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Вариации на темы света и тьмы в поэзии Елены Шварц

Author(s): Giulia Gigante / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

Elena Shvarts uses a wide range of lexical and semantic nuances in a constant opposition between the kingdom of darkness – t’ma, mrak, temnota, ten’ – and the world of light in all its forms: the brightness of stars and of reflecting surfaces, the glare of fire and the flicker of candles. Her writing is svetopis and temnopis at the same time, and these two extremes coexist in her poetic universe, contributing to represent its complexity in all its shades. The primacy of the dark tones is closely linked to the author’s existential strain and to her twilight states of mind. In Elena Shvarts’s poetry, we assist to a continuous metamorphosis of light into darkness and vice versa, which echoes the approach to light and shadow found in Baroque literature. Light and shadow chasing each other in her verse not only reveal the wealth of man’s inner world but also represent key elements to the exploration of the metaphysical sphere. In Hotel Mondehell, Shvarts’s depiction of the afterlife ends with an oxymoronic image, in which the jasnyj svet (“bright light”) and the temnyj strach (“gloomy fear”) coexist. The poem is an elaborate embroidery, where the threads of light and darkness interlace. The theme is already contained in the title, which mixes these two vital principles by means of a linguistic play, which allows the poet to exploit the semantic wealth of three different languages (French, English and German). In human existence, as fleeting as a stay at a hotel, the two elements fight with alternating results, but when death comes, gloom and cold prevail.

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ŽIEMOS REIŠKINIŲ METAFOROS LIETUVIŲ IR RUSŲ POETINIUOSE TEKSTUOSE

Author(s): Birutė Jasiūnaitė,Jelena Mihailovna Konickaja / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2019

The present article is devoted to metaphors of winter natural phenomena, that is frost, ice and hoarfrost, in Lithuanian and Russian poetic texts that mainly come from the 20th century. The metaphors have been identified on the basis of poetry collections, anthologies, children's poetry and the Russian language corpus (363 metaphors in total from 53 Russian and 44 Lithuanian poets’ works). The researchers rely on previous experience in the analysis of metaphors of natural phenomena. Thus, the article considers five groups of metaphors: 1) a natural phenomenon is a living creature or a part of it; 2) frost, ice and hoarfrost are objects (phenomena) of inanimate nature; 3) a winter phenomenon is an object from the social sphere; 4) frost, ice and hoarfrost are abstract objects; 5) some other metaphors. The comparison of the metaphors in two poetic languages has shown both significant similarities and striking differences. The similarity consists in the fact that subject metaphors are most often utilized in poetic texts, as well as anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and biomorphic metaphors. The differences are explained by the lack of metaphors in one of the systems that are presented in the other one, for instance, in Lithuanian poetry there are no metaphors of ‘frost’ as smoke and ‘ice’ as mica, while Russian poets do not use metaphors, such as ‘a winter phenomenon of nature’ is a means for lighting, or ‘icicles’ are a clock that is characteristic of Lithuanian poetry. In Russian poetry, there is a branching group where ‘a winter phenomenon’ is metal, a precious stone, and in Lithuanian poetry there is a group of ‘frost (ice, hoarfrost)’ that is a sharp cutting object. The differences between the two poetic systems are also associated with connotations: in Russian poetry, unlike Lithuanian, metaphors of winter natural phenomena quite often have positive connotations. At the end of the article, a scheme is presented that reflects the results of the analysis.

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Lietuvių kalbos žargono priesaginių prieveiksmių morfologija ir adaptacinės ypatybės: priesagos -ai hibridiniai vediniai iš priesaginių rusų kalbos kilmės būdvardžių

Author(s): Robertas Kudirka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36(41)/2019

This article analyses 127 suffixal adverbs from Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary (Kaunas, 2012). The suffixal adverbs of Lithuanian slang have not been researched systematically according to grammatical classification. This research is based on the morphological analysis. The suffixal adverbs are divided into groups: every group includes some subgroups. First, the most productive derivatives groups are analyzed, then the less productive groups are involved. In each subgroup are described derivatives of individual suffixes; where necessary, due consideration is given to the underlying structure and various morphological properties. Every subgroup has a small description of the accentuation and the pronunciation or the root vocalism.

