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Modern Migration Crisis in Europe and the Role of Diasporas in Combating the Mutual Hostility between Newcomers and Host Society

Author(s): Emilia Alaverdov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Aim. The goal of the paper is to analyse the constantly growing scale of migration and its impact on the European political and social sphere; to show the concern of European politicians and society about the newcomers, which leads to social hostility and unpredictable situations. There is a concern that migrants, being representatives of different cultural environments and religions, will bring social disharmony, raise the crime rate and terrorism in Europe and cause a certain threats to European society. Methods. The basis of the paper are the following research methods – statistical, descriptive and analytical, which represent certain sources: the study courses and books, scientific papers, empirical materials, published on official websites and documents in the field of migration and its policy. Results and conclusion. Modern migration is complicated by the strong emotional reaction and hostile attitude of European society, which has a direct negative impact on the European political situation and society itself. The situation has become even more complex by the fact that the migrants are mostly from Islamic countries with strong religious ideology and cultural roots that create serious obstacles for their integration. Here it is worthy of highlighting the role of Diasporas and their impact on the integrational processes. Cognitive value. It appears that the 21st century has become the era of migration. Thus, the representatives of all social sciences are paying attention to the study of this unusually complex phenomenon. Yet, despite the significant interest of researchers, for politicians, and the civic sector the phenomena of migration still is not studied properly.

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Etniczność jako element założeń programowych Zielonych – Zielonej Alternatywy w Austrii

Author(s): Ewa Godlewska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 04/2020

The Greens -The Green Alternative is a party that until recently was considered marginal. Currently, however, it has become one of the main actors on the political scene in Austria. The aim of the article is to present the group's program assumptions, including aspects such as ethnicity, national minorities, immigration and asylum policy. It is therefore an attempt to introduce less known elements of the program, which, however, have become an integral part of the activities of the Greens in Austria. Thereis a conviction that among the parties present on the Austrian political scene, it is the Greens who are the most sympathetic to national minorities, and advocate a liberal immigration policy. On the basis of the information presented in the article, it will be possible to verify this thesis. The aim of the article is also an attempt to answer the question whether the above slogans contributed to the election successes of the Greens in Austria.One of the methods used in the article was the method of system analysis, which made it possible to study the issues related to national minorities and immigrant communities in Austria within the internal political system. The article also uses a comparative method.

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Perspektívy formovania spoločnej migračnej politiky Európskej únie

Author(s): Matúš Žac / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

The outbreak of the migration crisis in the European Union in 2015 and the mismatch between the European Union's expectations and its ability to solve the problems connected with the migration issue has initiated a process of questioning the legitimacy and confidence in the common European project. Global changes, caused by various factors, have raised security concerns and questions at the national and European levels of how European states should face global challenges and how the European Union should look like. The issue of migration policy has given rise to a dispute between the Member States of the European Union, which has seriously jeopardized the Union's internal political stability, and which persists to this day. The aim of this paper is to propose possible solutions and recommendations in the field of European Union migration policy based on an analysis of European Union measures in the field of migration and on the basis of an analysis of current and future global trends.

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Göç Alanı İçerisinde Yeni Bir Sosyal Grubun Ortaya Çıkışı: Fransa’ya Yakın Dönem Türk Göçü ve Göç Alanında Kurulan İlişkiler

Author(s): Yiğit Rıza Binzet / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

The Turkish presence has been evident in France for almost 50 years now. During this period of half a century, France has witnessed several migratory waves originating from Turkey and these waves varied not only chronologically, but also in terms of ethnicity, sex, age and social positions. Each wave of Turkish migration has brought its specificities and eventually, Turks of France has constructed their own social space. This social space – which is de facto a transnational social space – has its own market, shops, associations, coffee houses but also networks, rules and strategies. Furthermore, since the first quarter of 2010s, as the source country, Turkey has been facing a new migration wave because of sociopolitical and economic problems. This new wave, comprised of highly skilled young Turks, working as white-collars or university students is however different than the previous waves in many ways. In view of these elements, this research is intended to examine relations between Turkish immigrants and new arrivals, as well as the factors influencing these relations. Consequently, the research shows that Turkishness performs as a short life magnet while micro-belongings, religious doctrine or political ideologies are significantly determinant.

