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Wpływ białoruskiej presji migracyjnej w 2021 r. na bezpieczeństwo Polski. Między kryzysem humanitarnym a dezinformacją

Author(s): Grzegorz Baziur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of this article is to discuss the impact of the so-called the “migration crisis” on the Polish-Belarusian border in the second half of 2021 on the security of Poland. The text describes the attitude of Poland, Lithuania and Latvia to these events, the humanitarian crisis on the border and the attitude of the Polish authorities towards this situation, as well as the disinformation carried out against Poland and the Baltic states by the Belarusian regime, with the support of the Russian authorities. Conclusions: 1. The Belarusian migration pressure was a hybrid aggression aimed at weakening the eastern flank of the European Union and NATO. 2. Belarusian actions led to a huge humanitarian crisis, violations of human rights by the Belarusian services, as well as by the attacked countries, which, while defending their borders, acted under strong psychological and emotional pressure. 3. The introduction of the state of emergency in order to protect the border and secure the activities of the services was appropriate, but it made it much more difficult to provide help by volunteers and communicate reliable information from the area of operations.

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Expatriation and permanent emigration intention among youth in Azerbaijan

Author(s): Khatai Aliyev,Aysu Abbasova,Royala Alishzada,Alsu Jafarova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

What are the major factors affecting Azerbaijani youth to boost their motivation for emigration? The research explores a complex interplay of possible factors that shape the temporary and permanent emigration intentions among Azerbaijani youth, using a survey of 1085 respondents aged 17 to 35 (47% males,53% females). According to the study, youth’s emigration intention in Azerbaijan should be concerning, as more than half are willing to leave the country permanently. More and more young individuals dream of moving abroad since they attract to the allure of higher earnings, higher standards of living, and many other factors. Social and environmental factors, such as the quest for personal freedom, satisfaction from ecological conditions, marital status, family ties, and age factor are the strongest contributors to youth’s expatriate motivation. Besides,almost all life domains significantly influence the permanent emigration intentions of youth. To sum it up, this research sheds light on the considerations of Azerbaijani youth and provides insights into the factors that drive or hindere migration. The study concludes that to prevent youth emigration, policymakers in Azerbaijan must address the root causes of emigration. Research findings offer a unique perspective for policymakers to design a migration policy to help retain young talent.

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Wjazd i pobyt Ukraińców w Unii Europejskiej w obliczu konfliktu zbrojnego od lutego 2022 roku – aspekty prawne ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przypadku Polski

Author(s): Agata Szwed / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47 (1)/2024

The aim of this article is to present international law regulations (including EU laws) on Ukrainians’ entry to and stay in Poland in the face of the outbreak of the armed conflict in Ukraine on 20 February 2022. The analysis covers acts of international law, with a particular focus on acts of EU law which are relevant to Ukraine’s situation today and its consequences for Poland. De lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions are drawn that will ensure even more effective protection of persons who flee the armed conflict currently going on in Ukraine and who seek protection in Poland. The methodology applied in the research coverds two basic methods typical to law studies - an analysis of the law in force and legal comparison, also aided by the statistical method.

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„Naprawdę tęsknię za moim domem. Tam wszystko jest zrobione własnymi rękoma [...] wszystko będzie musiało zostać odnowione”. Radzenie sobie w kryzysie oczami wojennych uchodźczyń z Ukrainy (perspektywa wielodyscyplinarna)

Author(s): Inga B. Kuźma,Emilia Pach,Tatiana Danilova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2023

This paper examines the interviews with four Ukrainian women – war refugees, who came to Poland after February 24, 2022 (two of them were reinterviewed after a year of their stay in Poland). The authors were interested in the description of the crisis in which the respondents found themselves, as well as in their presentation of coping with crisis, thus, “coping with crisis” became the main interpretive category. The research aims to reveal the self-image of the women refugees and identify changes that have taken place in 2022 and 2023 (including the perception of themselves, war context, and living conditions to which they have adapted after fleeing). The authors used the multidisciplinary theoretical approach because, in addition to psychological concepts related to the main interpretative category, the reflection was based on the cultural anthropology of emotions, the anthropology of experience, as well as on the ethics of care, and autoethnography.