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Translation as Metaphor, the Translator as Anthropologist

Author(s): Bruno Osimo / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2019

The presence/absence of the notion of “inner language” in different cultures creates a watershed between various cultures as far as the notion of “translation” is concerned. Intersemiosity is seen, accordingly, as inner or outer process to interlingual translation. This gap is reflected in the metaphors attached to translation. By analysing them, the author gets a picture of the cultural roots of the view of translation in each culture. Anthropology can be a precious ally in the reciprocal definition of “translation” and “culture”. A new trope for translation is suggested: metaphor.

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KAI KURIOS POVILO VIŠINSKIO PUBLICISTINIŲ RAŠTŲ RAŠYBOS IR KALBOS YPATYBĖS

Author(s): Bronius Maskuliūnas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

Povilas Višinskis was a significant figure of the Lithuanian culture, society, and politics at the end of the 19th c. and the beginning of the 20th c., an active advocate of the Lithuanian national movement, a member of the national revival organisation Varpas, and a supporter of the movement to regain the banned Latin characters for the Lithuanian language. His creative legacy includes various publicistic works, found in the press or published as separate booklets; that has yet received little attention. The paper analyses some characteristic spelling and language features of publicistic works by Višinskis. Concerning the spelling, a special focus should be on its promiscuity and randomness. The principles of spelling are mixed up, different word forms are used side by side in the same text, and often it is difficult to explain the reasons and consistency of a particular spelling. With this in mind, it is rather difficult to tell which language and spelling is authentic, and which is edited, proofread or corrected by editors. At the same time, it should be pointed out that such variation in spelling is common to Lithuanian writings of that time, reflecting a phase of the developmental process of the standard language at that time. What concerns the language of Višinskis’ publicistic works, it is characterised by the use of some Samogitian features, rather frequent retention of archaic morphological forms (dual number of nouns and verbs, supinum, athematic verbs, archaic pronominal forms) and cases of stem mixing of nouns. His vocabulary is full of dialecticisms, barbarisms, and semantic archaisms. His syntax contains a lot of non-Lithuanian, foreign constructions, especially those with prepositions. In conclusion, one could say that gradually Višinskis’ language and spelling became more homogeneous. In his latest publicistic works, this language and spelling uniformity becomes clear, while particular forms and constructions are used more consistently.

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POLONIZMY W BUŁGARSKIM SŁOWNIKU WYRAZÓW OBCYCH STEFANA MŁADENOWA

Author(s): Elżbieta Michow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14 (19)/2008

This article discusses lexical influences of Polish on Bulgarian based on the analysis of pre-war “Dictionary of Borrowings in Bulgarian” by Stefan Mladenov. The analysis of the lexical resources has revealed some special lexical relationships between the two languages and has led to a typological classification of borrowings: semantic and stylistic, as well as the history of borrowings.

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Markučiai — Markucie — Маркутье: история названий одной виленской местности

Author(s): Birute Sinochkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article deals with the historical Russian toponyms corresponding to the aboriginal Lithuanian Markučiai. In the past, this area has changed a number of names, the historical Russian forms of Маркутье and Маркуци have survived to this day. Based on the data of texts of various genre and stylistic attribution, the functioning of both toponyms can be traced during the 2nd half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article is an attempt to identify the factors that determined the duality of the historical Russian name. The study showed that the fate of competing toponyms was influenced not only by the real linguistic situation in the Vilna region, but also by the purposeful russification activity of the authorities after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863–1864. The forms of the same type of Belarusian oikonyms, Baltic in origin and ascending to Lithuanian personal names, confirm the non-systemic nature of the Vilna toponym Маркутье.

