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Among all Plutarch’s Lives of men that lived after IV B.C., the biography of Demetrius Poliorcetes contains the most references to Alexander the Great. It is noteworthy that references to this figure in comparison to other Plutarchean biographies occur in greater numbers and in various contexts. The article is an attempt to demonstrate that the references to Alexander the Great played an important role in the construction of the Plutarch’s Life of Demetrius. Thus their purpose was to portrayal Poliorcetes as a failed imitator of famous Macedonian king. The considerations presented in the article can be used as an argument for changing the image of Demetrius in scholarly literature.
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The aim of the article is an attempt to present a dichotomic image of the Roman ruler. It is concentrated on traditional features, understood as postulated in relation to person in power, such as justice, honesty, modesty and self-control. All of them belong to the canon of virtutes Romanae, and obedience toward them was characteristic of Roman society until the fall of Carthage. Along with its fall, the disappearance of true morality can be observed. The important turning point there is the reign of Augustus who, by undertaking the revival of old values, introduces a new order to the state. The article describes the rulers of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, and the emphasis is placed on a dualistic image of their behaviour (positive versus negative) presented in ancient texts by Tacitus, Suetonius, Velleius Paterculus and Florus.
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The article raises the topic of good manners and upbringing in the People’s Republic of Poland using the example of children’s and young adult press from the period. The author analysed 24 issues of Płomyczek from 1968 considering literature in education, upbringing strategies, and etiquette. Leaving aside the issues of propaganda and ideology, she enriched the analysis by considering the political history of Poland during the period of the “minor stabilisation”.
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Organization and operation of the Danubian limes had been a concern of the Roman imperial administration for several centuries. The strategic conception for this space was translated into practice directly with the support of the Roman army. One of the early arrived units in the Lower Danube area was cohors II Mattiacorum; detachments of the unit would flank the river, being stationed in the “bridgehead” fortifications of Dinogetia and Barboși. The history of this auxiliary unit may be broadly restored pegged solely by epigraphic records which we shall review below, together with historiographical discussions related to the completion and interpretation of their text.Although many of the opinions mentioned below remain mere hypotheses until new archaeological discoveries are made, I believe based on the documentary material that we know now, that the evolution of the cohors II Mattiacorum can be reconstructed with some accuracy. Obviously, any new epigraphic find may confirm or “colour” what we know now. The unit’s development spans more than a century from the last quarter of the 1st century AD to the end of the 2nd century AD, leaving more consistent traces at Dinogetia and Barboși, Sexaginta Prista and Sostra. We know the names of some soldiers and unit commanders and the fact that the unit was transformed somewhere in the middle of its existence into a milliariaunit.
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Eight different fortifications of unequal size and strategic importance are tackled in this contribution, namely the ones along the Danube limes, starting at Seimenii Mari, Stânca Topalu - Cariera Cekirgea, Cius - Gârliciu, Luncavița - Milan, Isaccea - Noviodunum, Tulcea – Aegyssus, and two more Late Roman quadriburgia, controlling the inner roads at Mihai Bravu and Mircea Vodă. Excepting for Noviodunum and Aegyssus, none of the above mentioned limes forts was subject to thorough archaeological investigations which is why all of them entered lately into the scope of the Romanian LIMES National Programme. As a matter of fact, within the framework of the World Heritage List nomination preparings, the entire Lower Danube Roman frontier became subject to detailed surveys and drone flight records (with orthographic and oblique shots) which were corroborated with all the information available so far in the archives. Therefore, a partial Forschungsstand for all this intensive research is presented in the following pages. Our approach is formally a holistic one, aiming at integrating and understanding the dynamics of both limes and interior communities, covering their communication mediums, landscape and resources. In this respect, new promising steps were also taken for identifying civitas Ausdecensium at Cetatea (commune of Dobromir, Constanța county), in southern Dobrudja. What we already know for sure is that in the 4th century the members of a prosperous habitation along the imperial road from Marcianopolis, running through Zaldapa, Tropaeum Traiani (possibly, Mircea Vodă) and Ulmetum, to Noviodunum peacefully dwelt within the area of the modern village.
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In what follows, we have tried (at a certain moment), to clarify the contribution that soldiers from the province of Dacia (namely from the legiones XIII Gemina and V Macedonica), gave for defending Italia in the period of the “military anarchy” period.
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The problem of the medieval fortifications of Târgoviște, from its first part of the evolution of the urban settlement, remains open to interpretations,and the lack of written sources hinder obtaining an exact chronology. There are some evidences in the mentions of foreign travelers, from the first half of the 16th century, that have not been archaeologically proven. If there is sufficient evidence regarding the urban character of the settlement in the 14th century, the building of some fortifications in the face of the Hungarian and Turkish danger, such as palisades, raises instead serious problems of interpretation. The only systematic research that identified such a fortification took place at the end of the twentieth century and did not benefit from further investigations in order to identify the exact disposition of the defense system. For this reason, in the absence of archaeological discoveries, we need to refer to the information provided by foreign travelers, so that we have succeeded to highlight the unity of opinions regarding the dating of Târgoviște fortification of back to the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century.