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„Niech Was Bóg ma w swojej opiece i doda sił do przetrwania”1. Źródła epistolarne z Archiwum Centrum Dokumentacji Zsyłek, Wypędzeń i Przesiedleń UP jako materiał do badań losów polskich Sybiraków

Author(s): Anna Hejczyk‑Gołąb / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2023

The Archive of the Centre for Documentation of Deportations, Expulsions and Resettlement of the Pedagogical University of Kraków collects the records concerning the broadly defined forced migrations of the Polish citizens. Most of these records do not have an institutional character but are rather linked to particular individuals or families affected by the deportations, expulsions and resettlements. The largest part of the records concerns the so called Polish ‘Sybiraks’, or deportees to Siberia, including the epistolary materials, which, based on their external form, can be divided into three groups: letters, postcards and secret messages smuggled in or out of prisons. In the first place, these sources are the evidence and confirmation that particular individuals were deported to the Soviet Union. Furthermore, they allow us to trace the way the Sybiraks moved, and to re veal their fortunes at different times and places: from the interwar period and life at the ‘Kresy’ (Eastern Borderlands) of the Second Polish Republic, through the exile in the Soviet Union, their rescue and life at the Polish settlements in Africa, India and New Zealand, to the arrival and life in the United Kingdom or Poland. In addition, these records provide us with some information on the realities of their everyday life, conditions of existence and social relations in the different settings. Lastly, the sources might contribute to the analysis of the attitudes and behaviour of the Polish deportees in emergency situations.

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Instytucjonalizacja życia słowackich emigrantów w USA na przykładzie Ligi Słowackiej w Ameryce (1907–1918)

Author(s): Michał Rozenberg / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2023

This article aims to show the Slovak League in America as an example of the process of institutionalizing the life of Slovak expatriates in the United States. I ask to what extent the Slovak League in America can be considered a leading institution among the Slovak diaspora, as well as what activities undertaken by the League testify to this dominant position. I trace the most important events in which the Slovak League in America participated in the period from its inception in 1907 to 1918, revealing the involvement of League members as well as the problems faced by representatives of the organization.

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INFLUENCE OF THE UKRAINIAN REFUGEES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOTEL AND RESTAURANT BUSINESS IN THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

Author(s): Olha Vladymyr / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The Russian aggression against Ukraine has had a significant negative impact on both socio-economic and humanitarian indicators within Ukraine and within Europe. Therefore, the study of the impact of Ukrainian refugees on the development of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe is an urgent problem. Scientific publications on the trends of migration flows of refugees from Ukraine reflect not only the negative impact of these processes, but also outline positive economic changes in the host countries. The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of Ukrainian refugee flows on the development of the hotel, restaurant and tourism business in Central and Eastern Europe in order to determine the role of refugees in the development of the housing market in the host countries. The article presents the results of using the methodology of a questionnaire survey of Ukrainian refugees and owners of hotels and hostels from host countries. The survey helped to identify the main items of expenditure of Ukrainian refugees, as well as the sources of their coverage. It was found that Ukrainians spent not only the aid allocated to them by the host government, but also their savings from their own bank cards. Thus, the study confirms the positive impact of the sudden increase in refugee flows on the development of the accommodation and catering industry.

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Pielgrzym czy wygnaniec? Poszukiwanie tożsamości ludzi wykorzenionych

Author(s): Romuald Naruniec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2012

A search for identity by ‘the uprooted’, people forced into exile as a result of post-World War II changes in Europe, is a very frequent theme in the 20th century literature. An exile is a perennial wanderer, with no place of his own. The article focuses on the issues of exile, uprooting and a search for new identity, analysing selected works of a German writer Herta Müller; Polish writers: Inga Iwasiów, Stefan Chwin, Tadeusz Konwicki, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Żakiewicz and poets from Vilnius: Romuald Mieczkowski and Henryk Mażul. In her works, Herta Müller deals with a totalitarian state, showing a man trapped in the repressive system. Her protagonists are usually weak and lose against their oppressors. Confronting the past risks bringing back old demons, dangerous emotions and distressing events. The brutality of Müller’s prose lies not only in the depiction of how individuals are uprooted but also how they ‘uproot themselves’. Their lives are a struggle for survival, the latter frequently at the expense of renouncing on their identity, friendship and love. Polish writers (Iwasiów, Chwin, Konwicki, Miłosz, Żakiewicz) present the lot and different life stories of people uprooted after the World War II, without, however, depriving them of their unique personalities and positive features. Forcefully repatriated, fleeing compulsory relocations to Siberia, Polish exiles from the Eastern Borderlands, the territory annexed by the Soviet Union, found a new homeland in Poland, albeit not without initial problems. The memory of their origins, which they retain, accounts for their dual identity. Such duality characterises also the poets form Vilnius (Mieczkowski, Mażul) who write in Polish. Polishness and the Polish culture are constantly present in their works, irrespective of where they live.

