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After the Second World War, in the new circumstances marked by the establishment of the communist regime, the press had become extremely interesting to the new government as a bullion spreading the new ideology. In this context one should consider the establishment and work of a one-year School of Journalism and a two-year High School of Journalism, which were being active from the late 1940s to the beginning of 1950s. It is clear that the foundation of these institutions, beside the progress in training of journalists, also meant the direct influence of the Communist Party and the new government in shaping of journalistic profession. Because of the need for ideologically „correct“ journalistic staff, towards the end of the 1940s the Party circles had closely articulated ideas on establishing a special institution for journalistic training. At the federal level, the College of Journalism and Diplomacy in the rank of faculty was founded in 1948, and in Croatia, in 1949 a one-year School of Journalism started working. Its work had proved unsuccessful due to improper selection of participants, who were selected solely by political affiliation, often without proper education. Authorities drew their conclusions from this negative experience, and so from the academic year 1950/1951. they established a two-year High School of Journalism and made more careful selections of the candidates. The school was burdened with numerous difficulties and disadvantages, and education was strongly ideologized. However, there was a lot of enthusiasm among teachers and students who began to issue a school paper A young journalist. Nevertheless, the High School of Journalism did not last too long and after two years had stopped working, in the circumstances that had not been entirely cleared.
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In the doctrines of revolutionary conservatism, which were taking shape after the First World War, the question of freedom meant, first of all, Germany’s independence from internal factors (liberalism, democracy, parliamentarianism and sometimes – even – socialism), as well as external ones (the influence of the Western civilization and international results of the Reich’s military defeat in 1918). Freedom, in the understanding of those ideologists, did not have anything in common with its liberal or Christian framing. The problem of internal and external freedom of Germany and the Germans was considered in the revolutionary conservatism, especially in the context of the concepts of the future new Reich, advocated by its founders, as an anti-thesis of the Weimar-Versailles order. The future German state was to be great in the extremely nationalistic or even chauvinistic understanding of that greatness. In the article, the following variants of the new Reich were discussed: as a creation of almost divine qualities, as a political myth, as crowning of the process of historical development, as a new territorial order in Europe and as great German territory. Each of those visions of the future Reich, at least partially, contained all of its mentioned concepts. They, in turn, promoted primarily the nationalistic idea of the German nationalistic commonwealth (deutsche Volksgemeinschaft), on which the remaining elements of the doctrine of revolutionary conservatism were founded.
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The regions of middle and eastern Bosnia, which were ruled by Pavlović family at the end of the 14th and the first half of the 15th century had the essential features of membership to the Christianity and the Church of Bosnia. Almost all members of this family were members of the Church of Bosnia except, temporarily and shortly, the duke Ivaniš Pavlović. Thus the members of the Church of Bosnia were the duke Pavao Radinović, his sons, the dukes Petar and Radoslav Pavlović, as well as the sons of Radoslav, the duke Ivaniš and the princes Nikola and Petar Pavlović. Members of the Church of Bosnia had a significant role at the Court of the Pavlović family, first the prince Pavle, and later his sons: the dukes Petar and Radoslav, and Radoslav's sons, the duke Ivaniš Pavlović and the princes Nikola and Petar Pavlović. The role and activities of the Church of Bosnia Christians were significantly increased when the duke Radoslav Pavlović became head of the family. Appearance of the Church of Bosnia members was almost always connected to changes of political relations in Bosnia and wider, in relations between Bosnia and Dubrovnik. There are numerous mediatory missions between them and the citizens of Dubrovnik, especially those regarding negotiations over the sale of Radoslav's part of Konavle and the end of the Konavle War.
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Based on an unpublished voynuк register from 1528/29, and three curtailed registers of the population in Rumelia from 1530, the following article presents new data on the voynuks in the Southwestern Bulgarian lands under Ottoman rule and the total number of the voynuk population in the Western and Eastern part of Rumelia in the first half of the 16-th century.
