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У градићу Гриничу у држави Конектикат (САД), 21. децембра прошле године, после кратке болести, преминуо је истакнути светски историчар нашег порекла Трајан Стојановић, који је у својим истраживањима заорао најдубљу бразду у проучавањима историје балканских народа и култура.
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Написати неколико речи као увод за књигу Између Истока и Запа- да: Балкански и средоземни светови, која износи пред научну јавност обимно дело професора Трајана Стојановића, представља и задовољство и велики изазов. Мада ових двадесет пет студија не представљају целокупна објављена дела професора Стојановића, може се рећи да су оне одличан увод у његову историјску мисао и водич кроз његов значајан допринос нашем схватању историје и политике балканских народа.
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The authors analyze the attitudes of Greek scholars towards the role of the Lausanne Peace Conference held in 1922–1923 in determining the fate of the Patriarchate of Constantinople after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Dealing with ecclesiastical as well as secular historiography, the authors single out a manifest tendency on the part of Greek historians towards subjectively viewing the historical data reconstructed by the authors of the present article on the basis of extant sources. The authors demonstrate that Greek scholarly literature abounds in assertions that the future fates of the Patriarchate were on the agenda of the Lausanne Conference from its very beginning, and that in the course of this Conference the terms upon which the Patriarchate could stay within Turkey and its new legal status were agreed upon; according to Greek scholars, the very fact of the Patriarchate issue emerging and being discussed during an international political conference claimed that this religious institution enjoyed a kind of international legal entity. The authors make it clear that the source of such attitudes is to be sought in the Greek government and in the stance of the leading hierarchs of the Greek Church who deemed it important to preserve at any cost the Greek ecclesiastical presence on the Turkish territory. It is precisely this goal that explains the attempt at raising the political weight of the Patriarchate of Constantinople using the authority of a major international event. In conclusion of their article, the authors cast doubts on the view that the Lausanne Peace Conference should be considered a chronological milestone in the history of the Church of Constantinople. Instead, they propose to postulate as such a milestone the emergence of the Turkish Republic and the concomitant transformation of political and religious institutions.
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The article deals with the opinions of Tatar theologists who were the representatives of the so-called Jadidism – a reformatory movement of Tatar Muslims that took place in the 19th and early 20th centuries – in relation to the Prophet Muhammad’s saying about the schism in his community and the afterlife salvation of only one of its groups. The analysis is based on the theological works of four prominent Tatar scholars of Islam: A. Kursavi, Sh. Marjani, R. Fakhretdinov, and M. Bigiev. These works are studied in chronological order to reveal the evolution of the views concerning the entire Muslim reformatory movement among the Tatars in general. In addition, the question as to whether the Tatar theological heritage can foster tolerance among modern Muslims is considered.
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This study aimed to investigate the need of formation of the international transportation network in the conditions of increase of globalization of the world economy. It was determined that the concentration of the international freight traffics greatest in the world in the territory of Eurasia, especially on the geo-economics direction Europe – the Asia-Pacific region. The shortest and safe way is a transportation of freights through Russia. So, the conduct-ing place in a state policy of Russia on formation of the ITN is taken by the Trans-Siberian Rail-way. The possibilities of Trans-Siberian Railway in ensuring the international transit container transportation as an alternative to traditional sea route around Africa across the Suez Canal. According to this some other routes are characterized as a outlet of Trans-Siberian Railway to the foreign countries: to the EU-countries in the west, includes a prospective expansion of the railway track from Kosice (Slovakia) to Vena (Austria), and in the east – railways to Kazakh-stan, Mongolia, China and Korean Peninsula with already furbished sector of two kinds of the railway track from Khasan – Tumangan to the port Rajin. The possibilities of increasing uses of Trans-Siberian Railway through the geography of freight traffics, especially of containers from Japan are discussed in this article. Also the main directions of development of redistributed cargo transportation between Trans-Siberian Railway and Baikal-Amur Route for increasing the effectiveness of using the TSR as European-Asia in-ternational transportation route are shown. From one side, the attention focuses on other com-petitive advantages of TSR; from the other side – on the “narrow spaces” which will be exclud-ed after the reconstruction and additional construction of some new sectors, also with a optimi-zation of functioning of all the of freight traffic chain.
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The transformation (or transition) in East-Central Europe was one of the major events in human history in the twentieth Century. During the past 20 years, Chinese intellectuals have normally been focusing in a macro view on the synthetic study on the transformation in East-Central Europe. The study has four following distinct features: excessive academic papers on the fixed time study and review, abundant academic works, identical topics on study, notable limitations. Comparing with paying attention to the overview of study on East-Central Europe, the Chinese intellectuals have fewer achievements in the study on individual countries, and in the study field of the transformation in Bulgaria, it has three following features: few achievements, gradually progressive study, and gradually widened topics.
