented royal majesty, which, according to the beliefs of the time, had been entrusted to him by God himself. Because royal majesty was seen as immortal, complex rites of passage were necessary for the burial of kings. One element of such rites throughout the whole Middle Ages was the preservation of the body of a deceased monarch through conservation methods and embalming, at the least enough to endure the forthcoming extensive funeral ceremonies. Embalming a body after death was originally only a privilege of kings. It began to spread around Europe throughout the 11th and 12th centuries, when the radius of engagement elites expanded as monarchs set off on far away military expeditions, crusades or long-distance pilgrimages. At the end of the High Middle Ages, roughly from the 14th century, embalming became not only a practical matter, but also a social privilege and a matter of prestige. In addition to kings and popes, the bodies of princes, bishops and members of the highest aristocracy were also embalmed. This study discusses individual types of embalming and conservation techniques as well as the funeral rituals carried out for social elites.

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The funeral of Ladislaus the Posthumous: between the profane and the sacred.

Author(s): Martin Nodl / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The present study is devoted to both sacred and profane elements of late medieval royal funerals in the Bohemian kingdom, using the funeral of Bohemian and Hungarian King Ladislaus the Posthumous as an example. The ceremony took place in Prague on 25 November 1457, two days after his unexpected death. Like royal coronations, the funeral of a monarch was one of the most important rituals of monarchical power, though unlike coronations, no normative source on the proceedings—an Ordo exsequiarum—was ever written in the Kingdom of Bohemia or anywhere else in Christian Europe. This study emphasizes the elements of a profane nature, manifested in the breaking and destruction of emblems of monarchical power (the crown, sceptre, imperial apple, seal, flags and banners). An analysis of the sources preserved in relation to this funeral, as well as the funerals of other Czech kings of the 14th and 15th centuries, reveals that the funeral of Ladislaus the Posthumous was not exclusively a sacral affair; secular elements played a significant role, and in some aspects, even dominated over the sacred elements.

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Pro salute anime. Holy Mass and salvation of the nobility in late medieval Hungary

Author(s): Tamás Fedeles / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The people of the Medieval era strived to ensure salvation for themselves, their ancestors and their descendants in any way their social and financial status permitted. One possible means to this end was available through Mass-endowments. The current study is based on an analysis of 85 Mass-endowments from 34 Hungarian aristocratic families (1406 – 1531). Besides barons, family members—and particularly their widows and descendants—are covered in the scope of this research. The primary goal of endowed Masses was to provide peace to the soul of the deceased during the transition period between death and Final Judgement, which was thought to be ensured through a continuity of Masses and prayers. This was best achieved by foundations for “eternal times,” proven by the fact that the majority of Mass orders analysed here are perpetual foundations. Daily Masses were the most popular request among the founders, followed by those celebrated weekly. Though sometimes even more Masses were ordered in a week, this cannot be considered typical for the Hungarian aristocracy. The total number of annual and anniversary Masses is rather low, and some bits of information can even be found on series of Masses. Almost half of the foundations were created in monastery churches of the Order of St. Paul the First Hermit. Though the confraternity of the Franciscans proved to be very popular among the barons, the number of Mass-endowments which were established at this order was lower. Regarding the other mendicant orders, one endowment was created in a monastery owned by the Dominicans, and one more in a monastery established for the members of the Order of St. Augustine. Monastic orders came only from the Benedictines, while the communities of prebends came from the Order of Augustine as well as the Premonstratensians. Concerning Masses which were ordered by secular clericals, priests of parish-churches were favoured by the members of distinguished families, followed by cathedrals and chapels.

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Preparation for the afterlife of the Hungarian nobility according to the preserved medieval testaments

Author(s): Monika Tihányiová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The current study is devoted to the efforts of the medieval Hungarian nobility to ensure a peaceful afterlife for themselves and their families. This was hoped to be achieved through donations to the church and religious orders serving in the area. The paper begins with a brief focused on donations to the church that members of the nobility made during their lives and the actions they expected from the church or individual clergymen in return for such pious contributions. Following is a reference overview of pious donations and the form of requiem Masses desired, taken from the preserved medieval testaments of Hungarian nobility throughout the period of the Hungarian Middle Ages. The result is an enumeration of the diversity of testators (men, women, members of lower and higher nobility), the variety of donations (whole villages or clothes), as well as creative ideas on how to ensure a smooth transition to eternal life and the salvation of a soul in the best possible way.

