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L ’auteur de ce travail traite des innovations phraseologiques dans le serbocroate, introduites par des eorivains modernes, et constate que ceux-ci pratiquent »des procedes differents: remplacent un lexeme par un autre, transforment la structure morphologique et/ou syntaxique, reduisent ou elargissent des phraseologismes, contaminent des phraseologismes dejä existants.
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Review of: Tatjana Korač, Antica Menac i dr., "Rusko-hrvatski ili srpski frazeološki rječnik", „Školska knjiga“, Zagreb, 1980.; by: Milan Šipka
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The purpose of this paper is to explore the expression “keep an eye on” in COCA data base with the intention to find out what the extended constructions are. The example analysis shows that the metonymy concept eye for watching is present in the sentences where an animate noun is the object. In the examples with inanimate nouns an additional metonymy concept watching is attention is observed. This semi-fixed expression can be extended by a modifier. If it is an adjective (“keep + an + adjective + eye + on”) a blend of metonymy and metaphor (metaphtonymy) may be noted. However, this is not the case in the examples where the modifier is a noun. This is in agreement with the findings of other linguists.
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This article deals with the analysis of a phraseological system that reflects knowledge about the world and about the notions and images in people’s consciousness which contains not only a cognitive and nominative components but also embodies symbolic semantics. Attention is payed to the richness of the phraseological units which express the national character and the distinctive features of Ukrainians. An attempt is made to identify the correlation of language and culture, and of language and mentality which are involved in the cultural and national coloring of phraseological units; to trace the dynamic processes of linguistic culture studies potential of the analyzed units. A n extensive analysis of phraseological units with the component “bee” is carried out. Their ethnocultural characteristics and some reasons for their usage is identified. The symbolic meaning of phraseological units is analyzed, and historical and etymological approaches to the interpretation of the image of the bee in different nations is studied.
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In the works of Lithuanian linguists terminography and terminology standardization (preparation of terminology standards) are commonly viewed as two different branches of terminology ordering. Terminography is usually defined as the practice and theory of compilation of terminological dictionaries and terminology standardization is viewed as the preparation of terminology standards. The scope of both terminography and terminology standardization is wider: terminography covers not only compilation of terminological dictionaries but also sets of term entries presented in various forms; terminology standardization deals with terminology standards and sets of term entries presented in non-terminology standards. It is a common perception in Lithuanian linguistics that terminology standards cover microsystems of terms of very narrow fields of manufacturing or technology and are used by a small number of specialists, while terminological dictionaries present macrosystems of terms and have a much wider use. This is true only to some extent. The development of new fields of knowledge and the growth of terminology create the need for specialized dictionaries. There are highly specialized terminological dictionaries comprising a small number of terms as well as large terminology standards which include terms widely used in several fields. Terminology standards and terminological dictionaries are not so different – they both comprise a set of term entries compiled according to the same terminographical principles. Therefore, terminology standardization could be viewed as part of terminography. Terminology standardization is a relatively new kind of terminology work in Lithuania – the first national terminology standards were published in 1993. During the following few years a large number of national terminology standards were prepared each year, but when Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations this number decreased significantly. At the same time publication of Lithuanian versions of international terminology standards has been started, but the number of translated standards comprises only a small proportion of all adopted standards.
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The article presents the main characteristics of the English clinical terminology system of veterinary medicine such as scientific base, systematization, accuracy and unification, variability, comprehensibility, standardization, development and adaptation, technological integration. The peculiarities of the formation of English clinical veterinary terms are characterized. The research trends and lexical peculiarities of the terms of the clinical veterinary field are highlighted. Factors contributing to its development and the increase of the terminological array are considered.
