We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Review of: Agata Domochowska - Anna Mazurkiewicz, Uchodźcy polityczni z Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej… w amerykańskiej polityce zimnowojennej 1948–1954, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Uniwersytet Gdański, Warszawa–Gdańsk 2016, ss. 544
More...
Review of: Mariusz Dzięglewski - Wszyscy jesteśmy migrantami. (Od)zyskiwanie migracyjnej pamięci, (red.) Natalia Bloch, Centrum Kultury ZAMEK, Poznań 2016, ss. 346
More...
Since Spain became a member of the European Union (at the time still the “European Community”) on 1 January 1986, it has experienced, in terms of migration, the most profound transformations in its contemporary history, turning from a country of emigration into a country accepting immigrants. Although since the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2008, the number of immigrants has begun dropping, between 1990 and 2010, Spain recorded the greatest inflow of immigrants since the Middle Ages; their percentage in this period grew from 2% to over 13% of Spain’s total population. This means relatively the highest increase in the immigration population among all member countries of the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in that period. One of the largest groups of immigrants arriving in Spain was formed by people from Latin America, in 2009 constituting 31.7% of all foreigners settling there. The vast increase in Latin American immigration to Spain was caused by a number of various factors: political crisis in the countries of that region, absence of visa requirements upon entry to Spain for citizens of many of these countries, restrictive immigration policy of other accepting countries, as well as economic growth of Spain lasting until the Great Recession in 2008.
More...
Labour emigration from Galicia to France between 1908 and 1914 represents an initial and little-researched phase of the emigration movement of the fi rst half of the 20th century. Letters from peasants wishing to go to France are an important research source for this issue. This article is part of preparations for a planned source publication of letters to the envoy to the Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia, Wiktor Skołyszewski, from Galician peasants and workers wishing to go to work in France in the early 20th century. The issues are presented in the context of the state of research on the subject of labour emigration, mainly from Galicia.
More...
Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in February 2022 caused Europe’s largest influx of war refugees to the European Union after World War II. This is unprecedented in many aspects, covering primarily the Central and Eastern Europe, which historically have been countries of emigration rather than migration. Against this background, grassroots initiatives and civic actions taken in Poland, local government bodies, state authorities, as well as the Catholic Church are considered. The key challenges and problems in supporting migrants from Ukraine are interpreted in terms of the theory of resource mobilization and the concept of “new social movements”
More...
This article analyses France’s foreign policy towards Africa from a realist perspective. It identifies how this policy creates a state of inequality in terms of Franco-African relations through the Francafrique system and how the long-term policy’s consequences have led to negative impacts on the European Union’s External Migration Policy towards the world’s poorest continent. This inequality in terms of Franco-African relations is explained from the perspective of other theories including the Dependency theory and Capital System that highlight inequality between the Global South and the Western world. As a result, it is highly important to examine the volumes of illegal migrant flows to the European territories crossing the Mediterranean Sea from the Sahel and Sub-Saharan Francophone countries to understand how the EU’s External Migration Policy is impacted by the foreign policy adopted by one of the most powerful players in the international system and EU’s member states towards Africa.
More...
