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La Pologne, son destin et sa vocation particulière aux yeux des écrivains français du XIXe siècle

Author(s): Wiesław Mateusz Malinowski / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2023

The author of the paper propounds a hollistic outlook on how French writers of the 19th century perceived the fate of Poland in the most dramatic moment of its history, when it was fighting a fierce, and almost hopeless battle for its independence, having disappeared from the map of Europe. In textes of many poets, publicists and men of letters in France one can find a unique set of motifs that not only reveal a highly consistent way of thinking with respect to the situation Poland was in at the time, but also build a parallel vision of its future, and even hold a belief that Poland was to play a special role among European countries. In this paper the author identifies and discusses six such motifs.

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Kampaņa pret abstrakcionismu un formālismu 1963. gadā. Latvijas Padomju rakstnieku savienības valdes nostāja

Author(s): Madara Eversone / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 35/2017

Between 1962 and 1963 the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev launched several campaigns against abstractionists and formalists in Moscow, thus marking the end of the so-called Thaw throughout the Soviet Union. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia also started a campaign against national abstractionists and formalists. On the 22nd and 28th of March 1963 the works of the new poets Vizma Belševica, Monta Kroma, Ojārs Vācietis as well as writer Ēvalds Vilks came under the criticism cross-fire at the Intelligentsia Meeting of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. After the criticism from the Communist Party the above mentioned authors also had to be discussed at the Board meetings of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union and the local organization meetings of the Party. The article examines the attitude of the Board of Soviet Writers’ Union towards the campaign initiated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia in March 1963 by looking at the documents of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union and the Union’s local organization of the Communist Party that are available at the State Archives of Latvia. Crucial and artistic aspects of the works of the above-mentioned authors have not been included in the analysis. Examining the debates that evolved in the Writers’ Union within the ideological campaign, it is possible to state that the Board, which was loyal to the Communist Party, kept its official stance in line with the Party principles, hereafter paying special attention to the ideologically artistic achievements of particular authors. Generally, the position of the Board of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union in respect to the criticized authors can be evaluated as passive, because no repressions were carried out against the new authors and no creative activities were completely suspended by the Board. The campaign of 1963 strongly demonstrates the differences between the generations and the views of the writers. It also reveals the older generation’s struggle for keeping their position and prestige in the field of literature while the younger generation took an increasing opposition.

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Диалектиката на „хипер“. От модернизъм към постмодернизъм

Author(s): Michael Epstein / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 29/2022

The text is an attempt to analyze „the modernist premises of postmodernism in light of postmodern perspectives on modernism” or, put more simply, the interdependence of these two historical phenomena. The argument focuses on a variety of modernist approaches: in physics (quantum mechanics), in literary theory (new criticism), in philosophy (existentialism), across psychoanalytic theories and practices (sexual revolution), and across Soviet social and intellectual trends, such as “collectivism” and “materialism.” All these trends manifest the phenomenon of “hyper” in its first stage, which is constituted by the revolutionary overthrow of the “classic” paradigm and an assertion of a “true, essential reality,” or “superreality.” In the second stage, the same phenomena are realized and exposed as “pseudo-realities” thus marking the transformation of “hyper” itself, its inevitable transition from the modernist to the postmodernist stage, from “super” to “pseudo.” The author argues that the development of the twentieth-century cultural paradigm depends on a necessary connection between these two stages of the “super” and the “pseudo.” The concept of “hyper” highlights not only the lines of continuity between modernism and postmodernism, but also the parallel developments in Russian and Western postmodernisms as reactions to and revisions of a common “revolutionary” legacy.

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Приносът на жените в българската хърватистика

Author(s): Liudmila Mindova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 29/2022

Women have a very important role in the contemporary Croatian studies in Bulgaria and we can assert that without their leader partnership it is not possible to imagine the formation of that academic subject from 1991 to now. In that period the works of Roumiana Bozhilova is of prime significance. Thanks to her activity nowadays we have numerous bilateral academic projects, conference and research collections. She is the mastermind who assemble Croatian and Bulgarian researchers and inspires them to develop our knowledge in the Bulgarian-Croatian relationships and Croatian history, science of art, culturology, linguistic, literature etc. Yoanna Spisarevska, Ekaterina Vecheva, Nayda Ivanova, Tatyana Dunkova, Nadezhda Dragova, Liliya Kirova, Ina Hristova, Katya Yordanova, Elena Daradanova, Antoaneta Balcheva, Milena Georgieva etc. are the leading researchers in that field of study and the article shows the central topics of their interests.

