СИНЕСТЕЗИЈСКА МЕТАФОРА У СРПСКОЈ КЊИЖЕВНОСТИ ЗА МЛАДЕ

Author(s): Jelena Lj. Spasić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 69/2019

The paper aims to determine the role of synesthetic metaphor in Serbian youth literature. The analysis has been conducted on contemporary Serbian prose and poetry for youth. The approach of the research is qualitative-stylistic, while the primary method used in the study is the linguistic-stylistic one. The focus is on the morphological and semantic analyses of synesthetic metaphor. Synesthetic metaphor is represented as a special linguo-stylistic category that is evaluated primarily from the point of view of the purpose of synesthetic transference. The synesthetic meta- phor, as any other kind of metaphor, communicates complex images and feelings to young readers. It sharpens one’s imagination, represents a specific way of thinking and appeals directly to the senses of young readers.

ПОЕТСКА ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЈА ПРОСТОРНИХ ИЗРАЗА У ЗБИРЦИ УТОПЉЕНЕ ДУШЕ ВЛАДИСЛАВА ПЕТКОВИЋА ДИСА

Author(s): Jelena M. Pavlović Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 69/2019

The paper examines the poetic transformation of spatial expressions in the poetry collection Drowned Souls by Vladislav Petković Dis. The basis for the analysis was the structuralist point of view that a poetry collection is a unique artistic sign of which spatial expressions represent an integral part. We assumed that the choice and the modification of spatial expressions are determined by the specific perception of space, influenced both by the poetics of the epoch (the view that life is a fall, present in the Serbian poetry before World War I) and the view of life held by the poet himself.

САВРЕМЕНА ПРОУЧАВАЊА ЈЕЗИКА И КЊИЖЕВНОСТИ

Author(s): Milan Todorović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 69/2019

Colloquial Vocabulary for Parts of the Human Body in Bulgarian and Polish

Author(s): Petar Sotirov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2020

The object of research is the colloquial vocabulary in Bulgarian and Polish from the thematic area 'parts of the human body'. The aim is to consider in a comparative plan the main nomination techniques for the formation of language units in both languages. The language material consists of colloquial tokens, extracted from Bulgarian and Polish lexicographical sources, catalogs and from the real language practice. It turns out that the main means of nomination in both languages is the secondary nomination. There are also quite a few borrowings from foreign languages. Word formation is also used, primarily as an aid. The analysis reveals significant similarities, but also interesting differences between the two languages in the study area.

К вопросу о признаках квазисимвола

Author(s): Nadya Cherneva,Grigoriy Valeriyevich Tokarev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2020

The author proceeds from the assumption that a quasi-symbol is a kind of cultural symbol. It is established that the verbal nature of a quasi-symbol determines the specifics of its meaning and functioning. The verbal shell of symbolic meaning is more plastic than the nonverbal one. Quasi-symbols can be used either absolutively, in the form of independent whole-formed units, or non-absolutively as parts of phraseological units and paremias. The definition of a quasi-symbol is carried out by modeling the situation in which it realizes its actional potential. In the cognitive aspect, the quasi-symbol is related to the prototype. It is revealed that the semantics of a quasi-symbol is formed on the basis of connotations of words. The quasi-symbol content plane is open for generating new meanings. The meaning of such a unit is typically abstract, kaleidoscopic, and situation-oriented. It is proved that the quasi-symbol is a kind of constructor and regulator of reality. It is proved that the figurative basis plays a key role in the semantics of a quasi-symbol: it forms a cognitive-semantic platform for the formation of new semantic layers, acts as a means of objectivizing ideas, represents a typical situation, implements the intention of imperativeness, and performs a semiotic function. When forming semantic layers of a quasi-symbol, universal transport models by adjacency and similarity work. The actionality and imperative semantics of a quasi-symbol determine its  energetic potential. It is determined that quasi-symbols are value-oriented: they can be divided into ideologically deterministic and non-deterministic. In the course of the analysis, it was found that the quasisymbol is characterized by the following features: abstract semantics, imagery, kaleidoscopy, situational orientation, imperativeness, precedence, semantic diversity, paradigmatism. 

Выражение эмоций и реагирование на них как объект обучения на уроках русского языка как иностранного

Author(s): Daria Kovrizhkina,Leonid Moskovkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2020

The aim of the research is to develop a model for teaching the expression of emotions and reaction to them in the lessons of Russian as a foreign language (level B2). During the research, methods of analyzing the catalogue of emotions, modelling, experimental training, questionnaires, and testing are used. The article describes a training model that includes an introductory stage, a training stage, and a speech practice stage, and has been tested in four universities in St. Petersburg. A control cross-section conducted after experimental training and a survey of students show the effectiveness of this training option.