The review considers the monograph by P. N. Bazanov “The Tsar and the Soviets: Russian emigration in the struggle for Russian statehood: political and publishing activities”. Petr Nikolaevich Bazanov is the author of several hundred publications on the history of Russian emigration of the XX century, Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Culture. The monograph under review is the logical conclusion of a series of publications devoted to the post-revolutionary movements of the Russian emigration and their publishing activities in the 1920s-1930s in Europe. The classification of post-revolutionary organizations is based on the principle of ideological views and attitudes towards Soviet power. The book shows the process of formation of such organizations as Smenovekhists, post-revolutionaries, Young Russians. Much attention is paid to the periodicals of post-revolutionary organizations in the monograph. They were the mouthpiece of the movements, reflecting their ideological views and spreading ideas among the emigrants. A feature of the work was the detailed and informative section “Notes”, which, in terms of content and completeness, claims to be a separate chapter. Extensive biographical information and references to sources and literature leave the most favorable impression of the work. Another positive feature of the book is a carefully designed scientific reference apparatus. The problem of the relationship of the studied movements to the impending world war is especially noted. The author fits each movement into a historical context, showing the attitude towards fascism, and in general gives an assessment to which position of defencism or defeatism the members of the organizations under study gravitated. The monograph is replete with interesting materials from the Archive of the Russian Diaspora of the Cultural Center of the House-Museum of Marina Tsvetaeva, the Archive of the Office of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for St. Russian Diaspora of the Russian National Library, Department of Russian Abroad Funds of the State Public Library, Russian State Military Archive, Manuscript Department of the Institute of Russian Literature, V. S. Obolensky, which were little known to readers. It is also organically complemented by a list of sources and references, a detailed name index, which greatly facilitates the work with a scientific publication. The importance and usefulness of the monograph under review is beyond doubt.
More...
The article is devoted to modern Russian historiography of the problem of the “second wave” of emigration from the USSR. The author characterizes the “politics of memory” in the Russian Federation, connected with the theme of emigration from our country in the 20th century. Analyzed undertaken at the beginning of the 21st century attempts to use the phenomenon of the Russian diaspora in the process of constructing a national ideology. At the same time, it is proved that the main attention was paid to the “first wave” of Russian emigration, primarily to the leaders of the White movement who left our country after the end of the Civil War. The problem of the “second wave” of emigration from the Soviet Union, closely connected with the events of the Second World War, often remained “in the background”. The structure of the article corresponds to the main stages of the “epic” that the emigrants of the “second wave” had a chance to go through. The author pays considerable attention to the coverage of the phenomenon of displaced persons (“DP”) in the scientific literature. It is proved that insufficient attention is paid in the Russian literature to the circumstances of everyday life in the European DP camps. Meanwhile, this factor had a significant impact on the moral and psychological atmosphere in the camps and the values of the Soviet displaced persons. The article also describes the coverage in modern scientific literature of the immigration policy of the Western states in relation to “di-pi”, it is shown that the governments of most countries were only interested in the influx of young able-bodied people who could contribute to the development of the national economy. The role of Soviet displaced persons in the political confrontation of the Cold War era is analyzed.
More...
The Balkan Corridor is undergoing changes that reflect the direct impact of macropolitical structures and policies. The main purpose of the conducted analysis of social network public posts is to examine the dominant narratives at the local and EU-levels, as well as the narratives that challenge official exclusionary measures in migration policies. This analysis focuses on how these narratives recognize and present place-based inclusion and exclusion practices through „talking to friends“. Particular attention is given to narratives about safety, security, cleanliness, community. The study, therefore, explored the intersection between spatial and discursive practices. Two simultaneous processes can be observed: openings for new frameworks and new forms of inclusive solidarity; and on the other hand, processes of redefining borders and dividing lines, often accompanied by militarization supported by international funds, help and support programs. These two narratives remain parallel and separate.
More...
The September 11, 2001 attack on the United States by the terrorist groups is no doubt a shocking one which forced the then President George Bush and his administration to vehemently vowed; to carry out a war against terror. Consequently, the United States, partnering with other countries across the globe under the auspices of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), made real, President Bush's vowed and embarked on full-scale military operations against the terrorists. The efforts of the GWOT at suppressing the terrorists notwithstanding, their activities have continued to escalate. In the course of the war against terror, over seven thousand Americans have died, while hundreds of thousands of Iraqis and Afghans have lost their lives. The costs of procuring the war on terror by joint military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan stood between $2 to $4 trillion,apart from material losses that remain unquantifiable. Given the reality on the ground, the study concluded that, although the war against terrorism has achieved some levels of success, however, the purpose of the declaration of war has not been fully realized. The study thus recommends that the underlying causes of terrorism should be, adequately addressed, for the war on terror to be effective. The United States and its allies should also reassesses approaches they have been using against the terrorist groups and adjust the approaches appropriately.