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THE IMPACT OF EVOLVING AI ON THE CONCEPT OF CREATIVITY AND COPYRIGHT IN POETRY

Author(s): Rodica Gotca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

This article presents the impact of the evolution of AI systems on contemporary poetry, given the fact that lyric is the most responsive form to any changes. The emergence of different text generator models makes it difficult to interpret poems made through programs such as ChatGPT, Minstrel, MEXICA, Fabulist, Poem Portrets, Deep-speare, BRUTUS, etc. That is why it is imperative for the academic environment to deal with topics related to natural language, computational creativity and AI. The poetry generated by the programs involving AI systems is, although impeccable in form, still lacking the emotion specific to a literary creation. This fact catalogs, at the moment, AI as a tool that would allow the writer to facilitate his creative work. Regarding the human-machine collaboration, some legal aspects related to copyright and the position of the human creator in relation to the AI systems with which they write their works are also presented. Presenting the opportunities and risks related to the involvement of AI in creation.

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“Quodam frater hungarus ordinis minorum de observantia”. Osualdus de Lasko’s Identity as a Preacher and Author of Sermons

Author(s): Paula Cotoi / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (66)/2023

Osualdus de Lasko (OFM Obs, ca. 1450–1511) composed two sermon collections, which were published in print at the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth centuries. However, the readers of his books did not know the name of the author, who was only introduced as “quodam frater hungarus ordinis minorum de observantia”. This paper considers this option for anonymity as a premise for further investigating Osualdus’ identity as an author of sermons and as a preacher, intending to answer questions such as: How is Osualdus presenting or representing himself as an author/preacher? For what reasons and purpose did he compile these sermon collections? How were his homiletic works related to real preaching? Which was his ideal of a preacher? How relevant are the Franciscan affiliation and Hungarian origins for his identity? Grounded on the idea that the author is embedded in his text, this essay explores the prologues of Osualdus’ works and three of his sermons that discuss precisely about preaching’s agents, role, and beneficiaries. The analysis emphasizes that Osvalus’ vision of the ideal preacher and self-representation as author of sermons is shaped by Franciscan concepts of humility, renunciation and imitatio Christi.Anonymity is also presented as a possible sign of humbleness, in the spirit of Franciscan values. Similarly, his understanding of the goal of spreading the Word of God follows the mission of the Friars Minor in general, and their actions in Hungary in particular: fighting heterodox beliefs, converting heretics and schismatic, defending and strengthening faith at the margins of Christendom. Osualdus’ concern for the catechization of simple people might have also been a consequence of the local experience of Franciscans and their contact with the peasantry in their rural convents. The paper concludes that in Osualdus’ case anonymity is not intended to hide or disguise his identity, which is clearly defined around the two elements used as a signature: the Hungarian origins and the Franciscan affiliation. His authority as a preacher and author of sermons resided in his special commission as a member of the Order of Friars Minor and his messages were mainly intended for the local public and for the safeguard of his homeland. The name of the author/preacher was most probably known to his primary audience. Only for the distant readers of his texts the author became anonymous, but they were made aware of the essential components of its identity, representative for the content as well.

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„Hiszpania! Jakież czarodziejskie słowo, jakże uroczo brzmi ten wyraz!”… Obraz Hiszpanii na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w polskich listach z podróży

Author(s): Aleksandra Ewelina Mikinka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

Modern Polish ideas about the Iberian Peninsula can often be summarised in slogans: azure sky, beautiful women, bullfighting, Don Quixote from La Mancha. Has this image of Spain been with us for centuries, or has it been “produced” by modern mass tourism? The aim of this article is to analyse travel texts from the 19th and 20th centuries describing journeys around the Iberian Peninsula and an attempt to answer the question of what Spain looks like in the eyes of Poles deprived of their own statehood. Is it terra incognita, an exotic country with a rich history, in which travellers find a reflection in architecture and customs, fascinated by Madrid, Barcelona, and Salamanca? Or maybe it evokes disappointment? The article compares travel letters by four Polish travellers and historians: Aleksander Hirschberg, Adolf Pawiński, Józef Wawel-Louis, and Stanisław Starża. The analysis of the letters was divided into thematic blocks: historical Polish-Spanish relations, perceptions and impressions, opinions about Spaniards and Spanish women, and cultural controversies (corrida, cockfighting).

