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Modern historical research rarely reaches medical audience. Its findings are extremely interesting and even surprising. It is important to give the opportunity to healthcare professionals to know them.
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Adolf Kussmaul was a leading clinician on his time. He was born on 22. February 1822 as son and grandson of physicians and followed their way. Kussmaul studied medicine in Heidelberg and later specialized in Vienna and Prague with Carl von Rockitansky (pathology); Joseph Škoda (internal diseases); Ferdinand von Hebra (dermatology) and Johann von Oppolzer (internal diseases). He served as military surgeon and later had private practice. He went to Würzburg to study for his doctorate under Virchow. Kussmaul was subsequently Professor of medicine at Heidelberg, Erlangen, Freiburg and Strassburg. He was elected as honorary citizen of Heidelberg where he died on 25.May 1902. Kussmaul is regarded as one of the creators of the term Biedermaier. His name continues to be used in the eponyms: Kussmaul breathing (very deep and labored breathing in severe diabetic ketoacidosis); Kussmaul sign (pulsus paradoxus in constrictive pericarditis); Kussmaul disease (periarteriitis nodosa, now polyarteritis nodosa) – named with Rudolf Maier, pathologist.
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Appeared around 10,000 BC, in northeastern Africa, smallpox spreads around the globe, causing devastating epidemics among human society. The discovery of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 by the English doctor Edward Jenner has marked the beginning of the specific prevention of the disease. Gradually, vaccination was imposed in the world medical practice and gained wide popularity. Bulgaria is one of the first countries to introduce variola vaccination as mandatory for the Bulgarian population. The purpose of the present study is to make a historical overview of the spread of smallpox on Bulgarian territory, the methods and anti-epidemic actions of the health authorities to protect the population and to trace the path to success in achieving the eradication of smallpox on a national scale.
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Followed are the life and creative path of Professor Dr. Vasil Mollov – a distinguished Bulgarian internist, parasitologist, professor and author of numerous publications. An emphasis is placed on the contribution of Prof. Mollov to the fight against malaria in Bulgaria which consists of organization of the process, preparation of the first Regulations regarding battling the malaria and formation of the first stations for combating the disease in our country. Prof. Mollov holds scientific and managerial positions, he was elected dean and rector of Sofia University. He is a member of a number of scientific societies and academies.
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The research of nurses and midwives marked its development in the early twentieth century in the United States, when the need for education at the university level, rather than vocational school, was realized. The development of bachelor's and master's programs in the field of health care is a prerequisite for the development of new professional skills and competencies such as conducting research. A literature review was made about historical development of nursing research in the USA, Europe and Bulgaria. Scientific publications, available scientific literature and official pages of international, European and Bulgarian organizations are included. The establishment of National Institute of Nursing Research is of great importance for the development in the United States. A significant event in this direction at European level is the creation of a European Foundation for Nursing Research to support and promote research in health care. In Bulgaria, this activity is still at an early stage of development and the responsibility is mainly at the institutional level of higher medical schools. There are differences in the level of research development of nurses and midwives in the United States and Europe. Steps have been taken in our country concerning this activity, which presents healthcare professionals in a completely new role. Modern health care requires high quality in their provision, which is guaranteed by a science-based approach.
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The French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) died on island St Helena in Atlantic Ocean. After the battle of Waterloo (1815) he abdicated and lived in exile in Longood House, the old residence of the British governor of the island. For a long time he was in bitterest conflict with Sir Hudson Lowe, a British general and governor of St. Helena. His health deteriorated progressively. Napoleon began to suffer from right abdominal pain, episodes of fever, vomiting and, at the end, from hematemesis and melena. He expressed progressive weakness and weight loss (about 10 kg). Napoleon died on the 5th of May, 1821. Dr. Francesco Antomarchi performed the autopsy in the presence of seven British medical doctors. The main pathological finding during the necropsy was a mass of cancerous disease advancing to cancerous ulcer. The ulcer was covered by adhesions located between the stomach and the liver. The main risk factors for gastric cancer are chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori and genetic susceptibility. It is proposed a H. pylori infection during his life as an important risk factor. In addition, the diet of military campains, rich in salt-preserved foods, thoroughly roasted meats, and few fresh fruits and vegetables, is likely to have played a synergistic role in the pathogenesis of Napoleon’s cancer. In 1961, an elevated arsenic (As) concentration in his hair taken after the death suggested arsenic poisoning. In 2008, this hypotheses was finally dismissed due to a study showing elevated As content in the hair of Napoleon’s son (Napoleon II) and Joséphine, his wife; the both were never on St. Helena. Today the Napoleon’s remains are located in Les Invalides, Paris.