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African elements (Africanisms) in modern American English

Author(s): Elnara Putayeva / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2021

The article deals with the influence of words of African origin on the formation of American English [AE] word stock. It provides new interpretation of Africanisms and shows the significance of this part of vocabulary in determining the characteristics of the American culture. The investigation is based on the existing sources (mainly lexicographic works) and is aimed at their new structural and functional analysis. As a result of the research, it became clear that most of the words of African origin were introduced to English spoken in America in the 17th century and some in the 18th and 19th centuries. The number of words and expressions from African languages that were introduced was closely related to African Americans’ way of living, their spiritual believes, rituals and attitudes and various objects used by them such as weapons. The word stock of the English language was enriched due to the assimilation of loanwords from languages of Africans living in America. A significant contribution to AE is the great amount of words naming animals, fruit, foodstuff, names of states, rivers and lakes, cities and towns.

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SŁOWOTWÓRSTWO A SKŁADNIA W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO. CZĘŚĆ 1. WPROWADZENIE TEORETYCZNE

Author(s): Małgorzata Gębka-Wolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

This paper is the first of two devoted to teaching word-formation, based on the existing correlations between derivation and syntax. This kind of knowledge has proved to be essential for building longer structures and performing stylistic operations on texts. Information on the syntactic inheritance of derived language units is scattered throughout the literature, however, making it difficult for teachers and students to grasp the actual range and regularity of this phenomenon. This article, based on formal structural grammar methods, systemises this data and shows the various degrees of syntactic inheritance, ranging from identical syntactic structures, which inherit only part of the syntactic properties of the base, to a complete change of valency. It also points to the fact that the range of syntactic analogy is, to some extent, predictable, depending on the part of speech and on the word-formation mechanism.

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О проекте Русско-польского словаря разговорной речи и общего сленга

Author(s): Tadeusz Szczerbowski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 174/2021

Three bilingual corpora of literary texts are employed to compile the dictionary (the Russian National Corpus, the Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish Corpus of Warsaw University, and the Home Corpus). The latter covers texts which are not created by the two former corpora, but which will be cited in the proposed dictionary. Four entries are given in detail (1 otmorozok; 2 (uzh) chto-chto, a…; 3 travit’ anekdoty, and 4 tozhe mne …).

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Проект Были 90-х: „Времена не выбирают…”

Author(s): Tatiana Kopac / Language(s): Russian Issue: 170/2020

The author considers the second volume titled The epoch of dashing holiness of the literary project True stories of the ‘90s edited by Aleksandra Marinina. The project contains memories of people who are mostly unrelated to writing and witnesses of changes in Russia in the last decade of the 20th century. The subject of the analysis is the everyday life of these people through the prism of their stories. Attention is drawn to the symbolic meaning of the title of the volume by distinguishing three pairs of semantic oppositions as well as stylistics and genre elements of stories. The features of everyday life are presented in three contexts: time perception, real and symbolic space, case studies. The analysis of the text is based on thematic blocks titled as: daily bread, total trade, spiritual search, the wind of freedom (happy decade), disappearance of the country.

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Naruszenie fleksyjności we współczesnym języku rosyjskim z perspektywy typologii systemowej języków Gieorgija P. Mielnikowa

Author(s): Alicja Pstyga,Olga I. Valentinova,Mikhail A. Rybakov / Language(s): Polish Issue: 169/2020

The authors of the article discuss from the standpoint of the G.P. Melnikov’s systemic typology of languages the phenomena characteristic for speech works of all functional styles of the modern Russian literary language that indicates violation of flectionality of the Russian language. The external preservation of inflexion and grammatical coordination in the event of violation of the forecast function in the designation of cause-effect relationships of the developing events, does not indicate flexiveness.

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Moralızade Vassaf Kadri’nin Çarşamba Karısı Adlı Eserinde Ölçünlü Dilden Sapmalar

Author(s): Merve Akbaş,Ibrahim Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 72/2021

The strict control – or in other words, censorship – placed upon periodical alongside printing (press) activities during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II paved the way for poets and writers to turn to their inner worlds and produce works by putting art into the service of art itself. Numerous Turkish novels hailing from the Second Constitutional Period – which had given way to proclamation of the Second Constitutional Monarchy – reveal the richness of Turkish culture and literature in terms of diversification of subject variety and the linguistic richness. For example, Moralızade Vassaf Kadri’s novel Çarşamba Karısı offers us important data about language studies. In it, he frequently uses slang, alongside local idioms and dialect words – many of which are not included in the Derleme Sözlüğü. The book also contains various examples of aberrations from the standard language – including the accumulation and removal of affixes, the addition of morphemes to stereotyped language items, and polite language. This study will present both a biography of Moralızade Vassaf Kadri, as well as discuss – with examples – how he uses non-standard language in his novel Çarşamba Karısı.