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Kilka uwag na temat literackich przedstawień bitwy chocimskiej 1673 roku

Author(s): Marcin Piątek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The author of the paper indicates several aspects which connect the texts describing the battle of Khotyn in 1673. Epical attempts at showing those events complied with the epical model known as ‘native heroicum’, which was popular on Polish lands in those days. According to this model, the primary rule of verismo was combined with attempts at making narration more attractive. Some of them have been described in this paper. Moreover, the author discussed the method of depicting Tatar-Turkish armies in the works, paying attention to their abundance. The exemplary material was derived, above all, from voluminous poems by Jan Ślizień, Mateusz Kuligowski, Samuel Leszczyński and Zbigniew Morsztyn.

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Дослідження життя і творчості хроніста Алессандро Ґваньїнівід середини ХХ століття (польська, українська і російська історіографія)

Author(s): Oleh Diachok / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 20/2020

The paper is dedicated to the analysis of life and work of Aleksander Gwagnin, a Polish chronicler from the 16th century, on the basis of Slavic historical-philological studies. The author distinguishes two periods of interest in Gwagnin: in the first one (1960-1971) mainly works on his biography were written, Russian researchers made a positive verification of the authenticity of Chronicle of European Sarmatia - Gwagnin’s major work, which was also appreciated as a valuable source of knowledge by historians from Western Europe. In the second period of research (from the 1970s), Chronicle… became an object of a comprehensive historical and historiographical analysis, for example the question of Gwagnin’s authorship was considered. On the basis of new, critical translations (partly in Russian and entirely in Ukrainian with comments), thorough textological studies of the work were conducted.

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Ciało cierpiące i ontologiczne strzępy człowieczew Śnie srebrnym Salomei Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Magdalena Ciechańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The article relates to the issue of the suffering body in Juliusz Słowacki’s drama 'Sen srebrny Salomei'. The first and the second part of the article are dedicated to the description of the main drama characters who are media of supernatural reality, and the analysis of the co-existing worlds of human beings and spirits. The third part includes the interpretation of the ‘poetics of macabre’ and ‘theater of pain’, the phenomenon of vivisection and the ontology of ‘human remains’. The author reads Słowacki’s drama through the prism of Michel Henry’s philosophy of existence.

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„Na Ukrainie za owych dobrych czasów” – Przed laty. Powieść ukraińska Paulina Święcickiego

Author(s): Aneta Mazur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The forgotten work and life of Paulin Święcicki (1841-1876), a writer from Kiev region and active in Galicia, represents a rare, authentic example of Polish-Ukrainian cultural border. His debut work entitled 'Przed laty. Powieść ukraińska' (1865), despite being an artistic failure, is an interesting link between the heritage of the Romantic 'Ukrainian School' and the historical vision of Polish Borderlands in With fire and sword by Henryk Sienkiewicz. The creation of the 17th-century reality of Ukrainian grasslands (noble, rural and Cossack existence), battle scenes (fights against the Tatars), romantic-melodramatic plot - these are all adapted to a unique Ukrainian (not Polish-centred) perspective. Święcicki’s ‘ukrainism’ is a portrait of Cossack heroism, a picture of enslaving the Ukrainian nation, and a picturesque description of local stories. The eclectic character of the work, which is nostalgically contemplative and in romantic style, as well as journalistically engaged, has an impact on its incoherence, but also makes it original against the background of the Sarmatian-borderland fiction of those days.

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Wojenne diagnozy literatury i kultury polskiejw Intermediach rybałtowskich Bolesława Leśmiana

Author(s): Joanna Niewiarowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The paper contains an analysis and interpretation of essays by Bolesław Leśmian from 1915 to 1916, published in Myśl Polska in the section ‘Intermedia rybałtowskie’. These texts, which concern literary life, are considered in reference to the tradition of minstrel literature and against the background of war changes and cultural diagnoses. This perspective makes it possible to perceive Leśmian not only as an insightful diagnostician, who is familiar with philosophical-cultural issues (which has been proved by researchers), but also a critic of contemporary times and change initiator, who was able to recognise his own situation and literary identity against a broad sociological-cultural background, and took an effort inborder to change his own position andbsome rules which were relevant in the Polish literary field.