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Suriyeli Mültecilerin Antakya’daki Mekânsal Ayrışma Örüntüsünün Haritalanması

Author(s): Deniz Cengiz,Ertuğrul Murat Özgür / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

This article maps the spatial distribution pattern of the Syrian refugees in Antakya city, distinguishes the neighborhoods where they have a high concentration, and seeks traces of ethnic segregation. In the study, dissimilarity, exposure, and location quotient indexes were used for spatial distribution; results obtained from the index calculation performed with the data procured from various agencies on the population of the locals and refugees were visualized in CBS environment. The findings of the study point out the existence of spatial segregation of refugees in Antakya city. The distribution pattern suggests a clustering and centralization trend of the refugees in the city center and their surroundings.

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Beyond symbolic policy making: The Copenhagen School, migration, and the marked-unmarked analogue

Author(s): Sabine Hirschauer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This article problematizes the securitization of migration through symbolic policy discourse. Policy as discourse is not innocent. It creates not only instrumental outcomes, but can also signal deeply ideological and profound, symbolic meanings. This study discusses Germany’s controversial ANKER Center policy as a form of such symbolic signaling. Distinguishing between negative and positive securitization, this article then brings into focus the non-linear, non-fixed, political, and social construction of these two forms of securitization in the context of migration. Framed in part by the author’s ongoing field work with migrant organizations and volunteer groups in southern Germany, this article draws specific attention to a discursive marked-unmarked asymmetry. It then applies the sociologists’ method of ‘marking everything’ as a strategy to ‘write against’ securitization’s negative logic—toward a positive, more inclusive migration agenda.

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IZGUBLJENI U PREVODU – IZRUČENJE KURDA DŽEVDETA AJAZA REPUBLICI TURSKOJ

Author(s): Jasna Mitić,Draško Đurović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2019

Cevdet Ayaz, Kurdish political activist, was arrested at the request of the Turkish judiciary in Serbia on 30 November 2016. In the marathon extradition proceedings, after Serbian appeals court has overruled earlier first-instance court decisions several times, the courts in Serbia found that the legal pre-conditions for his extradition to Turkey were fulfilled. On the same day that the confirming appeals court’s decision was delivered to the first-instance court, the Justice Minister authorized the extradition. Upon arrest, Cevdet Ayaz applied for asylum in the Republic of Serbia, but his request was rejected. In spite of the UN Committee against Torture demand that the extradition be put on temporary hold, and previous decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, in which the Court found that Cevdet Ayaz’s human rights were violated in the proceedings in which he was sentenced to 15 years in prison – and for which the extradition was required – Serbian judicial authorities approved the extradition. After a year he spent in detention pending extradition, Cevdet Ayas was, without legal basis, placed in the Reception Center for Foreigners in Padinska skela, from where he was then extradited to Turkey.

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Collective (Mis)Representation of U.S. Immigration Laws

Author(s): Stephanie Pedron / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

This paper examines historic federal immigration policies that demonstrate how the United States has rendered entire groups of people living inside and outside of its territory as outsiders. Collective representations like the Statue of Liberty suggest that the U.S. is a nation that welcomes all immigrants, when in reality, the U.S. has historically functioned as a “gatekeeper” that excludes specific groups of people at different times. The concurrent existence of disparate beliefs within a society’s collective consciousness influences the public’s views toward citizenship and results in policy outcomes that contrast sharply from the ideal values that many collective representations signify. As restrictive immigration controls are refined, insight into how immigrant exclusion via federal policy has evolved is necessary to minimize future legislative consequences that have the potential to ostracize current and future Americans.

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Effects of Migration Experience on Labour Income in Turkey

Author(s): Selda Dudu / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

The migration experience helps immigrants to improve their skills when working or studying abroad. After returning to the home country, upskilling abroad provides benefits to the returnees in the labour market. Recent studies have found that returnee workers set up their self-employed businesses or work as wage earners in Turkey. This research tests the hypothesis that migration experience means higher wages upon return to Turkey using Turkey's Household Labour Force Survey data from 2009 to 2018. The findings confirm that migration experience has a positive impact on labour income in Turkey. Furthermore, the returnees earn more than the overall wage earners with the same education and skill levels. Additional findings show that women in Turkey earn less than men across all wage earners in the average, but that migration experience does not close the earnings gap between female and male returnees. Nevertheless, highly-educated and upskilled returnees contribute more to the economic growth of Turkey; so, the returnees are labour capital gains to improve the home country economy.