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The paper will present phrasemes of the Kajkavian dialect composed of bird names. Namely, the phraseological corpus has established the existence of diverse components with animal names, including ornithonyms. While some of them are part of international phraseology, others have only been confirmed in a particular group of dialects or a local dialect. This paper will focus on the most frequently occurring phrasemes within Kajkavian phraseology, while also highlighting those considered rarely attested. It will also observe the representation of the mentioned phrasemes in the Croatian language as a whole, and attempt to determine the motivation behind their origin. The material for the analysis was excerpted from the existing literature and partly collected through field research. In this way, it was possible to draw conclusions about the established spectrums of meanings (e.g., the relationship between physical and psychological) and demonstrate the more extensive symbolism of certain ornithonyms in dialect phraseology, often exactly those that are characteristic for a specific region or for the everyday reality of the speakers of a given language.
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The structure of sentences with constituent adverbial phrases presents special interest. These phrases are: it’s a long time / it’s ages / for a long time / once / at one time. The issue concerns the complex sentences, in which the main clause is expressed by the given adverbial phrases, and is joined with the subordinate clause without a conjunction or with a relative pronoun which. We assume that structurally such sentences are complex, namely, main clauses are followed by complex subordinate clauses. In such cases, time adverbial phrases (it’s a long time / it’s ages / for a long time / once / at one time) are presented as main clauses that are followed by subordinate clauses. As a rule, these subordinates are joined with main clauses by a relative pronoun which.
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The article examines the process and result of semantic modulation of English quantitatives, which they necessarily undergo when affected by phrasemic context. The definition of the concept of semantic modulation is clarified at the background of the processes of semantic derivation and semantic transposition. A new comprehensive methodology for the analysis of modulation changes in phrasemic quantitatives of the English language is proposed, which, in addition to the traditional methods of decomposing the meaning into its components and detecting semes (integral, differential and gradational), includes automated tools of the computer program “Acrobat Reader” for searching the studied units in the electronic dictionaries of the English language. The expediency of adhering to the methodological principles of anthropocentrism and isomorphism of language and culture to study changes in the semantic structure of phrasemic quantitatives is substantiated. Componential analysis of the semantic structure of quantitatives has been carried out and the nature of the semic components’ redistribution in it under the influence of the phrasemic context has been revealed. The correlation between the activity of phrasemic quantitatives and the processes of semantic modulation has been established.
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An incomplete manuscript of Latin grammar was found in the Franciscan monastery in Humac which, according to the information from one of the records of a Provincial administration session (April 27, 1892), was compiled by Franjo Ćorić, a Herzegovinian Franciscan who taught Latin in Humac in the late 19th century. The morphology and syntax of Latin language were described in Croatian. The paper analyses the content structure, examines the grammatical terminology of the mentioned manuscript, and compares parts of the content to the Latin grammars of Bosnian Franciscans of the 19th century.
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The paper discusses the motivation of chrematonyms in the Federation of B&H and especially in the cantons with the Croatian speaking majority – in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton and in the West Herzegovina Canton. The data were taken from the data base of the registered craftsman and catering services, educational institutions, shops and companies based in these cantons of the Federation of B&H. All together 225 names in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton were analysed plus 141 name in West Herzegovina Canton. The analysis has shown that the chrematonyms are mostly motivated by personal name, most frequently by the name of the owner, antroponym as well as by common nouns. The largest influence of foreign names from English language was noted in the category „fitness center“ and „dance schools“, whereas the smallest influence was noticed in the category of educational institutions. Italian language has the largest influence on the analysed chrematonyms for the flower shops and bakeries.
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Medical terminology is the primary instrument for transmitting information between physicians and patients and between physicians themselves. Every terminology strives for standardization, which implies harmonization according to the principle of uniformity, systematicity and integration into the Croatian language system. LSP is subject to norms, and the creation of terminology should consider certain principles. Standardized terms as well as “ad hoc” created terms which are there sult of naming new consept or object are used in medical communication. Aiming at the standardization of terminology, the project Struna was started. Two medical terminologies, anatomical and physiological, have been standardized so far as well as the terminology of ophtalmology, pharmacology and stomatology. Other medical terminologies still represents a challenge to professionals-doctors and linguists. The aim of this paperis to explore terminological dilemmas which are presentin medical language. This corpus based research willtry to give solutions for same terminological questions uncertain ties presentin medical publications.