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Banderia Prutenorum, czyli poczet chorągwi krzyżackich obalonych piórem Jerzego z Krakowa

Author(s): Roman Mazurkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The paper is dedicated to the volume of poems by Jerzy Harasymowicz, entitled 'Banderia Prutenorum' (1976). The author explores the dependence of this volume on a work of the same title, which was released in mid-15th century through the initiative of Jan Długosz. The medieval manuscript contains illustrations and short descriptions of 56 Teutonic flags captured by Polish troops in the battle of Grunwald (1410). The author of these pictures was Stanisław Durink, while the descriptions were made by Jan Długosz, among other authors. Using the illustrations of Teutonic flags from the medieval model, Harasymowicz added his own poems, showing in bad light particular troops (flags) of the Teutonic Order, as well as their great defeat in the battle against Polish-Lithuanian forces. The author of the paper analyses the ideological-persuasive meaning of these poems, as well as their language and depiction.

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Historia sarmatica w poezji Jerzego Harasymowicza (prolegomena)

Author(s): Piotr Borek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The paper is dedicated to recognising Sarmatian motifs in poetic collections of Jerzy Harasymowicz. The analysis of selected works proves that the poet had an excellent preparation for interpreting old literature. Poems written by Harasymowicz are the evidence of both his familiarity with aesthetic conventions of the Baroque period and his knowledge of historical themes of the 17th century. Historism was treated by the writer as a reservoir of motifs and characters, which were a point of reference for the diagnosis of the current political situation in the 70s of the last century.

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Lisowczycy, czyli Harasymowicz i mielizny poznania poetyckiego

Author(s): Dawid Kopa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The following paper is dedicated to the work by Jerzy Harasymowicz: 'Lisowczycy czyli rozpędzona korona polska czyli pułkownik Lisowski lub o nim summa zachwytów i krytyk gorących bezstronnego świadka ze siebie i z historii pełnymi garściami brane na co słowo poetyckie daje skromny sługa pióra rymopis'. It is set against the background of the stages of the poet’s creative work. It is placed in a broad context of social processes which took place in Poland in the second half of the 20th century. The author takes a stand in the discussion on the methods of poetic cognition. He makes an updated interpretation of historical references found in Harasymowicz’s work.

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NJOHJA E ATË GJERGJ FISHTËS NË ARKIVIN E INSTITUTIT TË GJUHËSISË DHE LETËRSISË PRANË AKADEMISË SË STUDIMEVE ALBANOLOGJIKE, TIRANË

Author(s): Rovena Mikeli (Vata) / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 1-2/2022

Gjergj Fishta was a Franciscan friar, teacher, writer, translator, playwright, poet, chairman of the Commission for drafting the Albanian alphabet in the Congress of Manastir, member of Albanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on 1919, diplomat and envoy in the Balkan Conferences during the years ‘1930, etc. Given the great poetic, cultural and political baggage of Fishta, whose works had been banned by communist dictatorship during 1945-1990 in Albania, this article aims to elaborate the role of archival data as evidence of cultural and historical heritage in relation to the content and management of Gjergj Fishta’s archival fond. By other words, the primary sources (manuscripts) deriving from his diplomatic activities, insights into world literature and literary translation, features of oral and aesthetic literature and aspects of musicology - are just some of many elements of the fond - and these elements will be elaborated from the perspective of their role in Albanian opinion and their impact on Albanian culture and history. A special treatment will be given to the comparison of archive fond management during the communist period and the period after it, as well as the perspective of preserving and making available these materials to the Albanian public.

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Percepcija i komunikacija Travničana u djelu Ive Andrića Travnička kronika

Author(s): Nela Ćosić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 129-130/2023