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Luigi Mayer (1755–1803) was an artist who travelled to the Orient in the last decades of the 18th century. A watercolour painter and drawer, he is known for accurate views made while he was the official painter of Ferdinand IV, King of Naples and the Two Sicilies (1751–1825), Ignazio Paterno Castello (1719–1786), Prince of Biscari, Gabriele Lancillotto Castelli (1727–1792), Prince of Torremuzza and especially of Sir Robert Ainslie, the British ambassador at Constantinople (1730–1794). Luigi Mayer is the first artist who faithfully represented fragments of daily life in rural and urban Romania. In all his views he paid great attention not only to architectural elements of the represented buildings, but also to the local occupations,clothes and details characteristic to the inhabitants and the places he went through. The artist depicted scenes of daily life of ordinary people, as well as of the representatives of the ruling classes.
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The paper discusses core issues of the Polish Historiography, focusing on main challenges. The author observes a process of its transformation, resulting among other from significant changes in a Polish social reality at the beginning of the 20th century. Main conclusion of this brief analysis is that Polish historiography differs from Western historiographical discussion, being less interdisciplinary and focusing on political history. The author diagnoses also a decreasing role of professional historians in explaining the past. On the other hand, Polish historiographical reflection differs also from former Soviet Bloc countries, with their ethnocentric historiographies avoiding discussion on crucial, yet often uneasy or even painful, issues. This text was first published in German under the title Was gibt es Neues in der polnischen Historiographie zu Beginn des 21 Jahrhunderts? in “Historie Jahrbuch des Zentrum für Historische ForschungBerlin der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften” 2007/2008, vol . 1, pp . 37–56 . Updated version was published in Polish in a journal “Przegląd Humanistyczny” 2010, vol . 5/6, pp . 49–65 with a title “Historiografia polska początków XXI wieku . Próba bilansu” . Polish version is translated for the current supplement of “Klio . Journal of Polish and World History” and that is why it only refers to the events prior 2009 .
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The problem of the concept of „event” in Braudel’s oeuvre is more complex than it seems to be. The author tries to analyse this question on three different levels. In the first part of the article he shows that in the schema of „traditional history”, reconstructed by Braudel, the historical event loses all its characteristic features. It becomes uniform, abstract, and functions there as a negative element of history. The second part is devoted to the position and meaning of event within a theoretical model of history which is usually called „the global history „. Against the traditional approaches to this question the author of the article claims that there is not a pure or strong opposition between structure and event. The latter starts to be structural and that’s why it becomes more concrete and specific. Moreover, the event allows for revealing long-term historic process and structures. Finally, in the third part of his article, the author presents the history arisen from Braudel’s historical analysis as a kind of evolutionary system. Owing to this fact he can coin a concept of „historic mutation”, a special form of transformation, which could characterize the role of event in the historic development.The paper was originally published as Fizyka historii. Braudel i pojęcie zdarzenia, “Klio” 2010, vol. 14 (1), pp. 3–32.
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The article presents the history of ten praetorian prefects of Emperor Commodus. The prosopographical method used by the author of the article is extremely useful in the studies on individuals in the society of Imperium Romanum. In this type of research, it is particularly important to note that praefecti praetorio as a clerical elite were very well represented in ancient sources, which renders historical material highly representable for this group. During the twelve years’ rule of Commodus, the number of praefecti praetorio, representing nearly forty percent of these officials during the reign of the emperors of the Antonine dynasty (96–192), clearly indicates lack of stability and continuous political struggle in the Rome of those days. The presentation of ten praetorian prefects, the highest equestrian officials, sheds light on the political system of the last emperor of the Antonine dynasty. The article presented herein is a translation of an article published in “Klio. Journal of Polish and World History” 2012, vol. 20, pp. 3–44, therefore it does not include theliterature published later (apart from references to new volumes of PIR2). The minor changes introduced are mainly editorial and connected with the need to adapt the text forthe English speaking reader
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Herodes Atticus (Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes) was a sophist, benefactor, Roman senator and one of the richest men of his time. His behavior often aroused a lot of controversy. He was often in conflict with the Roman officials and even emperors. The aim of this paper is to present complicated relation of Herodes with part of the Athenians. The author tries to explain the reasons for distrus and even dislike of the Athenians to Herodes. The most important part of the paper is an attempt to present the circumstances that led to the famous trial in Sirmium in 174 AD. This is a revised and supplemented version of the paper originally published as Herodes Attyk i Ateńczycy, “Klio” 2015, vol. 33 (2), pp. 3–32, DOI: 10.12775/KLIO.2015.016.