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The article shows the work of two phraseological dictionaries – one published Croatian Dictionary of Animalistic Idioms (2017) and the other currently in progress – Croatian Dictionary of Phytological Idioms. We are presenting the concepts of the two dictionaries, their microstructure and macrostructure, with a special reference to the method of collecting dictionary material.
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This paper is an interdisciplinary study of British political discourse. It attempts to examine how British greatness emerged and developed over the centuries. Changes in the official use of British terminology are highlighted as a reflection of dwindling historical greatness: the British Empire > The British Commonwealth (1931); The British Commonwealth > The Commonwealth (1949); Great Britain > Britain (UK for short). The idea of British greatness flourished during the Brexit period (2016–2020). Special attention is paid to stylistic changes in Brexit discourses, reflecting political events and developments. My analysis discloses the role of frequent creative use of phraseological units, e. g., a leap in the dark, to eat one’s cake and have it, to kick the can down the road etc. It offers insight into sustained creative use of metaphor as a reflection of painful and tortuous processes. I rely on findings of cognitive linguistics on thought and language [Gibbs 1999: 16–23]. This paper aims to explore the notion of British greatness, its origin and development over centuries, and the role it has played in Brexit-related events and processes. The study focuses on the interplay of history, politics and language, illustrating how figurative expressions are ingrained in a nation’s cultural fabric and linguistic landscape.
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The article examines non-codified colloquial phraseological units in the Ukrainian language that function mainly in live spoken language and are gradually penetrating the Internet, mass media and literary discourses. The author highlights the factors that contribute to the creation of such phraseological units. A detailed analysis has been made of the main sources used to replenish the corpus of non-codified colloquial phraseology, among which the most effective are actual colloquial speech, borrowings from the Russian language, slang and argot phraseological units, chamber idioms, folklore and dialect phraseology. It was found out that the set of negatively evaluated non-codified colloquial phraseological units significantly outweighs the positive ones, and according to their morphological classification in the part of speech, the verbal units are dominant.
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The article considers the intellectual component of the Russian and Baltic human language model (HLM) based on the material of phraseologisms. The intellectual component is characterized by somatic phraseological units (PhU) with key components correlated in Russian and Baltic languages: Rus. голова, мозг (мозги), ум, разум, рассудок / Latv. galva, smadzenes, prāts, saprāts / Lithuan. galva, smegenys, protas, omuo. In the semantics of the analyzed PhU, the following aspects of human intellectual activity are updated: normal / abnormal intellectual state; judiciousness, common sense / imprudence; good / poor mental capacity; a “container” of thoughts and quantitative indicators of mind and knowledge; memory abilities, normal thought activity / mental disorders. A comparative analysis of the semantics of Russian and Baltic PhU revealed common typological features of the compared HLM. Interlanguage Russian and Baltic correspondences in most cases are full equivalents, that is, identical in structure, composition of components and figurative bases, less often they are partial, that is, such in which there is a variation in components and grammatical structure. The identity of figurative foundations is a demonstration of the commonality of cultural connotations which, in turn, testifies to the commonality of many cultural attitudes of Russians and Balts. Apparently, interlanguage Russian, Latvian and Lithuanian equivalents go back to identical prototypes that developed into corresponding PhU under the combined action of universal (for all three ethnic groups) linguistic and extralinguistic factors, and this confirms the hypothesis of interlanguage phraseological parallelism, especially in the case of somatic phraseologisms.
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The article belongs to a series of publications devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of Polish kinematic phraseological units (hereinafter KPhU) denoting emotions. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the peculiarities of the functioning of the expansive changes in the analysed KPhU. The result of the analysis is a thorough examination of 34 expansive units (created as a result of modifying the structure and/or semantics of 19 out of 418 analysed normative kinematic phraseological units (KPhUs), recorded in 565 contexts), revealing the peculiarities of their formation and use, as well as an attempt to determine the reasons for their appearance. It is concluded that the identified expansive changes in the analysed normative KPhU, given their increasing frequency, may eventually become a phraseological norm. The reason for their emergence and spread is the pressure of the system on the norm, the protective function of which is significantly weakened in conditions where the main sphere of functioning of the KPhU is the spoken language.