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Prof. Dr. Dimiter Petroff Pamukoff is renown for his innovative contribution to the medical science of phytotherapy in the XX and XXI century. He was employing evidence-based medicine in his scientific research of medicinal plants’ profilactic and theraupetic effect since 1940-s. In 1975 he founded the first Scientific Phytotherapy Centre at the Technical Progress Department of the Ministry of Health in Bulgaria, which he directed for around 20 years. There, he invented innovative phytopharmaceutical medicines for many socially significant diseases. We review his research and innovations, as well as his remarkable contribution to medicine.
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The changes in social, national and cultural conciousness around a third into the 19th century brought also inspiration in the field of artistic and architectural creation. There was an emphasis oo the artist´s individuality, and inner movements were characteristic. The dynamism and freedom of creation stood in contrast to classicist reservedness and moderation. State, church and national communities simultaneously look for security and support in tradition. It brings preferred historical themes and a direct connection to the historical principles of creation in architecture. The neostyles were applied, and by the end of the 19th century, so was eclecticism. This article deals with the origin and development of neostyles in the field of sacral architecture with a focus on Slovak territory.
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The aim of this article is to evaluate the contribution of Lithuanian archaeologist, military officer, and writer Petras Tarasenka (1892–1962) to the exploration of hillforts. It reveals the methods employed by Tarasenka to make hillforts culturally significant heritage sites within society. The article is based on the latest historiography, archival data, and analysis of Tarasenka’s fictional works. Historical, analytical, descriptive, statistical, and content analysis methods were employed in its preparation. Three interrelated directions within Tarasenka’s work in the field of hillfort exploration are distinguished: data collection and protection, research, and popularisation. The article uncovers how Tarasenka’s approach to hillforts can apply to other forms of heritage.
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LKP CK biuro sprendimu 1958 m. birželio 27 d. Vilniaus universiteto rektorius Juozas Bulavas buvo pašalintas iš rektoriaus pareigų. Jis buvo kaltinamas partijos nutarimų nevykdymu, universiteto partinės organizacijos ignoravimu, nacionalinės Lietuvos specifikos akcentavimu, lietuviškų nekomunistinių kadrų iškėlimu. Universitete viešame susirinkime, perduodant pareigas naujajam rektoriui, J. Bulavas neatgailavo ir klaidų nepripažino. / By the decision of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the LCP on 1958 June 27 the rector of Vilnius University, Juozas Bulavas, was removed from his position. He was accused of not implementing the party’s resolutions, ignoring the university’s party organization, emphasizing the national specifics of Lithuania, and promoting non-communist Lithuanian cadres. In a public meeting, at the university, during the transfer of duties to the new rector, Bulavas did not repent and did not admit his mistakes.
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Review of: Lauri Mälksoo. Neteisėta aneksija ir valstybių tęstinumas: Baltijos šalių prijungimas prie SSRS. Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras, 2021.
