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Linie napięć. Marzec 1923: granice II RP. W marcu 1923 – dwa lata po traktacie ryskim – Konferencja Ambasadorów ogłosiła ostateczny kształt wschodniej granicy Rzeczpospolitej. Jej decyzja miała kluczowe znaczenie dla Polaków, Ukraińców i Litwinów.
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Uwięziony w łagrze Władimir Czernawin opracowuje szczegółowy plan, jak wraz z żoną i synem uciec ze Związku Sowieckiego
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The paper is a comprehensive study of ancient childhood. The author relies on the works of ethnologists, sociologists, and paleodemographers. The latter discipline has accumulated new data that allow us to continue M. Mead’s and I. S. Kohn’s ideas about the social status of the child in primitive and traditional societies, about a different understanding of the conflict of generations than the one built by psychologists from realities of the “civilized world”. The major focus is on materials of the Bronze Age cultures from the Northern Black Sea region. The author offers a new economic and cultural definition of a toy.
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The article presents the results of a study of children’s burials from a single mound near the village of Nekrylovo, Voronezh Oblast. It was revealed that children’s burials stand out among adults by their planigraphic position and the placement of the lower parts of the vessels as the only item of grave goods. There is a relatively high percentage of infant mortality. Some single cases of pathologies and peculiarities of the skeletons are distinguished. In the diet of this population, according to isotopic analysis, plant foods predominated, meat food was not abundant. Moreover, children ate more meat than adults.
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The paper analyzes the results of the work of the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Giza in 2013, 2017, and 2019—2020. During these seasons, the team recorded a unique double infant burial in an amphora in rock-cut tomb GE 49 (the southern section of the Russian concession) and a cemetery to the west of the rock-cut tomb of Kakherptah (the north-western section of the Russian concession). The internments are dated to the first half of the 1st millennium B. C. The infant burial in an Egyptian amphora of Dynasty XXI (1070/1069—946/945 B. C.) has been preserved in fragments. However, part of the accompanying inventory has survived and is represented by a beaded bracelet and a scarab amulet. Of the 29 burials in the cemetery near the tomb of Kakherptah, 11 belonged to children. They are mostly well preserved, allowing us to study the features of burial rites, which included inhumation in an extended position on the back, head to the west with some shift to the south or north. The latter is probably related to burial at different months when orientation of internments followed the solar declination. Unlike the burials of adults, which remained without grave goods, the infant burials were equipped with a significant amount of jewelry and apotropaic amulets. Their shape is typical for Dynasties XXII—XXV (946/945—664 B. C.), which determines the dating of the cemetery near the tomb of Kakherptah. Despite the abundance of comparative material, primarily amulets, in Egyptological literature and museum collections, the discovery of these items in situ is extremely rare. The archaeological context allows us to consider the characteristics of their use in the ancient Egyptian burial rites of the Third Intermediate Period.
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The Late Bronze Age settlement Bagai 1 is located on the left bank of the Bagai ravine, which flows into one of the largest lakes in the Crimea, Sasyk-Sivash, near the city of Yevpatoria. In the northern part of the settlement, excavations were carried out by the expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in connection with the construction of the Yevpatoria branch of the Tavrida highway. The article examines the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of the alloy composition of metal finds from the excavations. It turned out that all studied items of the Late Bronze Age were made of tin bronze, in which the corresponding ligature is from 2 to 20 %. The only exception is a miniature chisel, in which there is no tin, and in addition to copper, more than 8 % of iron was found. Other prescription components (arsenic, antimony, lead) are also found in several items, but in very small concentrations (up to 2 %). The use of tin bronze in items of the Late Bronze Age is a distinctive feature of the Central European tradition and allows us to attribute the alloys of the items studied to the Carpatho-Transylvanian metallurgical province.