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Nogomet kao sredstvo izgradnje socijalnog kapitala izbjeglica u Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Rahela Jurković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2021

The article is based on the results of cultural-anthropological research conducted from 2017 to 2020 with the aim of shedding light into the meaning of football for the refugees that have arrived in Croatia in the last few years. The meaning of football for refugees and social connections they acquire through it are considered within the Bourdieu's theory of cultural and social capital. The research has indicated that football represents an embodied state of cultural capital as well as important means of building social capital of refugees that allows them not only to be active and enjoy moments of oblivion in the situation of refugeeness, but it also connects them with the society they arrived in as refugees. By playing football refugees make social connections that bring them closer to the receiving society, thus enabling them to understand it better. Such social connections also show refugees how they can move through the new society and make progress within it.

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Securitisation of Migration in the Language of Slovak Far-Right Populism

Author(s): Radoslav Štefančík,Ildikó Némethová,Terézia Seresová / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2021

Although the Slovak Republic is not a country of immigrants, since 2015 the topic of international migration has dominated its political discourse. Due to the migration situation in 2015, Slovak politicians have also begun to use the topic of migration to mobilise their voters. Paradoxically, there are no significant differences among the relevant Slovak political parties on this topic, hence Slovak politicians take a similar approach to the issue of migration. This article focuses on the People's Party Our Slovakia as a leading representative of far-right populism. We intend to explore how Slovak far-right populists articulate the issue of international migration. Our analysis has found that the language of far-right populists reflects a dichotomy of “we/us” (good) vs. “they/them” (evil). Far-right populists emphasise the negative consequences of migration, as they perceive migrants as a threat to national security. In-depth analyses of political texts have revealed that the securitisation of migration by far-right populists has several dimensions. Migrants are perceived as a threat to the economic, political and cultural security of the state.

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Effects of Public Policy Measures on Combating Migration Challenges in Serbia

Author(s): Aleksandar Jakovljević / Language(s): English Issue: 1183/2021

The Global Competitiveness Report 2020 ranks Serbia among the countries worst affected by the brain-drain issue globally. It is estimated that approximately 30 to 50 thousand people migrate each year. The research examines the effects of the adopted policy measure and analyses future measures planned for Serbia. The author focuses on the elimination of push factors, reforming sectors of society that are stimulating outwardmigration and “pull measures”, attracting both the diaspora and foreign citizens to reside in Serbia. The author justifies the initial hypothesis that the issue of circular migration requires a comprehensive approach. Reducing the brain drain problem and fostering repatriation require the simultaneous introduction of public policy proposals that target all key pain points and provide effective results in attracting talented people and supporting the long-term development of Serbia.

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Nuevos escenarios de riesgo para los migrantes de retorno bajo el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en América Latina

Author(s): Sibely Cañedo Cázarez / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2021

This article seeks to understand the practices of aggression and discrimination against migrants in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is not only about dealing with the usual anti-immigrant policies, but now we add the rejection of returning transnational migrants by their own governments. In this way, we analyze these policies that crystallized especially with the arbitrary closing of borders, leaving thousands of Latin American migrants stranded and in uncertainty. Through a qualitative and analytical approach, a documentary review of reports from organizations for the defense of human rights, as well as from the international press, was carried out in the period from March to July 2020, one of the most critical for the migrant population in the region. Especially for Venezuelans, Bolivians and Central Americans trying to return to their countries, after the closure of businesses caused by the coronavirus in the places to which they had migrated. It was found that the action and negligence of the States caused the multiple violation of the human rights of these people, who saw their integrity and their lives endangered, without a legal and ethical basis.