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The article describes the main political streams of the Bulgarian state at the end of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s, which consist of the deliberate destruction of good and established charitable practices, of the idea to break the tradition of philanthropy and civil action, of the general compromising and rejection of the philanthropy as an ideology. The exposition contains a wide range of sources – laws and regulations, reports of State institutions and public organizations, police reports, court judgments etc. The different stages of the repressive policy are analyzed and a conclusion is reached, that by remaining the sole ‘donator’ the State creates itself preconditions for estrangement and disinterest of the society in regards to the unknown neighbor’s problems and also takes away from the society the feeling for joint responsibility to those in need.
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This paper deals with the urban development of the town of Srebrenica, as an important strategic, political and economic, as well as the urban center of the Middle Drina Valley Region, across three historical periods: the Middle Ages, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian. Basic characteristics and elements of the urban structure of the town from each of the afore-mentioned periods were outlined. Special attention was given to the role of the institution of waqf in the urban development of Srebrenica with a special reference to well-known waqfs and wakifs of this town.
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Eve Hepburn (ed.), New Challenges for Stateless Nationalist and Regionalist Parties, London: Routledge, 2011, 186 pp., (ISBN: 1317965965). Paul White, The PKK: Coming Down From the Mountains, London: Zed Books, 2015, 216 pp., (ISBN: 9781783600373). Ibrahim Sirkeci, Jeffrey H. Cohen & Pınar Yazgan (eds.), Conflict, Insecurity and Mobility, Transnational Press London, London, 2016, 184 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-910781-09-8) Janroj Y. Keles, Media, Diaspora and Conflict: Nationalism and Identity Amongst Turkish and Kurdish Migrants in Europe, London: I.B. Tauris, 2015, 256 pp., (ISBN: 9781784530396). Abdullah Öcalan, The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan, Kurdistan, Woman’s Revolution, and Democratic Confederalism, London: Pluto Press, 2017, 153 pp., (ISBN: 9780745399768). Mistefa Aydogan, Rêbera Rastnivîsînê, Istanbul: Rûpel, 2012, 298 pp., (ISBN: 978-605-86516-0-9).
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Chief of Staff Deputy Commander of the Drina Corps of the Bosnian Serb Army. Appointed Commander of the Drina Corps on 13 July 1995.
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The anonymous description of the life of Emperor Baldwin I, presented in this study, is a particularly interesting text with some of the details it provides about the events of 1204–1206. Although researchers cannot rely entirely on the data contained in it, the excerpt adds some details that clarify the way the Latin Empire was built in its first years. The information it provides about Bulgarian history is not new but confirms facts already known and thus offers a more reliable support to the researchers in the reconstruction of the events from the beginning of the 13th century.
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The region of Karlovo which is a cradle of the Bulgarian spirit during the Revival is full of springs. The strong belief in their healing properties is as ancient as their origin. The research of the springs had been made in 1995 and nowadays many of the informers are not alive. The present scientific report has been published in memory of them. The author emphasizes on the intermingling of paganism and Christianity. This is evidenced by the marble votive tablet with an image of three nymphs (3rd century, AD), found in the area ‘The Holy Trinity’ near Sopot in 1942, while a local resident was hoeing the vineyard there. During the time of the Thracians that place was a sanctuary of the nymphs. They were considered deities of the springs and the healing water. Centuries after that, after the acceptance of Christianity, in the area ‘The Holy Trinity’ a chapel with a holy spring was build, and it was also called ‘The Holy Trinity’. The holy springs are springs of health and hope. They are connected with Christianity, as well as with folk medicine, because if a person wants to get better with the help of their properties, first of all they must have strong and pure faith in their heart as the pure healing water from these holy springs.