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All evidence at our disposal shows that the region of Srem was devastated only once – by the Cumans fleeing from Hungary in the spring of 1241, and that the papal letter of 1247 alluded to the wrong culprit. It was possibly a consequence of scribal error or frequent mixing of Mongols (“Tatars”) and Cumans in the eyes of contemporaries. However, the particular moment when the plea of the clergy of Srem was sent to the Roman Curia reveals other, more probable explanations. Namely, exactly between 1246 and 1248 the fear of a new impending Tatar attack was omnipresent in Hungary, efforts were made to strengthen the defense of the country and the Pope himself instigated the Hungarian prelates to participate in the building of new fortifications. Moreover, at that time Béla IV tried and eventually succeeded to persuade the Cumans, who were scattered over the Balkans, to return to Hungary as royal allies. The agreement was crowned with the betrothal between the king’s son and a Cuman princess. In such a climate, characterized by the widespread fear of a new Mongol attack, rapid fortification efforts and the high hopes put into the king’s alliance with the Cumans, it is unsurprising that the clergy of Srem motivated their plea for the establishment of the new seat of the bishoprics by the previous “Tatar devastation”, conveniently omitting particular details of the events, such as the identity of the real culprits – the Cuman allies of the king.
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The paper is analyzes the history of the Matarango Arbaneshi feudal family and its position among the major political and military powers in the Balkans during the 13th and 14th century. It is determined that the Matarango family, since it was first mentioned in the historical sources in 1297, played a minor, but yet visible role in the political and economic life of what is today the south coastal area of the Republic of Albania. The policy of balancing and yielding to larger and stronger political powers was essential for the survival and strengthening of this family. Therefore, members of the Matarango family can be found in the service of the Byzantine Empire, but also in that of the Serbs and the Angevins. The collapse of the centralized Serbian empire and the emergence of regional lords, despite the efforts of sebastokrator Blasius Matarango, decisively influenced the disappearance of this family.
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The starting point of the contribution is an effort to determine a more complete contextualization of the lesser-known Trebinje nobility of the surname Rajković. Through the analysis of Mihailo Dinić’s statements, new sources and considerations, the author manages to correct the previously less well-known Rajković nobility in their undefined position in the wider context of the Trebinje nobility and fill their history with new prosopographic characteristics. The brothers Radivoj and Bjelan Rajković are the sons of Rajko Bogdančić and belong to the larger Ljubibratić family of the Trebinje area. Rajko Bogdančić was succeeded by his son Radivoj Rajković. Radivoj had a wife, Milica, who managed the property after Radivoj’s death. Rajko Bogdančić’s sons had properties in the Biograd area near Trebinje. Members of the third generation of this lineage are represented by Radivojević and Bjelanović.
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The discovery of Hilandar manuscript №517 is particularly significant for the formation of our elementary knowledge about Serbian medieval medicine and pharmacy, as well as botany, zoology, metallurgy, etc. The first ten years of research on the Hilandar Medical Codex since its discovery in 1952 are described in this article. This research was crucial for further development of the history of medieval medicine in Serbia. The works presented were written by the authors from that period, first of all, Relja Katić, Lazar Stojanović and Mirko Grmek, doctors and historians of medicine who left important marks on the study of the history of medicine. However, studies from that period were not equal in importance, and most of them were misleading. At that time, the main issue was determination of the number of medical texts in Hilandar manuscript № 517, their origin, the language of original texts and the authorship. For most of the period, hypotheses on the Old Serbian translation of the ancient authors, primarily Galen’s writings and Dioscorides De materia medica, and the Byzantine mediation in transmission of the knowledge of the Hippocratic-Galenic medicine were dominant. At the end of the 1950s, it was established that the Hilandar texts were translations not from Greek but from Latin. In that regard, research of Mirko Grmek was important, and with its publishing in 1961 the first and fundamental stage of the work on the Hilandar medical codex was successfully completed. Grmek’s work proved that the texts revealed previously unknown influences of the Western medical schools of Salerno and Montpellier on Serbian medicine. Pharmacological works of the Salerno medical school, such as Circa instans and the Antidotarium Nicolai, were reliably identified in the Hilandar codex №517.