Ivo Andrić u svojim djelima naglašava čovjeka kao biće sa svim manama i vrlinama koji ga čine čovjekom. Prikazuje zlo, ljudske nagone, nemirnu savjest, izopačenosti ostale pojave koje utječu na čovjeka i njegovo ponašanje. U najpoznatijem Andrićevu povijesnom djelu Travnička kronika do izražaja dolazi obični travnički život, pomutnja nastala dolaskom stranaca te neprihvaćanje istih. Također, prikazan je i pogled stranaca na život u Travniku u doba Osmanskog Carstva. Andrić turskim uzrečicama, smiješnim poštapalicama i anegdotama, čitatelju pokušava dočarati suživot muslimana, kršćana i Židova u Travniku za vrijeme Drugoga svjetskog rata. Prikazana je važnost komunikacije, pregovaranja, slušanja i osluškivanja pozadine između političkih subjekata tijekom ratnog vremena te posljedice prilikom komplikacije istih. Uz verbalnu, istaknuta je i neverbalna komunikacija kojom su tadašnji Travničani pokazivali brojne reakcije poput negodovanja, žalosti, bijesa. Travnička kronika djelo je bogato etnološkim, kulturno-povijesnim, tradicijskim i ostalim vrijednostima koje je Andrić odlično prikazao kroz brojne likove, a posebice glavne likove, austrijskog i francuskog konzula.

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Meaning-generating mechanisms and the semiosphere: Towards the semiotics of modern apocrypha

Author(s): Małgorzata Jankowska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Both ancient and modern apocrypha have already been widely dis-cussed in various fields of academic research, for example in religious, biblical or literary studies. Although such analyses say much about the historical and religious background of apocryphal writings and enable us to discover the depth of the symbolic resources used in such texts, they do not fully reveal the cultural impact of the canon. That is why a broader cultural analysis of both the canon and the apocrypha should be based on different methods of research, such as those that are offered by cultural semiotics. From the standpoint of Lotmanian semiotics modern apocrypha may be viewed as examples of the working of culture. They can be regarded as e.g. creative translation of the canon, tools of cultural autocommunication, memory devices, and meaning-generating mechanisms which dynamize the semiosphere. Semiotic analysis underlines the cultural impact of the canon not only as a set of sacred writings but also as a kind of a “cultural code”. The canon as a paradigmatic cultural text (in Aleida Assmann’s sense) is a powerful meaning-generating mechanism in which a huge number of texts intertextually relate to one another. In such relations hypertexts point out the symbolic (often archaic) nucleus of culture (thus they illustrate the statics of the semiosphere), at the same time describing and/or provoking some cultural changes (due to which they correspond with the dynamic nature of the semiosphere).

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„Ozdobiona wszelkimi cnotami” cesarska siostra Pulcheria i „roztropna” cesarzowa Atenais-Eudocja – co o epoce Teodozjusza II wiedzieli Słowianie prawosławni w średniowieczu?

Author(s): Zofia A. Brzozowska,Mirosław J. Leszka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 87/2023

The image of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-fifth century and the perception of its rulers in the Old Rus’ writing was formed on the basis of the Orthodox Slavonic translations created in the Balkans of the works of three Byzantine historians: John Malalas (sixth century), George the Monk called Hamartolos (ninth century), and Constantine Manasses (twelfth century). The use of their accounts by the authors of chronicles, even in the second half of the 16th century, testifies to the exceptional longevity of Byzantine hi-storiography and the peculiar timelessness of the works of the aforementioned historians. It should be noted, however, that Pulcheria, Theodosius II, Athenais-Eudocia and Marcian did not only attract the attention of Old Rus’ historiographers as persons with real influen-ce on the course of events in the past. Orthodox Slavs of the late Middle Ages viewed the mid-fifth century primarily as the era of the great disputes over the nature of Christ, culmi-nating in the convening of the ecumenical councils of Ephesus (431) and Chalcedon (451). Some of the emperors and empresses involved in the theological controversies of their time were venerated as saints in the realm of Slavia Orthodoxa. Analysis of the Old Rus’ chronicles from the 14th-16th centuries allows us to assume that hagiography influenced the creation of the images of such figures in historiography. In order to reconstruct the overall image of Pulcheria and Athenais-Eudokia in Old Rus’ literature, it would therefore be necessary to examine the hagiographic texts dedicated to them.

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Kto oni są?” Propaganda antysowiecka w niemieckich broszurach polskojęzycznych z okresu II wojny światowej

Author(s): Wojciech Grott / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

After 22 June 1941, the German occupier launched an anti-communist propaganda campaign on the Polish lands. The tool for its implementation became, among others, brochures written in Polish, portraying the Soviet Union as a country threatening European civilisation and wishing to destroy Polishness. For this reason, much space was devoted to the Soviet-occupied eastern Polish areas, showing the brutality of everyday life under Soviet rule.

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