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Czech Intellectual Jiří Němec and Austrian-left Catholicism Thought

Author(s): Ondřej Holub / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The presented study aims to define the origin and character of transnational intellectual relations between Czech Catholic philosopher and essayist Jiří Němec and the intellectual group of Austrian left Catholics in the 1960s. The article traces the impact and influence of Austrian left Catholicism on the thought and spiritual development of Jiří Němec. Additionally, the study identifies notable intellectual aspects, significance, and the history of Austrian left Catholicism in the 20th century, as well as its relation to Czech Catholicism, notably during the period of the Second Vatican Council. Austrian left Catholicism developed in response to the crisis of society, national identity, and statehood in Austria during the 20th century. Its intellectual and spiritual aspirations, however, extended beyond the Austrian horizon, with its intellectual legacy resonating throughout Central Europe. Respected figures of Austrian left Catholicism, such as August Maria Knoll, Wilfried Daim, or Friedrich Heer, were public intellectuals who addressed critical issues of the modern era, such as democracy, equality, and social revolution, envisioning the synthesis of democracy and modern Catholicism. The study aims to answer the question of how their vision corresponded with the religious and political thought of Jiří Němec, the most distinctive Czech Catholic intellectual in the second half of the 20th century.

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From “Positive Deviants” to Post-dissident Liberals: A Study of the Transformation of the Concept of “Islands of Positive Deviation”

Author(s): Jonáš Jánsky / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This article attempts to trace the transformation of the formerly sociological concept of “islands of positive deviation” into a component of liberal political language from early 1989 to the early 1990s. During this period, the concept evolved from expert discourse critiquing late socialist society, based on both reformist socialist and anti-modernist arguments, into one of the main concepts in the political language of Slovak post-dissident liberals. This transformation occurred through the redefinition of “islands” from bearers of positive moral characteristics and engines of societal change into more explicitly political challengers to the late communistregime and later to supporters of liberal policies. After identifying themselves as part of one of these islands of positive deviation, future Slovak liberals were able to articulate the language of post-dissidence despite lacking an explicitly dissident past. As argued, this shift is caused by the concept’s authors repositioning from critical sociologists into leaders of the Slovak democratic movement of 1989, and subsequently, founders of Slovak liberal politics in the post-1989 period. Apart from illustrating one aspect of the evolution of modern Slovak political thinking, this case provides a compelling example of the complicated interplay among local,regional, and global contexts in which post-revolutionary politics and their languages constituted themselves.

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Neoliberal Takeover? How the Social History of Economic Ideas Contributes to Historicising Post-socialist Transformations

Author(s): Florian Peters / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Current historiography on the post-socialist transformation of East Central Europe is broadly dominated by antagonistic master narratives such as “return to Europe” or “neoliberal takeover.” In order to overcome these well-entrenched interpretations stemming from intellectual or political history, this contribution proposes another approach to historicising post-socialist transformations: a social history of economic ideas. Focussing on Poland, it makes the case for investigating the interplay between market-oriented ideas adopted by economists and intellectuals on the one hand, and the mundane practical experiences of markets and private economy that spurred their broader social acceptance on the other hand. This perspective helps to understand how neoliberal ideas have been recast and incorporated into the seemingly adverse legacy of the Solidarność movement during the late 1980s. Bringing together both intellectual and social drivers of change, this approach offers insights capable of revising narrowly intellectual or political interpretations of the sweeping transformation taking place before and after 1989.

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The Cultural Position and Stratification of the Bohemo-Moravian Nobility from 12th and 13th Century Provincial Law Sources

Author(s): Dalibor Janiš / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The study is dedicated to the beginnings and development of the Bohemo-Moravian nobility, the role of the elites and specific terminology used in preserved sources like chronicles and other documents. The greatest attention is paid to legal sources, especially a set of provisions in early provincial law called the Statutes of Conrad Otto from the first half of the 13th century. This work contains important information on the possible stratification of the Bohemo-Moravian nobility as well as their role in the offices and the provincial judiciary. The 13th century brought a great transformation of the nobility class, especially the formation of noble dominions following colonisation, which was also reflected in the terminology.

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