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Woman, Mother, Polish Woman. The Evolution of Attitudes of Polish Women in Sweden 1945–1989 from the Emigrant Perspective

Author(s): Arnold Kłonczyński / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2023

Polish emigration after 1945 Polish emigrant communities scattered around the world have been usually dominated by men. The Polish diaspora in Sweden was exceptional, for in the years 1945–1989 the majority was made up of women. In 1945, they constituted 90% of the community. The next four waves of emigration resulted in an influx of women who tried to define their role in a new reality of emigration. The high number of women in the Polish immigrant community continued and in 1980 they constituted 62% of this community. The clash with new economic conditions, sometimes social declassing, resulted in the redefinition of female ness, a reconstruction of the way of evaluating one’s role in the family and the émigré community, expressed in specific attitudes towards the challenges that each day brought. The aim of the article is to attempt to answer the question as to how the representatives of the various Polish waves of emigration to Sweden related to the characteristics that were supposed to be exhibited by Polish women in emigration and the tasks that resulted from the values adopted and cultivated. Drawing on an analysis of memoirs, journalistic materials published in the émigré Polish press in Sweden, and archival documents, I note that Polish women living in exile in Sweden continued their education and quickly took up work, thanks to which they did not create closed environments. Even the women who came from concentration camps in 1945 and decided to live permanently in Sweden, had to cope quickly with war trauma. They got married, started families and, to a lesser extent, participated in the national life of the Polish diaspora. Those women who were wives of émigré activists or were strongly connected with the Polish government in exile undertook various actions related to preserving Polish culture, established schools for children, organized celebrations of various holidays, etc. Each representative of successive waves of emigration acted in a similar way. Often the need to build a material existence in a new country was more important than participation in the life of the Polish community, which in any case was not attractive to them. Family ties were most important, because they strengthened all family members during the difficult period of acclimatization in the new environment. They were involved in crisis situations, for example, by organizing charity aid in periods when strikes broke out in Poland. Polish women in exile were strongly influenced by their Swedish environment and, if possible, took up professional careers. They were often more independent than women living in Poland. Polish women in exile in Sweden represented very different values. This was due to the reasons for emigration and the period in which they left for Sweden and started a new life there, but they often tried to cultivate patriotic values, which involved raising children in an atmosphere of Polish culture and tradition, and, through charity events, helping those who stayed in Poland and needed aid.

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Ekonomska sigurnost osoba s odobrenom međunarodnom zaštitom u Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Senada Šelo Šabić,Emina Bužinkić,Hrvoje Butković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/2023

This article analyzes the position of persons with granted international protection (recognized refugees) with reference to the experience of their employment or the acquisition of economic security. Economic security and independence are the prerequisite and foundation for successful integration of recognized refugees into society. Nevertheless, despite the possibilities foreseen by law, scarce employment and insufficient economic security of persons with granted international protection are among the key problems regarding their integration. This article consists of an overview of relevant literature in the field of refugee employment, a case study of the integration program of a non-governmental organization, and recommendations regarding the improvement of the refugee employment policy, as well as a contribution to the debate on the adoption of immigration policy with an emphasis on socioeconomic rights and opportunities for quality integration of refugees and migrants.

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Study of the Impact of War Migration of the Population on the Ukrainian and European Labour Market

Author(s): Vitalii Rybchak,Nataliia Verniuk,Inna Novak,Yuliia Fernos / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Research background: The Russian-Ukrainian war has become a significant factor that has prompted millions of Ukrainian citizens to migrate in search of safety. The demographic situation in Ukraine is deteriorating in both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The mentioned changes are impacting the domestic and European labour markets. Purpose: The article examines the consequences of war migration of the population for domestic and European labour markets. Research methodology: The study covers the period between 2013 and 2023. Empirical research methods were use in the article: observation, comparison, generalization, forecasting. Results: Ukrainian migrants presently comprise approximately 1% of the population in European Union countries and represent 15% of Ukraine’s overall demographic composition. The prevailing inclination among the majority of these migrants is not to return to Ukraine in the immediate future, with the principal determinant being identified as the prevailing sense of peril. Notably, within the age structure of Ukrainian migrants, a significant 81.2% fall within the economically productive age bracket of 18-49 years. This demographic composition sets the stage for a positive economic effect within the European Union, while concurrently engendering adverse repercussions for the domestic labour market in Ukraine. Novelty: A three-year projection regarding the migration volumes of Ukrainians to the European Union has been delineated. Drawing upon post-war reconstruction experiences worldwide and taking into account the critical demographic landscape in Ukraine, a proposition has been put forth to synergize efforts among the government, international organizations, and donors. This collaborative endeavour seeks to establish a financial fund, wherein resources will be allocated towards the formulation of recommendations and the subsequent design and implementation of programs aimed at the restoration of the domestic labour market.