Статутът на собствените имена от гледна точка на етнофразеологията

Author(s): Maria Dobrikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

In the introductory part of the article the author analyzes phraseological units with toponymic and ethnonymic components, explicitly connected with a specific historical event, which is part of consciousness of a certain society established as a negative experience. The second part focuses on chosen phraseological units in Slavic languages containing onymic components in their structure that have the character of an a semantic linguistic sign, do not significantly contribute to the emotiveness and imagery of the unit, i. e. they do not influence its phraseological character to a large extent. Lastly, the author deals with the process of phraseologization and motivation of the Slovak phraseme byť (bývať) v Tramtárii (tramtárii) having its origin in mythology or, more specifically, fairy-tales, and its Bulgarian equivalent “гори Тилилейски (тилилейски)”.

Разбираме“ ли езика? Защо трябва да членуваме?

Author(s): Mariana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

Knowledge of the norm is not a claim, but a fundamental communicative intention of the linguistic personality. Our ability to express ourselves and to be understood, to understand others as they express themselves is a function of language proficiency and its norms and stays as a proof of this. The culture of our linguistic consciousness means mastering literary norms. Definitiveness is a grammatical phenomenon that requires a profound and categorical analysis which to become a methodology of linguistic consciousness. The science of language should here most of all answer the question “why?” Answers to the questions “what” and “how” we are using noun determiner are not sufficient for the linguistic personality

Българските ЕДИ-местоимения и техните съответствия на руски език

Author(s): Elena Yu. Ivanova,Petya Osenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

In Bulgarian a specific type of indefinite pronouns (formed with ЕДИ-) has been observed. Their role is not only to substitute the original information in the reported speech, but also to reduce it and make it “unspecific”. In Russian the same role is undertaken by the demonstrative pronouns of the type такой-то, тот-то, тогда-то. Very often these pronouns are semantically ambiguous. The current paper presents a contrastive corpus study of Bulgarian and Russian forms of the pronouns in question. The Bulgarian-Russian equivalents are described in their nominal, adjectival and adverbial usages. The similarities and differences are outlined in the structure of the “unspecifying” nominal phrases, in the position of the elements as well as in their functions

Русский филологический роман ХХI века: традиция, новаторство

Author(s): Alexey Manchev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2020

The article considers the genesis of the phenomenon of “philological novel” in Russian literature and the current state of the issue. The vectors of the development of the philological novel in Russian prose of the 21st century are identified. The interpretation of the novels “Roman s yazykom” and “Brisbane” in the context of the diffusion of literary theory into a literary text is given.

САДРЖАЈИ ИЗ ПРАВОПИСА У УЏБЕНИЦИМА СРПСКОГ КАО СТРАНОГ ЈЕЗИКА НА НАПРЕДНОМ НИВОУ

Author(s): Marija Isailović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 71/2020

In the teaching of Serbian as foreign language, spelling is taught at the elementary and middle level of knowledge, so that a student at an advanced level is able to use all spelling rules. The topic of this work is spelling materials in printed textbooks of Serbian as foreign language at an advanced level. Textbooks used in this work are printed during the 21st century, so later ones. The goal is to check and present spelling contents in textbooks for the students who study Serbian as a foreign language at an advanced level, as well as to get recommendations for the authors of future textbooks. It can be expected that: a) in university textbooks for advanced level there are activities to systematize knowledge acquired at an elementary and intermediate level, as well as compound tasks which combine more spelling rules; b) spelling contents in the textbooks for special courses are methodologically constructed in order to contribute undertoning and expanding of particular parts of knowledge. The analysis has shown that the latest textbook production pays attention to spell- ing and gives direction for the future authors. It can be inferred that: a) due to the lack of spelling instructions for foreigners only, it is necessary to introduce spelling exercises in textbooks (in accordance with textbook conception); b) in activities intended for improving ortography competence, spelling rules should be related to other competences.

КОМПОНЕНЦИЈАЛНА АНАЛИЗА ГРУПЕ СИНОНИМА ГЛАГОЛА "ЗУРИТИ" И ЊИХОВИ ЕНГЛЕСКИ ПРЕВОДНИ ЕКВИВАЛЕНТИ

Author(s): Katarina Subanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 71/2020

In this paper, the componential analysis of the English and Serbian groups of synonyms of the verb stare has been conducted. The main aims of the research are the representation of the groups of synonyms of the verb stare, as well as the emphasis of the diagnostic characteristics on which the examined verbs differ. Eventually, the suggested translations of the verbs have been studied. The main conclusion is that the Serbian language contains fewer verbs belonging to this semantic field. For that reason, most of the synonyms have been defined by a semantically neutral verb (e.g. look) modified by an appropriate adverb or a compound adjective. What is more, the results show that the consulted dictionaries and corpora provide detailed and complete information on this subject.