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In an article based on an analysis of selected reports of school gymnasiums in Galicia outlined issues to promote the development of students through participation in school trips. Thanks to the commitment of teachers, students had the opportunity to explore the immediate area, learned about the distant village, held also travel outside the borders of the state. Diversification trips were games, contests with prizes. School trips were worth both educational and didactic. Allow students to confront the achieved during school news with the reality that you can see, to experience. Their undoubted advantage was the deepening of friendly relations, but also less formal relationships with teachers.
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Economic cirumstance of teachers in the interwar period was quite difficult. The regenerative state couldn't meet all needs of its citizens. One of the most important issues was to restore education and to create unified education system. Education Policy was realised by teachers, but their work was not always compensated properly. Teachers organisations came out in defence of their interest. One of them was the Polish Secondary School Teachers' Trade Union (ZZNPSŚ), which many times demanded improvement in life and work conditions of teachers employed both in state and private schools. In the magazine “Ogniwo” (“Link”) publicists made teachers aware their rights, informed about laws and writs issued by educational administrations and informed about the actions performed by the Trade Union to improve financial condition of the education's employees. The subject matter of the present paper is to analise all these activities of the Trade Union, that were described in the magazine “Ogniwo”, the press organ of the Polish Secondary School Teachers' Trade Union (ZZNPSŚ).
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The current volume (8, issue 2 of 2016) of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) publishes mostly the papers presented at the Seventh International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania, Good governance in Romania and the Nordic and Baltic countries, hosted by the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies and Nicolae Iorga Institute of History of the Romanian Academy, București, 24-25 November, 2016, with the support of the embassies of Finland,. Latvia, Lithuania and Norway, the Consulate of Latvia to Bucharest and sponsored by Niro Investment Group.
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The topic of the Holocaust is a relatively new issue in Lithuanian historical education – only with the regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 did Lithuanians have a chance include the Holocaust theme into the main school curriculum. Of course, its development through the first two decades have not been steady and even – in the beginning of the creation of the new educational system the Holocaust did not receive so much attention as in later years with the relation to integration with the European Union (2004) and development of historical studies on the Holocaust within the Lithuanian academic community. This article aims to analyse the representation of the Holocaust in Lithuanian educational system during the first two decades after Lithuania regained its independence. So the main basis of empirical data will be all history textbooks for Lithuanian school education (from the 5th grade to the last, 12th grade) published in the period of 1992-2012, and educational programmes presented by the State`s Ministry of Education and Science. In order to objectively evaluate the Lithuanian situation regarding Holocaust education the article will discuss and compare the main trends of Holocaust education development in neighbouring countries, which also suffered from Holocaust and could not freely speak about the issue during the Communist regime.
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This article is devoted to looking into features of life and mundanity of the Bulgarian villages of Northern Priazovye between 1921-1941. The oral narratives of locals are used as an information source. Despite change in public life and economic factors connected with "socialist" transformations and modernization, during the period studied, Bulgarian villages of Tavriya have kept traditional culture in life and their everyday activities.
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The article analyzes a poem by an anonymous author in "Balgaran". The poem is a parody of the famous Bulgarian poetry work "Onwards!" by Stoyan Mihaylovski. The article identifies the object of the parody - the Bulgarian politician Dimitar Petkov.
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The article analyzes the memories of pilgrims coming to the Marian shrines in Skrzatusz and Rokitno and to the former Free Prelature of Pila (Piła) in the years 1983–2013. These were printed in the same time in the Prelature’s journal Johannesbote. The whole picture of pilgrimage testimonies consists of not only their personal, internal, and religious experiences. They are tightly connected with the painful war history and complicated Polish-German relations. The clergy plays an important role in shaping the attitudes of German Catholics not only in sole faith, but also in relations with Poles, in the overwork of their common history. We can read of some concrete figures of bishops and priests who were also expelled, sharing the fate of their faithful for the rest of their lives. These are testimonies of gratitude of Catholics for their faithful life, the sacraments received, and for help to build a new identity in their postwar history.
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