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Fiasko reformy polityki imigracyjnej, kontroli granic zewnętrznych oraz polityki azylowej Unii Europejskiej w latach 2015-2020

Author(s): Janusz Józef Węc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 87/2023

The primary research objective of the article is to evaluate the reform of the immigration, external border control and asylum policy of the European Union between 2015 and 2020. The author formulates two research hypotheses. The first is based on the assumption that the legislative packages presented by the European Commission in 2015-2016 and then in 2018 have almost completely failed. The second hypothesis is that the idea of establishing a permanent resettlement mechanism as a means to overcome the migration crisis in the Union in 2015-2016 and address the future migration challenges of the EU has generally failed. Instead, the EU’s temporary resettlement mechanisms in place between 2015 and 2017 and the 1:1 resettlement mechanism between the EU and Turkey introduced in 2016 have worked well. The author then formulates two research questions: firstly, why have the legislative acts of the European Commission largely failed?; and secondly, why has the temporary relocation of asylum seekers in the EU generally been successful?

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Remote grieving How Belarusian refugees face the death of someone close

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Remote grieving How Belarusian refugees face the death of someone close

Author(s): Darya Grishchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02 (59)/2024

The number of Belarusians in exile continues to grow following the crackdowns and repressions after the falsified elections in 2020. Most of those who leave cannot return until a major change in Belarus. As seen in the experiences of three young Belarusian activists, the emotional toll can sometimes be a high price to pay following the decision to escape.

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Stany Zjednoczone 2023: podzielona Ameryka w coraz bardziej podzielonym świecie

Author(s): Aleksandra Jarczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2024

“Bringing America together” was the primary focus of Joe Biden’s 2021 inaugural address. Meanwhile, in his third year in office, the internal politics became increasingly strained, with restoring unity remaining a hazy campaign promise. Domestic challenges included numerous disputes in Congress and a legislative gridlock, followed by reciprocal claims of abuses and suspected law violations by the Joe Biden and Donald Trump teams. The lack of consensus has resulted in an overall slowdown and ineffectiveness of political processes. Even the initially undisputed assistance to Ukraine (later also aid to Israel in response to the Hamas attack) became a political obstacle. The US foreign policy, meant to restore US reputation and global credibility, likewise failed to generate spectacular results. The initial mobilization of the US and the West around the Ukrainian crisis has faded. Also, the Ukrainians’ reluctance to push back against Russia fuelled a broader dissatisfaction of the US and its allies. Furthermore, the Hamas attack on Israel, in the second half of the year, and the Israeli retaliation merely worsened the situation in the Middle East. The US relations with China and Russia remained extremely tense. Additionally, strengthening ties between the so-called “rest” countries, marked by the expansion of BRICS, presented an additional challenge to US diplomacy.

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СТРАТЕГИЯТА НА ЕС ЗА СЪЮЗ НА СИГУРНОСТ (2020 – 2025 г.) И НОВИТЕ ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВА

Author(s): Irena Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The EU Security Union Strategy (2020 – 2025) analyses the threats for the security of the European union at the moment of its elaboration and adoption: the problems of the cybersecurity, the hybrid attacks, the terrorism and radicalization, the organized crime and other. The Strategy does not foreseeing a war on the territory of Europe, the followed wave of displaced persons from Ukraine, as well the other resulting of this event threats for the security. The paper is focused on these news threats and challenges.

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Twórczość komiksowa uchodźców ukraińskich w edukacji na rzecz transkulturowości w klasach I–III – pilotażowa koncepcja pracy

Author(s): Kinga Lisowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article presents a pilot concept of using comic books work of Ukrainian youth – war refugees in the field of work for transculturalism in grades I–III. It is an attempt to take a different look at educational activities in the perspective of dynamically changing cultural structures of European and world societies. The presented assumptions thus answer the question: how can the comic books of Ukrainian youth be used to create a pilot concept of work in the field of education for transculturalism in grades I–III and to develop the right concept of work in further scientific activities (supported by an appropriate research procedure)? Two methods of data collection were adopted in the research: a case study of young female refugee comic book authors using a problem-focused interview; analysis of the content of the comic book, which was used in the creation of a pilot concept of work for transculturalism. The article also focuses on the theoretical assumptions of the phenomenon of transculturalism itself. The comic books of Ukrainian youth can be an excellent source of work in the field of transculturalism, which should be implemented in the school space based on regional and intercultural education already functioning in the education system. The way to move away from the native – closed cultural structure and open it on the periphery to what is new/different/valuable. The pilot concept of work should be implemented in the educational environment of grades I–III and its assumptions should be checked on this ground. This will allow you to develop and implement the right concept of work.