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In 2020, in the area of the village of Kayry (~ 65—70 km to NE from Odessa), one barrow was excavated, in which 15 graves were discovered. The earliest burials were 4 burials of the Yamnaya culture. One of them (the central grave) was accompanied by several processed stones (stelae). Two graves belonged to the Catacomb culture of different variants, or cultures (Ingul, for sure, and Donetsk, perhaps). In one grave (plundered) there was a vessel of Berezhnovsko-Mayevsky Srubnaya culture. Two graves of the Early Iron Age are the latest ones. One of them belonged to the Scythian culture (6th—5th centuries BC), the other — to the era of Late Nomads (11th—12th centuries AD). The construction of a medieval grave destroyed the central burial of the Yamnaya culture. In turn, the medieval tomb was looted.Almost all burials of the Bronze Age were built by the using of stone slabs. In the burials of the Yamnaya and Catacomb cultures, these were massive slabs that covered the grave pit (or catacomb).
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The papers addresses the graves of the Sabatinovka time, discovered in barrow 3 of the “Rybkhoz” group near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, located in the basin of the Krasnaya river on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. In total, 13 burials of the Late Bronze Sabatinovka culture were recorded in the mound, which were sunk into the large mound of a Yamnaya (Pit Graves) cultural and historical community, 12 of them concentrating in a compact group in the southern sector of the mound. Burial 96 is of the greatest interest, accompanied by a deep bowl with an S-shaped profile, combining features of the Komarov and Berezhnovka-Maevka Timber-grave culture. All burials were dated by radiocarbon dating. The Sabatinovka cemetery in barrow Glinoe/Rybkhoz 3 can be dated within 1620—1535 BC according to the combined radiocarbon date, which is quite consistent with the supposed dating of the vessel from grave 96.
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This article examines the biography of Aladro Kastrioti, a nobleman born in the Andalusia region of Spain. Claiming that his great-grandmother married a descendant of Skanderbeg, Aladro asserted that he was an heir of this famous Albanian hero and had a right to the Albanian crown. His life after 1902 was spent in pursuit of this claim and thus almost entirely entangled with the Albanian national movement. By examining Ottoman archival documents, European newspapers, and published memoirs of prominent contemporary Albanians, this study draws attention to how he successfully managed to build a network supporting his claim, especially in northern Albania. His biography offers new perspectives for comprehending the history of the Albanian national movement and contextualising regional developments. This article suggests that the relations he established with key figures of the region provides an opportunity to analyse the social networks of Albanians in the Ottoman Empire. Covering the sixty-nine-year life of Aladro Kastrioti, from his birth as an illegitimate son of a wealthy family in Jerez to his death in Paris as a claimant to the Albanian crown, the study reveals the transformation of a region of the Ottoman Balkans into the Principality of Albania and illustrates the contacts and influences of the Empire in its former territories
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Technological tools that provide observing time and space simultaneously helped the emergence of new research areas concerning the effects of physical space on people and cultures and the capability of human perception in shaping space. Geographic Information System (GIS), particularly, goes beyond the physical aspect and enables “exploration of space” in relation to different questions, resources, and layers of the humanities. This study presents a method for applying Spatial Humanities in Ottoman studies as a new approach that enriches the field with its interdisciplinary structure by focusing on space. It discusses the contributions of this new field to the researcher to understand space. The study concretely exemplifies the interaction between concepts of space, humanities, and technology through a case study on the spatial thinking of the 16th century Ottoman archival documents, more specifically the Ottoman urban and administrative history. With a sample prepared from archival records of the Ottoman Empire, it maps administrative division with GIS technology and investigates the potential of Spatial Humanities.
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Review of: Freitag, Ulrike. A History of Jeddah: The Gate to Mecca in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 407 Page. ISBN: 9781108746205. This paper reviews Ulrike Freitag's recent book, A History of Jeddah: The Gate to Mecca in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2020), is based on careful and competent historiographical scholarship. It provides a comprehensive and analytical account of Jeddah's history and fills a significant void in the literature on Ottoman and Middle Eastern urban history, history of the Hijaz, and of port cities. As such, if translated, this book would attract a much broader readership in Turkey as well.