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Aš-Šawkānījev pristup qirāʼātima u tefsiru Fath al-qadīr

Author(s): Dževad Šošić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 42/2021

Among the Qur’anic sciences that serve the purpose of understanding and interpreting the Qur’anic text, the science of qirāʼāts occupies a prominent position. It is difficult to find an analytical tafsir of the Qur’an without its author using qirāʼāts (Qur’anic readings) for the purpose of elucidating the linguistic, semantic or legal aspect of certain Qur’anic words, phrases or sentences. One of the mufassirs who permanently relied on qirāʼat traditions in his commentaries was Imam al-Shawkānī (1173–1229 AH). His work Fatḥ al-qadīr al-ǧāmiʻ bayna fannay ar-riwāya wa ad-dirāya min ʻilm at-tafsīr encompasses numerous quotations from authentic and non-authentic qirāʼāts. This paper aims at analyzing the methodological approach to qirāʼāts in the mentioned work and at presenting ways of using qirāʼāts for tafsir purposes through appropriate examples.

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„КО КАЖЕ ДА У СВЕТЛОСТ?“ „ИСТОЧНИЦE“ ЉУБОМИРА СИМОВИЋА

Author(s): Mladen V. Stanić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 76/2021

The complexity of observing a collection of poems is reflected in its structure and thematic richness. The sources by Ljubomir Simović, reveal a specific experience of the world and man in circumstances that are recognizable and close to everyone who has experienced conflict, repression and dissatisfaction in their social or personal history. The different layers that rest on biblical morality and mytho- logical tools in this collection of poems are revealed through two different, but not necessarily conflicting principles: the Principle of the Female and the Principle of the Male. In the context of twentieth-century Serbian poetry, this collection, published in 1983, will be ideologically close to the works of authors who treat the themes of the Kosovo myth, social movement and transformation from the Middle Ages to the present, and understand human destiny through a certain destiny of national identity. The diversity in the forms used by the author as well as the semantic potential of the collection will make Istočnice a very challenging and provocative text for interpreta- tion both today and through many years to come.

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Pustupci u prikazivanju djeda Neumijke

Author(s): Diana Zalar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2002

One of the most vital and interesting characters in the Croatian children's literature is that of grandfather Neumijko. The character was created and brought to life from the depths of mythology by lvana Brlić-Mažuranić in her story Lutonjica Toporko i devet župančića, and was given fresh features by the writer Truda Stamać in her collection of short stories Kapi (Drops). Grandfather Neumijko has now become a complex and many-layered character, sometimes showing conflicting features. This ambivalence in the Brlić-Mažuranić's story has been expressed especially at the macro-stylistic level. Truda Stamać describes grandfather's ambiguity in a shorter literary form, in a "mini-story" by means of some linguistic categories at the micro-stylistic level. The author of the paper concludes that this procedure affects the syntax so that Stamać's narrative expression is characterised by a specific, rich, reductionary and extentionary sentence rhythm.

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QUAND LA TERMINOLOGIE MUSICALE ITALIENNE TRAVERSE LES ALPES, LA MANCHE ET LE DANUBE

Author(s): Adriana Costachescu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2021

The author analyses around 80 musical terms from Italian that appear in French, English, and Romanian. Music notation is a complex semiotic system in which linguistic signs occupy only a marginal place. Unlike other mixed semiotic systems, made up of words and specific scoring structures (the ‘formulas’ in mathematics, chemistry, physics, etc.), the musical sheets are not only a method of encoding the music text created by a composer, but also a set of directions for the interpreter, a kind of ‘instructions. The musical terms coined in Italian, which “travel” to other languages as loans, show remarkable semantic stability, having the same meaning in the four examined languages. In French and Romanian, the majority of Italian words were adapted to their own phonetic, morphological, and/or lexical systems. Such linguistic adaptions are rarely found in English. French occupies a special place in comparison with English and Romanian, being at times the pathway for the transfer of Italian musical terms. In some cases, the Italian words work as a model for a semantic extension of a similar word already existing in the target languages.