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INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT AS A VECTOR TO COMBAT ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION IN MOZAMBIQUE

Author(s): Zainadine João Danane / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This research intends to understand how an integrated border management can contribute to combat illegal immigration in Mozambique, and the evils that come from this irregular entry, as well as the related crimes associated with it. Taking into account the sad events perpetrated by the terrorists in Cabo - Delgado, which has a participation of foreign citizens, it is assumed that some of these citizens have entered illegally or enticed the border authorities to enter Mozambique through illegal means, therefore, it is interesting to understand how the management and control of borders is carried out. It is important to understand how the Mozambican authorities have managed the phenomenon of illegal immigration, even recognizing that some of the borders are porous. The permanent articulation with the various forces involved in border control, in ways that each one of them appropriates illegal immigration, may be the horizon to follow, so that there is no violation of borders, preserving national sovereignty, as efficiency and the effectiveness of the different sectors involved in the border process, can be achieved as long as the different entities that control the border carry out their activities in a coordinated manner, allowing for an ever-increasing flow of commercial transactions. The research is bibliographical, qualitative, using the technique of direct observation, and data provided by the General Directorate of Migration of Mozambique.

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Strateško uokviravanje na televiziji: Izveštavanje o migrantskoj krizi u Srbiji 2015. godine

Author(s): Iva Bubanja / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 26/2021

The media reporting becomes more biased because of connection between the media and politics. The initial focus is on political actors and their interpretations of reality. This paper analyzes the use of strategic framework by national frequency televisions in crisis reporting. In a crisis, the public relies on the media as source of information and political entities are pressuring journalists. The author tries to determine: the presence of strategic frames in media reports, the elements that journalists use to construct strategic frames and the key subjects in crisis reporting. Also tries to indicate the role of pluralism of ideas in the Serbian political process, or to what extent the ideas articulated in public space reflect the true spectrum of social aspirations. The research was conducted on a case study related to media coverage of the migrant crisis. The results show high degree of a single presentation of reality and general routine work of domestic media.

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Otvorit ili zatvorit (granice), to je pitanje! – Imigracija radnih migranata na razmeđi kozmopolitizma i komunitarizma

Author(s): Nella Popović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2021

The paper tackles the issues related to the entry of labour migrants in contemporary‎ political theory and analyses how cosmopolitanism and communitarianism,‎as two opposed theoretical approaches, deal with this issue. The objective‎ of the paper is to show that the two approaches are reconcilable in some‎elements despite the dichotomy in their theoretical tenets. For that purpose,‎ the author first analyses the cosmopolitan approach through discourse ethics ‎and open border arguments from the perspective of ethical universalism and ‎the equal moral value of all human beings. These arguments are then juxtaposed ‎to the communitarian arguments for limiting the right to entry of labour ‎migrants from the perspective of ontological, deontological, social-political,‎ legal-political and ethical arguments with which the receiving community ‎justifies its right to close the borders. The paper detects common grounds between ‎cosmopolitanism and communitarianism in the modes of defining entry ‎rules and in the necessity of justifying the exclusion to those to whom the ‎entry has been limited or denied. In the concluding reflection, the author ponders ‎on how the established theoretical compatibilities between the two approaches ‎may be relevant for the position of labour migrants at the legislative ‎and the public policy level.‎‎

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Politika Grčke prema državama Balkana – da li je ekonomska i izbeglička kriza proizvela gubitak interesa Grčke za region?

Author(s): Uroš Đaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1169/2018

The Greek foreign policy activity in the Balkans can be divided into three periods. The first period stretches from the fall of communism to the conclusion of military conflicts in the region in 1995. The next period begins with the change of government in Greece in 1996, which led to the intensified interest of this country in its neighbors. It also led to the adoption of the principles which will guide the Greek authorities in relations with the Balkan states, such as regional cooperation, encouraging European integration, friendly relations, but also using economy in the service of diplomacy. Led by these interests, the second period is marked by the improved and more intensified relations between Greece and its neighbors and by strong Greek economic presence in the region. During the Greek presidency over the EU in 2003, the European perspective of the Western Balkan states was expressed for the first time. The last period begins with the start of the economic crisis in 2008 which caused partial loss of interest of Greek authorities in the neighboring countries, due to the need to solve urgent domestic issues. However, three years after the outbreak of the crisis first signs of stabilization of economic and commercial relations were recorded between Greece, Albania, Macedonia and Serbia. Coming to power in 2014, Syriza-ANEL coalition initiated a policy of bringing their country back to the Balkans” because of multiple importance of the region to Greece.