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TEMPORARY PROTECTION OF PERSONS DISPLACED FROM UKRAINE: BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION AND MIGRATION MANAGEMENT IN THE EU

Author(s): Janja Simentić Popović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The armed conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine has profoundly impacted the lives of people in these countries, particularly in Ukraine. Due to the conflict, nearly 8 million individuals have been displaced from Ukraine, a statistic reported by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2023. These displaced persons have sought refuge in various regions, notably within EU and Western Balkan countries. In response to the massive influx of people from Ukraine, the EU activated the temporary protection mechanism for the first time. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the temporary protection provided to displaced persons from Ukraine represents an appropriate form of international protection or is rather an instrument by which states tried to manage the large migratory flow that followed as a result of the conflict. While acknowledging the critical role of temporary protection in safeguarding individuals affected by armed conflict, we propose that its activation was primarily driven by interests related to managing migration flows. To support this claim, we will examine the following aspects: the political nature and influence in the activation of temporary protection; the potential for temporary protection to obscure the diverse needs of those fleeing Ukraine thereby impacting their legal status determination; and the impending expiration of temporary protection, along with the lack of a publicly discussed adequate exit strategy by EU, and subsequently Serbia, which risks leaving those under temporary protection in a state of legal uncertainty.

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PRZEMIANY SYSTEMU ZARZĄDZANIA KRYZYSOWEGO W POLSCE W OBLICZU WOJNY NA UKRAINIE W ŚWIETLE UREGULOWAŃ PRAWNYCH

Author(s): Grzegorz Wilk-Jakubowski,Radosław Harabin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2024

The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformations of the crisis management system, which were introduced in the wake of the refugee crisis as a consequence of the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022. Legal acts modifying the abovementioned system will be analyzed. The new legal solution of orders issued by the Prime Minister, ministers, as well as governors will be presented. Then examples of their use to ensure efficient implementation of crisis management tasks will be presented. The article takes into account the legal status as of February 25, 2023.

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Sovietization and Violence. The Case of Estonia

Author(s): Bradley Woodworth / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Review of: Sovietisation and Violence. The Case of Estonia. Hrsg. von Meelis Saueauk und Toomas Hiio. (Proceedings of the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory, Bd. 1.) University of Tartu Press. Tartu 2018. 335 S., Tab. ISBN 978-9949-77-824-9. ($ 19,95.) Toimik „Priboi“. Artikleid ja dokumente 1949. aasta märtsiküüditamisest [The File on Operation „Priboi“. Articles and Documents on the Deportations of March 1949]. Hrsg. von Meelis Saueauk und Meelis Maripuu. (Proceedings of the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory, Bd. 2.) University of Tartu Press. Tartu 2019. 534 S., Ill., Kt., Tab. ISBN 978-9949-9687-1-8. (€ 16,–.) Propaganda, Immigration, and Monuments. Perspectives on Methods Used to Entrench Soviet Power in Estonia in the 1950s–1980s. Hrsg. von Meelis Saueauk und Meelis Maripuu. (Proceedings of the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory, Bd. 3). University of Tartu Press. Tartu 2021. 280 S., Ill., Tab. ISBN 978-9949-9687-6-3. (€ 16,–.)

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Striving for Futures Past. Citizenship, Memory, and Central Asia-Russia Migration

Author(s): Mariana Irby / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In previous decades, migration from the former Soviet republics in Central Asia has made Russia one of the top migrant-receiving countries in the world. As these mobilities exist within the boundaries of what was once one state, Central Asian migrant communities thus exist as ’diasporas‘ within the territory of a country in which they once held citizenship. For Central Asians, this marked a shift from fellow passport-holders to racially marked ’guest workers‘ in Russia, vulnerable to discrimination and exploitation. This article focuses on how the dislocations of migration – particularly the precarity produced by both experiences of racialisation in Russia and the instability of the contemporary remittance-dependent economy in Tajikistan – shape the meanings and sentiments ascribed to the Soviet past. I draw from 18 months of multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork between Russia and Tajikistan, one of the major sources of migrant labour to Russia and one of the most remittance-dependent economies in the world. I ethnographically explore nostalgia for a common framework of Soviet citizenship, or the nostalgic perception of a trajectory of progress towards interethnic harmony. Bridging anthropological literature on nostalgia and citizenship with recent theorisations of the role of affect in politics, I illustrate the lingering potentialities of bygone frameworks of citizenship with regard to notions of belonging. By focusing on the role of nostalgia, I argue for an ethnographically-grounded understanding of citizenship that attends to the embodied afterlives of political shifts and subsequent reconfigurations of belonging.

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