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Eugenia issued this charter in order to correct the mistake she made when she donated the land that belonged to the monastery’s metoh in the village and the market of Parakinov Brod, which was held by Zub and Radejko, to priest Sisoje, and with this act she returns it to the monastery. Despite the series of significant historical, geographical and diplomatic information that this act brings, such as mention of a visit by Eugenia to Sultan Bayezid I and the only written mention of the Županjevac monastery, its greatest importance rests on the facts that speak of the division of power within of the house of Lazarević, as well as the factual status, role and place of princess Milica, both before and after she became a nun, taking the monastic name of Eugenia. Beside the fact that it is Eugenia’s only known independently issued charter, which is also preserved in the original, this document is the only testimony of her title in the form of a princess-nun, which contains not only a secular title, but also her monastic status, while her signature, in the form of a nun-princess, is identical to the legend on her name seal. Finally, when talking about this parallel titling, it should be pointed out that Eugenia’s example is not the only one. Queen Jelena, the wife of King Vukašin, is also recorded with a double name and title; she is mentioned in the copies of the Bigor pomenik as Queen Jelisaveta the nun, and also as Jelisaveta the nun-Queen. And she, too, after taking monastic vows, appears in the ktetor inscription of her son, Prince Andrejaš, under both secular and church names, as Jelena (and) Jelisaveta. Since in both cases the wives of rulers, who had de facto power, were involved and obviously performed not only the role of regents, but also that of sovereigns, these cases indicate the need for further analysis of the role of women in the framework of the division of power.
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The paper presents a critical edition of the judgment of the city court of Buda of 2 April 1433 regarding the dispute over the lease of the chamber in Nagybánya (Rivulus Dominarum) in Hungary (present-day Baia Mare in Romania). The judgment contains the transcripts of a letter of Despot Đurađ Branković to Queen Barbara and the Hungarian Estates of 20 August 1432, issued in Smederevo, and a letter of the city council of Nagybánya, issued on 20 February of 1433. These documents provide an insight into the way the Serbian ruler leased regal revenues on his Hungarian estates received from King Sigismund of Luxembourg. The lessees of the Nagybánya chamber were citizens of German origin – Nicolaus Wasserpauch from Nagybánya and Johannes Cammermeister, whom his partner Wasserpauch and the despot accused of embezzling 10,000 gold forints in September 1431. As his predecessor Despot Stefan Lazarević, who gave his regal revenues in Nagybánya in lease to traders from Dubrovnik, in the newly arisen circumstances Despot Đurađ dispatched his confidant, a noble from Dubrovnik Andreas Czansick to assume the administration of the chamber. However, in 1433 Nicolaus Wasserpauch eventually lost the lawsuit before the court of Buda, which he had initiated against his erstwhile companion over the purported embezzlement concerning the lease of the Nagybánya chamber. The dispute shows that the Serbian ruler collected significant revenues from his Hungarian estates, primarily from mining towns such as Nagybánya and others in Szatmár County (Szatmár-Németi/Satu Mare, Felsőbánya/Baia Sprie). The documentis now kept in the City Archive of Košice in Slovakia (Collectio Schwartzenbachiana, nr. 190). The paper also provides a detailed diplomatic analysis of the document with photographs, description and translation into Serbian.
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Летња школа словенске палеографије „Кирило-Методијевско наслеђе:писари и скрипторији на Балкану XIV века“, Кирило-Методијевскинаучни центар, 25–31. јул 2022. године, Софија (Јована Иветић); International scholarly conference “The Eternal Cycle: Neighbours, Alliesand/or Rivals – Serbo/Hungarian Relations in the Middle Ages (895–1541)ˮ, Institute of History Belgrade, Eötvös Loránd Research Network –Research Centre for Humanities, Institute of History, June 2–3 2022,Belgrade (Benjamin Hekić)
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The article has systematized and analyzed the digital indicators of the evolution of the eparchial women’s colleges, which existed in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on the basis of the reports of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod. This made it possible to distinguish the main characteristics of the women’s education level, both secular and religious, as well as to go far beyond the study of the history of separate educational institutions of the spiritual ministry, to avoid a regional approach to the coverage of eparchial women’s education. The analysis of the digital indicators and the corresponding calculations gave the possibility to reveal the dynamics of the increase in the number of women’s colleges in eparchies throughout the country and the increase in the number of students in eparchial colleges. The general development of women’s religious education has shown that the Kyiv eparchy had the highest rates in this sphere. Furthermore, eparchial women’s colleges in Kyiv were more open to representatives of other social classes.
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