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Izazovi savremenih migracija – bezbednosni aspekti i etnifikacija politike

Author(s): Miloš Aleksić,Miroslava Gligorić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1165/2017

Migration as a process of population movement, can be referred to as a constantly ongoing phenomenon, unconditioned by time, but it cannot be denied that periodically, due to specific circumstances, it’s intensity rapidly increases, creating a series of short-term and long-term consequences, and from time to time even determining the paths of history. Precisely such a significant migratory wave is unfolding before us today. In this paper, we mark the three most important consequences of the current phenomenon. The first is the security challenge, primarily in terms of terrorism, which is one of the greatest threats of our time. The second refers to the process of etnification of politics, although this is not in the center of attention of academic and public debate, it can serve as a foundation of long-term changes in regional policy and relations between European states. At last, there is the challenge that is placed before the European Union’s institutions, bodies and procedures, but also before the very spirit of European solidarity on which all of them rest. Finally, we will consider the perspectives that are ahead of Serbia in these challenging times.

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Značaj pitanja nacionalnih manjina u spoljnoj politici Srbije

Author(s): Dragomir Radenković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1168/2017

The paper analyzes the problems of national minorities and considers a place that it has in the foreign policy of Serbia. The author postulates the thesis that respect for minority rights, as national minorities in Serbia and Serbs in the region, is of importance to bilateral relations with neighboring countries and underlines the significance of minority issues in the process of integration of Serbia into the EU, primarily through the implementation of the Action Plan for the realization of the rights of national minorities in the context of the chapter 23 (judiciary and security) in negotiations with84 the European Union. The paper summarized the normative framework of respect for minority rights in Serbia, with reference to the basic international documents relating to the legal status of national minorities and presented the thesis on the need for its further improvement. The author points to the key problems of minority communities in Serbia and their main requirements, as well as the unresolved issues of Serbs in the region. The paper highlights the commitment of Serbia to the effective respect for the rights of national minorities and the further improvement of the situation of the Serbian community in the region, with emphasis on recognition of the Serbian minority in Slovenia, the conclusion of a bilateral agreement on the protection of national minorities with Albania, defining the status of Serbs in Montenegro, etc. In addition, the minority problem should be solved in a bilateral framework and dialogue, while an important role has the respect of bilateral agreements on protection of national minorities that Serbia has signed with Hungary, Romania, Croatia and Macedonia, and regular maintenance of the intergovernmental mixed commission with those countries. Bearing in mind that the resolution of minority issues is relevant to the improvement of bilateral relations with neighboring countries and for the process of integration of Serbia into the European Union, as our foreign policy priorities, the author underlines the importance that the issue of national minorities has in the foreign policy of Serbia, concluding that it could be considered one of its determinants.

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The Security Perceptions of Turkish Society towards Syrian Refugees

Author(s): Hakan Ömer Tunca / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2022

Natural causes such as unbalanced distribution of resources and climate change, which may be coupled with man-made causes such as armed conflict, occupation, discrimination, violation of human rights, developed technologies, and the demand for a better life, have made the human race experience migration. With the contribution of international actors, the civil war in Syria after the Arab Spring in the Middle East, which began in early 2011, displaced Syrians internally and internationally. The mass migration of over 3.5 million Syrians, who were distributed across every city of Turkey, has affected Turkish society in many areas such as social, economic, political, and security from a broader perspective. The main goal of the research is to identify the Turkish security perception caused by the Syrians who have been living in Turkey for over ten years, in the light of ongoing discussions about their permanent or temporary status. Security perceptions are selected and measured with a newly developed questionnaire. The “Most Similar System Design”, which is frequently used in social sciences and allows to make comparisons, has been used to measure these perceptions. Two cities, which have similar socio-economic parameters but different populations of Syrians, have been chosen as suitable for this design. A high level of security perception in total and variances were found in both cities.

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