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Review of: Varol, Muharrem. Sirozîler: Âyânlıktan İlmiyeye Bir Hanedânlığın Öyküsü. İstanbul: Timaş Akademi, 2021. 336 Page. ISBN: 9786050842371 This paper is a review of the book entitled Sirozîler: Âyânlıktan İlmiyeye Bir Hanedânlığın Öyküsü [The Sirozis: Story of a Dynasty from Provincial Elites to Ulema] by Muharrem Varol on the famous provincial elite family from Siroz. After briefly introducing the chapters, it evaluates the research methods and findings of the book in comparison with the relevant literature. The book tells the family’s history in dialog with contemporary paradigms in the field of âyân (provincial elites) studies. Discussing the relationship between the individual and the structural, the author contributes to the literature on Ottoman âyâns.
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Review of: Sowerby, Tracey Amanda – Markiewicz, Christopher (ed.). Diplomatic Cultures at the Ottoman Court C. 1500-1630. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2021, 286 Page, ISBN: 9781000391862. This editorial book takes Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, as its center and examines how different diplomatic cultures interacted with one another in the period between c. 1500-1630. It explores the diplomatic relations of both ad hoc embassies to Istanbul and resident ambassadors from various states or polities from Europe, Asia, and Africa with the Ottoman authorities. This examination makes significant contributions to the history of early modern diplomacy in general and Ottoman diplomacy in particular, rendering the book a reference source for diplomatic history.
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The 3rd International Congress on Ottoman Studies (OSARK) was held on September 7-9, 2022, at the Ziraat Bankası Library of Istanbul Medeniyet University in collaboration between Sakarya University Center for Ottoman Studies (OSAMER) and Istanbul Medeniyet University, Department of History and with the support of various institutions. The Congress featured dozens of presentations in the fields of Ottoman history, history of art and architecture, philology, digital humanities, history of law, philosophy, and science. In addition, thematic panels were organized as part of OSARK‘s aim to be a platform of academic interaction and cooperation. Scholars shared their original research on prominent topics and themes in Ottoman studies with an audience of more than 1500 people. OSARK 2022 aimed to bring together researchers from various parts of the world to create a shared memory and a novel perspective to the field of Ottoman studies.
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Professor Rifa’at Ali Abou-El-Haj, a distinguished scholar of Ottoman studies, passed away on March 13, 2022. Obituaries written by scholars including Blumi, Kopuz, Gutman and Tezcan in various academic journals attest to the profound impact of his scholarly contributions, which have been recognized as seminal texts in the field of Ottoman and Middle Eastern studies during the post-1990 era. May he rest in peace. As much as his written works, he left a fine mark in Ottoman historiography with his effect on professional and student circle.
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The communist state monopolized and directed the cultural sphere but, in opposition to traditional accounts, I maintain that it was not a domination based on destruction. As I show, communist censorship did not emerge in a vacuum but drew on local traditions, institutional continuities and historical particularities, as much as on ideological improvisation and practical expediency. Whereas the censorial system was certainly effective in defending the state’s cultural monopoly, it is an overstatement to cast the socialist culture as the offspring of the censor’s pencil. The institutional censorship seems often trapped between its ambition to engage actively in cultural production and the supervisory powers granted by its charter.
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My paper proposes a historical account of the genealogy of nutritional standards in Romania from the 1930s until the late 1950s, documenting the strategies behind turning “food” into “nutrition” and “nutrition” into a domain of political concern and governmental intervention. Using archival information, I argue that while central to the socialist state’s effort to recalibrate planning and distribution programs and ground industrialization and urbanization, these nutrition policies echo social outcomes of development worldwide and flesh out multiple possibilities of scaled analysis (global, regional, and national) in the context of the Great Depression, WWII, postwar food rationing, and postwar welfare. Consequently, instead of substantiating the interwar and the postwar as two distinctive political systems, my paper aims to show that postwar approaches to food policies should be linked with a political economy of the workforce that first became transparent in 1930s Europe.
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In the ancient world, recommendation was an important expression of patronage, effecting introduction, mediation, problem‑solving. Christianity took over and adapted Roman models to suit new realities of Christian travel and hospitality, pastoral care, recruitment, career advancement (clerical as well as ascetic), the articulation of communion and orthodoxy, among others. This paper explores the functions of late antique Christian recommendation practices, its complex and often ambiguous typology, with particular emphasis on the correspondence – or discrepancy – between evidence collected from extant papyri, canonical prescriptions, and examples from epistolary corpora of known authors.
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