Писането на есе като компетентност. Какво и как оценяваме

Author(s): Alexandar Panov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

This article analyzes the problems that arise in the measurement and grading of writing skills in one of the main genres of school-level texts – the essay. After analyzing the current grading criteria according to the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science (MES), the author reaches the conclusion that an adequate and objective grading scale is possible only after we have clearly defined the criteria that constitute the competence of essay writing. The author’s main proposition is that this competence is dual in its nature – on the one hand, it is content-related, and on the other – communication-related. Neither of these two competences is defined clearly enough in the current educational criteria. The article describes in detail all aspects of the essay writing competence and offers a clear working algorithm. Hence the author offers the idea that an adequate grading scale can only be created if one follows the classic rhetorical scheme which describes the three main components of any discourse formation – inventio, dispositio, and elocutio. A practical measurement and grading scale is proposed. Its usage would grant two major advantages: it would allow the authorities to assess the students’ results adequately and objectively, and it would frame a clear and systematic working algorithm for the acquisition of essay writing skills. According to Bulgarian school programs, this competence is supposed to be taught for four entire years within the two high-school stages of the secondary education.

Глаголы и дополнения как модель описания содержания метапредметных компетенций в ожиданиях и представлениях участников рынка труда

Author(s): Sergey Vesmanov,Natalya Jadko,Dmitriy Vesmanov,Gurgen Akopyan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article presents results of studying how the labor market participants formulate the perspectives and expectations about the contents of metasubject competencies. The research was carried out in 2019-2020 by the Project Management Laboratory of the Moscow City University and was based on the methodology of the activity approach and qualitative research, using the methods of in-depth interviews and content analysis. Metasubject competencies were considered as a set of purposeful actions expressed in the speech of respondents by verbs (actions) and propositional phrases (goals/subjects). A six-step content analysis of data obtained during an in-depth interview shows that the expectations and perspectives of various categories of labor market participants about the contents of meta-subject competencies can be described by nine enlarged sets of goal-oriented actions denoted by verbs: 1) to adapt, 2) to interact, 3) to speak and write, 4) to achieve, 5) to compete, 6) to present, 7) to design, 8) to manage, 9) to learn. Within each set were defined verbal descriptions of actions, decomposed by adding a goal/object to each action. The results of the study allowed us to identify and present a verb-target model for describing the content of “metasubject competencies” at the conceptual level. At the practical level, the description of the content of metasubject competencies in the form of a verb (action) and propositional phrase (goal/subject of action) allowed us to show them as cross-cutting structural components of educational programs in the education system.

„Чёрные дыры“ в понимании – к вопросу об осложнении текста перевода в детском восприятии

Author(s): Edyta Manasterska-Wiącek / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the article is to investigate the effect of vocabulary items that are difficult in reception on comprehension and evaluation of the whole literary text by children. Apart from focusing on ambiguous lexis complicating reception, the paper reflects upon the benefits of investigating such vocabulary in terms of translator education at the graduate level. The analysis was made on the basis of the Polish translation of the poem Мороз и морозец by S.V. Mikhalkov translated by L. Lewin. In order to compare the relationship between the text’s reception and the density of ambiguous vocabulary the author confronts the reactions of actual readers to the two translations – Lewin’s and her own. While the former is dense in ambiguous items, the latter is, on purpose, lexically simple. The participants of the study, children, were asked questions and involved in a discussion focusing on meanings of selected words and their impressions from the reception of the two translations. The interview led to conclusions on the influence of potentially ambiguous vocabulary on the actual reception of the whole text.

К вопросу о русскоязычной литературе как фактор сохранения витальности русского языка

Author(s): Ivelina Todorova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article is devoted to the preservation of survival (vitality) of the Russian language through the prism of translational literature, which is created by ethnically non-Russian authors. The author of the article is trying to prove that the survival of the Russian language depends not only on territorial and demographic factors, but also on translingual (Russian-language literature). In the fiction of Russian-speaking authors, the Russian language is a translator of a worldview that is not inherent in native speakers of the Russian language and culture.

Христаки Павлович и неговите уроци по писмописание в „Писменник общеполезен“ (1835)

Author(s): Diana Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The object of the research is one of the first two modern Bulgarian textbooks on letter writing – „Pismennik obshtepolezen“ („A Letter Writing Handbook of General Use“), 1835, by the prominent Revival pedagogue Hristaki Pavlovich. The book on letters is presented in the context of the cultural and historical situation in the second quarter of the 19th century, and from the point of view of the changes in the Bulgarian school, where new teaching methods and “modern sciences” were introduced. The article analyzes the theoretical part of „Pismennik obshtepolezen“, which contains instructions and rules for writing letters, and groups the types of letters and their components. Based on some statements by the author, conclusions are drawn about his views on ethical, social and pedagogical issues.