More...
Milorad Dodik uporno poriče bosanstvo srpskog naroda koji živi zajedno s drugim u Bosni te baštini i dijeli svu njenu sudbinu. Cilj takvog poricanja je daljnje razaranje povjerenja u bosanskohercegovačkom društvu i njegovoj državi. A manjkanje tog povjerenja ugrožava i bosanske Srbe u njihovoj egzistencijalnoj potrebi za boljom budućnošću. Brojne su implikacije ideologijskih sadržaja tog poricanja u bosanskohercegovačkoj politici, kulturi i ekonomiji. Jedna od važnih su i njegova nastojanja da izmašta političkog i teološkog neprijatelja koji će pravdati njegove ideologijske slike.
More...
The subject concerning migration has generated a lot of different opinions due to the fact that it is so vast and subjected to constant changes. Taking into account the evolution of policy over time, we must discuss the way present policies are impacting the society from a socio-economic point of view. The United States of America has been for the past centuries one of the most attractive migration destination in the world. This aspect has generated many organizational issues, in different areas of policy-making – political, legislative, socio-economic. In developing the research framework, we try to understand the context driving the harsh reality accompanying the migration crisis. In this sense, this article analyses the socio-political changes that have resulted from the creation or modification of migration laws in the United States over the past century. The comparative analysis is based on the legislative input and the social lessons drawn from the assessing the dire conditions in which migrants found themselves after the adoption of Trump administration’s radical migration policies. Focusing on the contemporary policy developments from two presidential administrations (Trump, Biden), the article considers the obstacles faced by migrants in their quest for the American Dream, given the frequent and often, contradictory changes in legislation.
More...
The Soviet ethnic deportations are regarded as one of the biggest cruelties of the former USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the titular nationalities of the former Soviet republics that became independent were predominant in their own territories. However, the conditions on the side of minorities which were deprived of their own territories such as Meskhetian Turks got worse, and thus they have been exposed to ethnic discrimination and violence. The main focus of this article will be on the historical background of Meskhetian Turks’ deportation as well as their repatriation process to Georgia.
More...
The fast way of life, the intensive flow of information and the comprehensive connection of people and capital with the global market and modern technologies lead to the questioning of the traditional definitions of the concepts of space, place and time in the social sciences, which at the same time makes the classical theories of migration questionable. The issue of “methodological nationalism” has long been discussed and criticized in the literature, as well as Eurocentrism, the dominance of the economic perspective and gender imbalance, recognized as stumbling points in migration research. The main criticisms of classical theories of migration are presented in the paper, as well as new approaches that are born from the attempt to understand the changes brought about by modern society and to overcome the set stumbling points.
More...
Humanitarian efforts during the Second World War have traditionally been divided into two categories: relief and rescue. Rather than discussing relief and rescue separately, this article examines the relationship between these two activities and shows that in practice they were inextricably linked. To reveal the complex balancing act that humanitarians faced between relief and rescue operations, the author focuses on the American Unitarian Association’s (AUA) early efforts at humanitarian relief in Prague. In February 1939, the AUA sent Waitstill and Martha Sharp to Prague as the representatives of the American Committee for Service in Czechoslovakia. Their records reveal that, once on the ground, the Sharps found that relief and rescue activities supported each other in surprising and complicated ways, especially after the Nazi occupation of Bohemia and Moravia. Relief assistance provided especially to Jews and endangered members of the democratically minded intelligentsia endeared voluntary workers to local Czech authorities, granting them greater opportunity to conduct humanitarian efforts, a strategy that the Sharps later used in their work in France in 1940. Humanitarian workers constantly grappled with which activity to prioritize. Although relief frequently greased the wheels of rescue, humanitarians struggled with when and how to offer relief. By focusing on the relationship between relief and rescue, the author sheds light on one of humanitarianism’ senduring challenges: how to navigate internal conflicts about the distribution of aid, while still helping on the ground.