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The creative work of Dragoslav Mihailović is included in the corpus of the SASA Dictionary, which indicates, among other things, that the prose discourse of this writer has diverse linguistic (lexical) potentials. In this context, the aim of this paper is to highlight the characteristics of the vocabulary in his novel "Kad su cvetale tikve" ("When Pumpkins Blossomed"), as well as to examine the functions that the vocabulary serves in his prose. The primary criterion applied in the analysis of the material is lexical (the source of the lexemes, their belonging to a specific thematic group, their meaning, and their role in the analyzed discourse), while the sub-criterion is semantic. The analysis indicates that the language in the given novel is primarily socially stratified and that jargonisms and jargon expressions, as well as idioms, are particularly noticeable on the lexical level. Their use is linked to the characterization of the characters and the depiction of the social reality of the time in which the work was created, but it also enhances the expressiveness and distinctiveness of the overall lexical level of this literary work. In the linguistic corpus, there is almost no dialogue without the use of sociolect, which, in a unique way, leads to the intertwining of literary-artistic and colloquial functional styles. The paper concludes that in this novel by Dragoslav Mihailović, the specific selection of vocabulary achieved not only a stylistic function but also a formal linguistic function, contributing to the overall efficiency of linguistic expression.
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The article is dedicated to the memory of the outstanding Udmurt linguist, Doctor of Philology, Professor Valey Kel’makovich Kel’makov, who made a significant contribution to the development of Finno-Ugric linguistics; founded the scientific school “Udmurt language in the system of Permic and Finno-Ugric languages: comparative historical and typological-contactological studies”; initiator of the symposium “Permistics: Dialects and History of Permic languages in interaction with other languages”. Among the most significant discoveries of the scientist are the following: development of criteria for dialect division of the Udmurt language; creation of a modern classification of Udmurt dialects; identification and description of the most important trends of the proto-Permian stage of development of the Udmurt and Komi languages; reconstruction of Proto-Udmurt vocalism; restoration of paradigmatics and some features of syntagmatics of Proto-Udmurt consonantism; periodization of the history of Udmurt linguistics; research of the creative biography of leading linguists-researchers of Permian languages; development of the principles of teaching the Udmurt language to foreign students; formation of traditions of Udmurt textual studies, etc. The bio-bibliographic index (2022), published on the 80th anniversary of the scientist's birth, contains 527 titles of scientific works. Among them are monographs, textbooks, collections, articles, reviews, methodological developments on morphology, syntax, word formation, lexicology, lexicography, etymology, onomastics.
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Fixed phrases, titles of literary or artistic works, quotes of an author, maxims, proverbs, “famous words”, preserved in their “canonical” form, or slightly modified, represent repeated discourse. An utterance, as a part of the repeated discourse with the state of architext, is updated according to one of the construction figures summarized in Quintilian’s formula (quadripartita ratio): detractio, adiectio, immutatio, transmutatio. This transformation is explained by the unintelligibility feature of these rules. It is considered that a group of words, which lose their original meaning and which together have a meaning of their own, form a unit. The overall meaning of the formula is different from each of the words that make it up. In terms of “cognition”, this is fixed and less in terms of syntax. Thus, the speakers understand that the use of such an expression is conventional, being something prebuilt that belongs to a previous, external construction, belonging to the repeated discourse, at the opposite pole being what is constructed by enunciation in the breast of free speech technique. Phraseology, a fairly recent discipline in linguistics, with an interdisciplinary feature, delimits this relatively difficult object of study, because there are different opinions of various linguists about the groups of words that constitute phraseological units. The purpose of this article is not to side with a particular linguist, but to highlight as many points of interest as possible regarding the definition of the terms repeated discourse and phraseology.
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