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The article analyses the special features of the brainpower representa-tives’ world view in the late ХХ century, and the character of its change at the turn of the century connected with the mental and civilization features of Russian intelligentsia. The author discusses the possible perspectives of the spiritual development of Russian society. The historic and social bases for the special role and responsibility of the provincial intelligentsia are revealed
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The article indicates the main problems in the relationship between centre and regions during the transformation of the federative relations in the RSFSR-RF in 1990-1993. According to the author, this issue requires further in-depth study.
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Immediately after seizing power on 9.09.1944, the Communist-dominated government of the Fatherland Front (FF) in Bulgaria launched a coherent policy for establishing control over all areas of public life. The new government undertook a number of repressive measures - so-called "purge" (unknown before Russian word – “chistka”) - in regard to teachers and University professors, announcing that it followed the program of the FF which provisioned clearing the state apparatus from "fascist elements". The "cleansing” of the teaching staff in higher education institutions was not a single act. Under the slogan for de-fascism, professors, declared as "fascists" and reactionaries, were sequentially removed and their place was taken by people loyal to the new government. This process continued over a decade in parallel to the changing composition of students (subject of class-party selection) and the change in the curriculum. As a result - the system of higher education and science had been transformed according to the Soviet model to become an instrument for achieving the big goal - the creation of new, loyal to the regime, intelligentsia. The article is based on a historical-anthropological research on the purge in the Law Faculty at the Sofia University. The substitution of the University elites was taking place by opposing one generation to another. In the decade of the purge fear, suspicion, distrust and spying were cultivated at the University; tempted by the possibility of an academic career were those who were willing to cooperate with the new government in the carrying out of the "revolutionary transformation." Thus the Law Faculty of the Sofia University was modified from a "nest of fascists" to become a faculty for modeling future party and state elite, loyal to the Party. So it is hardly surprising that even in the years of late socialism and “perestroika” the freethinking and dissent were seen as a sign of deviation and rarely occurred.
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The article is devoted transformation processes statea women in modern Ukraine family; investigate main genderna roles in Ukraine family; definite place and role contemporary Ukraine women in family and society.
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Food is an important part of everyday life. It is part of the weekday routine and, most importantly, of holidays. What was served on the table of the various social groups (rulers, soldiers, monks and ordinary people) during weekdays and holidays, what were the preferred dishes and most popular products in the different regions of the Balkan Peninsula in the 10th-15th century? All these questions will be answered in the paper after analysing a wide variety of sources on the period concerned.
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The article describes the events from the history of the Trabizon expedition (1916–1917), organized by the Imperial Academy of Sciences upon the request of the Russian Caucasian front after the capture of a historically important city of Trabizon, the capital of the namesake empire (1204–1461). In the article the main tasks of the expedition are addressed and it is emphasized that its participants faced a difficult task because they dealt with the region that was almost completely unknown to Russian historians of Byzantium and whose culture different from that of the classical Byzantium of Constantinople, West and Central Asia Minor, Antioch, as well as of Palestine and Egypt. The Trabizon empire appeared after the fall of Constantinople to Crusader forces in 1204, and hence it was a different cultural world that that of typical Byzantium described above. The article describes the character and the everyday problems of functioning of the expedition, whose main purpose was to preserve and investigate the original monuments and documents of the Trabizon empire. The article suggests that academician F. I. Uspensky, the head of the expedition, held high hopes for the eventual split of the Ottoman empire and the annexation of Trabizon and its area to the Russian empire. The article also shows that because the members of the expedition could not foresee that they would have to evacuate in about a year, the proposed plan of action brought very little results. Few monuments were described and studied and most of the medieval documents were lost.
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Comparative traceological analysis makes it possible to discern between natural (pathological, invasive) and artificial modifications (sawing, cutting, drilling, abrasion) seen on the hard tissues of mammals and other organisms. The cuneiform defects not infrequently observed on the dentin and tooth enamel of cattle and produced by the action of rough particles contained in the plants eaten by animals, can look like traces of sawing. The traces left by parasites attaching themselves to the spines of sea hedgehogs also can be taken as a result of intentional working. The holes drilled by the Natica mollusks in some shells are almost indistinguishable from artificially made holes. Long-term studies of macro- and microtraces have made it possible to create a collection of reference specimens that can be used to differentiate between truly artificial and pseudo-artificial (natural) modifications.
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The death is not attractive to anyone, but is resident for each living creatures. Its conversion into taboo leads to a different transformations. We may find their expression in a symbolic funeral rituals. From this perspective, mourning and funeral rites of the Bulgarians proved particularly significant in shaping the attitudes toward death. If we linking these attitudes with specific stages of life, the dynamic in the attitude of Bulgarians towards the end of life will be clearly traceable.
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In the Middle Ages župa Budimlja was the intersection of roads which used to lead to different directions. The most important road to Budimlja, which caravanes from Dubrovnik used, was the one which started from Zeta, passing by the mountain Komovi, then by Dobra Reka, to župa Budimlja, then across village Polica and Bihor, the road lead to village Lagator and farther across Pester near village Đerekare to Sjenica and Ras (NoviPazar).
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