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The subject of this article is the emergence of a today long-forgotten ritual that spread in wartime Germany and Austria in 1915 and 1916: the creating iron-nail “war landmarks”. War landmarks had essentially three dimensions: these were propaganda spectacles that increasingly took on a commemorative role and were meant to express the gratitude of the home front to the soldiers and their families. The nailing ritual was meant to forge a new Volksgemeinschaft, performing the nation at war. This article presents original research on the history of the iron-nail war landmarks in West and East Prussia in First World War. The paper was originally published as „Pomniki żelazne” I wojny światowej w Prusach Zachodnich i Wschodnich, ”Klio” 2016, vol. 36 (1), pp. 69–90, DOI: 10.12775/KLIO.2016.004.
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The aim of the study was to summarize the activity of the journal of the diocese of Ełk during the period 1999-2018 and to outline the development plan related to the reform (2018). The initiation of the project in the form of a scientific journal has created opportunities for the development and publishing of research results carried out by scientists mainly belonging to the diocese of Ełk. Many of them used this opportunity. Sharing the results of our own scientific research was at the same time the propagation of the journal and the environment creating it. The considerable scientific output published in the “Studia Ełckie” in a permanent way inscribed in shaping the scientific awareness of the north-eastern Poland. The presentation of the origins and development of the journal turned out to be difficult as long as there are no detailed written sources. It must be admitted that the history of this periodical, although not too long, is quite rich in various transformations. We should appreciate the effort of not only hundreds of authors and reviewers who co-created the magazine, but also those who, through their commitment and dedication, took care of its shape and development.
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Social teaching of subsequent popes had to be brought to life. The efforts were intensified at the beginning of the XX century when pope Pius X announced the need for development of Catholic Actions in social life. The problem was later raised by Benedict XV and especially Pius XI. In Poland, the popes’ calls faced an uneven response. At first, the actions were taken in the Archdiocese of Cracow, and later by primate August Hlond. The Catholic League, as this was the name of the organization coordinating efforts of Catholic associations, was supposed to be further developed in other dioceses. Finally, its structure was supposed to be centralized. Between 1927 and 1929, a Catholic League was organized in the Diocese of Lublin. Amongst the efforts of its bishop, Marian Leon Fulman, its actions incorporated many cleric and secular persons. The efforts were made to develop local structures, make contact with the press and the General Committee of the League. Despite the propaganda developed also in Lublin’s press, boisterously announced actions ground to a halt. The aim of the article is to describe the origin, the structure and the importance of the Catholic League in the Diocese of Lublin.
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Music accompanies each celebration of the sacraments. In the liturgy of the marriage, music has a special character, because the sacrament is celebrated very solemnly. Music has accompanied rituals and wedding customs in the Church since antiquity. Until the Second Vatican Council, it survived in the rituals and piety of the people expressed in church songs.
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The issue presented in this article aims to explain the concept of ecclesias-tical burial and shows the richness of its forms included in liturgical and law provisions in Code of Canon Law of 1917, “Ordo Exequiarum”, Johanno-Pauline Code, „Burial Rites” adjusted to Polish diocese. The issue is shown in different sources and literature on the subject. It also shows the historical development of ecclesiastical burial law from the beginings of Church to promulgation of the new Code of Canon Law of 1983. This thesis allows to understand the position of Church and state on burial law. It points out the historical development of ecclesiastical burial law and the reform of burial law emerged during Third Vatican Council resulting in current Polish law rules and Code of Canon Law.
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The topic of this article is devoted to the discussion of the ideas of cultural and social activities propounded by Professor of History, Rev. Jonas Totoraitis (1872-1941). It also deals with a question of what conditions were present for their implementation in the early twentieth century. The first idea to establish the Society to Investigate the History of Lithuania was largely predicated on his professional background as historian. Another idea was indebted to his perception of the duty of the priest. It manifested itself in the aspiration to set up a special organization (association) of Roman Catholic clergy to tackle world-view issues of society at large. Another field of Rev. Totoraitisʼ activities was organizing youth in the countryside. His most significant contribution was theoretical: a study entitled “Catholic Youth Associations”, published in the journal “Vadovas” (Leader), and some time later republished in a separate booklet “The Guardianship of Youth and Its Associations”.
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This article analyzes the relations between the Holy See and the Bolivian State based on the bilateral agreements signed between both parties. It also aims to mark the historical context of international treaties and their conse-quences for history, for bilateral relations and for today. It also investigates the new Bolivian state constitution of 2009 if it offers the faithful basic religious liberties to practice and manifest their faith publicly. It also shows us how we can use the basic human rights, subscribed in the international bilateral agreements, recognized by the state, to protect and preserve our rights to express and protect our faith.
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