More...
Eight years after the “long summer of migration” in 2015, debates about asylum and migration are still dominating European political discourse. Photojournalistic images of people coming to Europe became engrained into collective memory, underpinning their importance in the securitization of these events. This article explores the visual securitization of migrants in Serbian and Hungarian media in 2015 at the time of the construction of a border fence between both countries. Focus is given to mediatized narratives about gender and its intersections. It shows how discourses construct identities as vulnerable or threatening and how these narratives create realities for migrants.
More...
The study aims at identifying the trends in the permanent migration of the population at the county and primary city levels in Romania. The primary data source for the work is Tempo-online, along with other national and international statistics. Significant changes in the dynamics of migration in Romania are identified based on the studied data. The study notes a significant increase in emigration and permanent immigration, especially in the years post-accession to the EU. On the other hand, Romania seems to be slowly but entirely clearly entering a period of population replenishment in the last five years by attracting significant flows of permanent immigrants, leading to a relatively balanced relationship between emigration and immigration.
More...
Since summer 1919, Galicians, afraid of being persecuted in Poland for their involvement in a struggle for the independent Ukrainian state, were coming to Carpathian Ruthenia. They were seeking employment as teachers mostly, but also in other professions, e. g. as railway or post employees, or state officials. They were relatively successful in the first period, till the beginning of the year 1920, since the state administration was in a state of chaos and in desperate need for educated people with knowledge of the local language. The newcomers soon received their domicile, employment and then the citizenship as well. Later, the Czechoslovak authorities took a more rigorous stance towards the job-seekers. It was influenced by legitimate concerns that the Ukrainians would spread the idea of the Ukrainian Independence and further complicate local national and linguistic disputes. From that point on, foreign nationals could be employed only on contractual basis. Only emigrants with necessary qualification, such as veterinary surgeons and judges, could be excluded from this rule. The concerns of the undesirable impact of emigrants grew, especially after 1923 when Antonín Rozsypal became vice-governor of Carpathian Ruthenia. Approximately from 1925, the authorities started to re-evaluate granting of citizenship in several cases and proceeded to expel those who were deemed “politically unreliable”. The rigorous policy against emigrants in Carpathian Ruthenia aroused discontent among Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia. The representatives of the Ukrainian emigration tried to mitigate this policy of the Czechoslovak government, their initiatives, however, were to no avail. Till the end of the observed period the position of state employees of foreign origin remained unstable in Carpathian Ruthenia.
More...
Migration, as a sociological phenomenon, also requires legal regulation, both national and international, and today, for this reason, there are a number of international conventions that regulate migration issues. During socioeconomic formations, migratory movements have never been spontaneous processes, but they have been prompted by a series of factors, such as: economic security, high unemployment, poverty, violation of human rights, persecution due to political beliefs, discrimination, totalitarian government, armed conflicts, religious conflicts, etc. Migration can be internal and international; the same are distinguished among themselves according to the criteria of territory and state borders. The state territory and the borders of a state that is different from other states, is regulated by international legislation and international law. Regardless of whether we are talking about countries of origin or countries of transit, today all countries face the challenges of migration. Even the Republic of North Macedonia as a transit country has been affected by this global phenomenon, also because of its geographical position which is located on the Balkan-Western route, which is a transit route for entering European countries. Migrants who use this route mainly flee from the wars taking place in the Middle East, who first stop in Turkey or Greece, and then in various ways use the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia as a transit to Serbia or even Albania to passed in the countries of the European Union.
More...
Review of: Monika Wienfort: Katholizismus im Kalten Krieg. Vertriebene in Königstein 1945– 1996. (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Zeitgeschichte. Reihe C, Bd. 4.) Brill Schöningh. Paderborn 2023. VIII, 311 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-506-79538-0. (€ 79,–.)
More...