Trochę niezbyt udany debiut czyli słów kilka o eufemizmach w języku prasy i polityki na przykładzie języka francuskiego i polskiego

Author(s): Małgorzata Izert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

W artykule tym jest analizowane znaczenie kontekstowe czterech przysłówków trochę, nieco, mało, niezbyt oraz ich francuskich odpowiedników un peu, un (tout) petit peu, peu, pas trop we współczesnym języku prasy i polityki. Według podstawowych definicji słownikowych służą one do wyrażania słabego natężenia cechy. Dziennikarze nie chcąc kogoś urazić, a politycy chcąc lepiej wypaść, mówiąc o sobie samych, używają ich, aby w sposób eufemistyczny powiedzieć o negatywnej cesze (trochę, nieco / un peu) albo aby prawie zanegować istnienie cechy pozytywnej (mało, niezbyt / peu, pas trop). Często jednak mówiąc mniej, dziennikarze czy politycy dają odczuć, że powiedzieli więcej. Litota – którą siłą rzeczy można dokładnie odczytać tylko w kontekście użycia, jest zawoalowanym sposobem skrytykowania kogoś lub czegoś, wytknięcia poważnego niedociągnięcia. Używa się jej dla wyrażenia silnego stopnia natężenia lub nawet nadmiaru cechy negatywnej. // In this article we analyze the context meaning of four adverbs: trochę, nieco, mało, niezbyt and their French equivalents un peu, un (tout) petit peu, peu, pas trop in contemporary press and political language. According to basic dictionary definitions, they are used to express weak intensity of a feature. The journalists, trying to avoid offending somebody, and politicians trying to make better impression while talking about themselves, use them, to talk about a negative feature in an euphemistic manner (trochę, nieco / un peu), or to “almost deny” the existence of a positive feature (mało, niezbyt / peu, pas trop). However, while telling less, the journalists or politicians often intend to make an impression that they said more. Litotes, which inevitably can be accurately understood only in the full context of use, is a veiled way to criticize someone or something, to point out a serious shortcoming. It is used to express a strong degree or even an excess of a negative feature.

O bramie pupowej i pryskaczce, czyli o stylu dziecięcego mówienia do siebie

Author(s): Edyta Manasterska-Wiącek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Dzieci przedszkolne i wczesnoszkolne poza komunikowaniem się z otoczeniem często „rozmawiają” same ze sobą – mówią do siebie i dla siebie. Podjęte w niniejszym artykule rozważania dotyczą analizy wypowiedzi dzieci na płaszczyźnie językowej. Na wskazanie cech charakterystycznych mówienia do siebie pozwoliły wypisy z kilku zarejestrowanych zabaw dzieci. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań autorka dowodzi, że można mówić o odrębnym stylu „mówienia do siebie”. Cel wewnętrznego komunikowania się jest tylko pozornie inny niż w tradycyjnej komunikacji – ma swojego nadawcę i odbiorcę. Jest on jednak na tyle specyficzny, że komunikacja między nadawcą a odbiorcą generują się w jednym umyśle. Korpus badawczy został przeanalizowany na poziomie leksykalnym, morfologicznym, składniowym oraz na poziomie tekstu. Pozwoliło to na uwypuklenie osobliwości mówienia do siebie dziecka, m.in. spontaniczność wypowiedzi naruszanie spójności wypowiedzi, liczne mikrotematy zabawy, niejasność komunikatu słyszanego „na zewnątrz”, kreatywność, teatralizacja. // Apart from communicating with the outside world, children at kindergarten and early primary school often “speak” to themselves and for themselves. The present article attempts to reflect upon children’s speech in its linguistic dimension, aiming at isolating the characteristic features of speaking to oneself based on a few recorded children’s plays. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there exists a separate style of “speaking to oneself”. The objective of internal communication is not much different from the traditional interaction – it does have its sender and receiver. However, it is peculiar since the interaction between these two persons is generated in a single mind. The research corpus has been analysed on the level of lexis, morphology, syntax and discourse. As a result, idiosyncratic features of a child’s speaking to oneself have been isolated, such as spontaneity of speech, violation of coherence of speech, numerous micro-topics of play, ambiguity of the message when heard “on the outside”, creativity and dramatization.

Review of the Book:

Author(s): Grzegorz Cebrat / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017