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O relacji języka i płci w religijnym dyskursie katolickim

Author(s): Marzena Makuchowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The article falls within the current of linguistic research on religious language, specifically on the language of Polish Catholicism. The paper is divided into two parts. The first discusses the specificity of the problem of gender resulting from the fact that the objects of religious faith are supernatural Beings, but in human beliefs, in culture, they are also attributed gender. The figures from the world of the Sacred - God, Jesus, the Holy Spirit, Mary, the angel, Satan - although they may be conceptualized as androgynous (in philosophy, in feminist theology), in „ordinary”, everyday cult and pastoral language (prayers, songs, sermons, etc.) they are linguistically represented as persons of unambiguous gender: male or female. Language thus creates a world of the Sacred whose image is not at odds with the colloquial image of gender, and the means developed to serve interpersonal contacts prove sufficient.The second presents certain linguistic strategies that are intended by the senders to build the gender identity of Polish male Catholics. This strategy involves the use of military language (war metaphors, vocabulary etc.) for religious practices (praying the rosary, pilgrimages, retreats etc.), which create the image of a soldier of Christ, and as the essence of masculinity – physical and mental strength and domination.

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Poe’s Litotes (in Romanian Translation) or Why Less is Always More

Author(s): Daniela Hăisan / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2020

The paper looks into the way the various translators of Edgar Allan Poe‟s fiction into Romanian dealt with a figure of speech (or of thought) Poe seems to have been especially fond of: the litotes. Romanian versions spanning 55 years (1957-2012) are examined with a view to pinpointing whether litotes are interpreted as having to do with intensification or attenuation. The paper looks into the way the various translators of Edgar Allan Poe‟s fiction into Romanian dealt with a figure of speech (or of thought) Poe seems to have been especially fond of: the litotes. Romanian versions spanning 55 years (1957-2012) are examined with a view to pinpointing whether litotes are interpreted as having to do with intensification or attenuation.The paper looks into the way the various translators of Edgar Allan Poe‟s fiction into Romanian dealt with a figure of speech (or of thought) Poe seems to have been especially fond of: the litotes. Romanian versions spanning 55 years (1957-2012) are examined with a view to pinpointing whether litotes are interpreted as having to do with intensification or attenuation. The paper looks into the way the various translators of Edgar Allan Poe‟s fiction into Romanian dealt with a figure of speech (or of thought) Poe seems to have been especially fond of: the litotes. Romanian versions spanning 55 years (1957-2012) are examined with a view to pinpointing whether litotes are interpreted as having to do with intensification or attenuation.

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Translating acronyms of “Designated Survivor” into Romanian

Author(s): Attila Imre / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 2/2022

The present article is based on research focusing on acronyms, including their forms, spelling and punctuation in English, also discussing various, often contradictory, or ambiguous definitions for so-called “minor” word-formation options. We try to argue for a more lenient definition of abbreviations, acronyms, initialisms and alphabetisms, directing our attention towards certain technical features of acronyms (uppercase letters, with or without periods). The research database is taken from a popular TV series, “Designated Survivor”, resulting in 276 unique acronyms, totaling 1,198 occurrences, which includes acronyms of 2 to 9 letters combined with numbers and specific symbols (hyphens and ampersand), and excludes common ones (DJ, TV) and Roman numbers (II, III, XIII). The most frequent English acronyms with at least 5 occurrences are considered (856), out of which the most popular 15 ones (a total of 664) are examined together with all their Romanian renditions. The conclusion section summarizes the findings, considering the aspect of “slippery” quality, yet interpreting the results from the perspective of overall consistency.

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