Phraseme and Metaphoricality. Potential Features vs. Necessary Features of Phraseological Units

Author(s): Michaela Křivancová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2019

The paper focuses on the metaphoricality of phraseological units and tries to identify the necessary (not only potential) features of phrasemes. The author finds out how the transferred denomination [přenesené pojmenování] and figurative denomination [obrazné pojmenování] are related. She further monitor whether the phraseological units must be necessarily transferred and / or figurative. All theoretical findings are supported by concrete excerpts from Czech phraseology.

Písanie spojení PANI VESNA, PANI ŠŤASTENA, PÁN OSUD, PÁN ŽIVOT

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2021

Čili omáčka

Author(s): Iveta Vančová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2021

Lobby bar - pravopis a ekvivalenty

Author(s): Sibyla Mislovičová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2021

O Pravde s veľkým P a pravde s malým p

Author(s): Jozef Mlacek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

Jubilujúca Dana Baláková a jej svet plný frazeológie

Author(s): Viera Kováčová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

BIOMORPHIC METAPHOR IN THE ENGLISH VETERINARY TERMINOLOGY

Author(s): Valery Lashkul,Yurii Rozhkov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article represents the results of metaphorization research and the study of metaphor terms widely represented in the English veterinary medicine terminology. The study of metaphorization as a way of forming English veterinary terms was conducted on the basis of lexicographic data recorded in the English terminological dictionaries for veterinary medicine. The analysis of the dictionary material made it possible to conclude that the most productive way of forming terms in the veterinary vocabulary is the biomorphic metaphor, which nominates scientific concepts due to the analogy between objects of living nature and systems of objects of veterinary science. The important role of the biomorphic metaphor in the formation, structuring and functioning of veterinary medicine terminology in combination with the high productivity of metaphorical models in modern veterinary medicine testifies to the relevance of our research. The biomorphic metaphor is based on similarity with living nature: humans, plants, animals. Biomorphic metaphors include botanical, zoomorphic and anthropomorphic metaphors. An anthropomorphic metaphor, formed on the basis of the transfer of lexemes related to the structure of the human body, its behavior, its inherent qualities, is especially common in the veterinary vocabulary. Along with anthropomorphic metaphors, zoomorphic metaphors are often found, which, by association with various animals, make it possible to nominate anatomical and pathological objects and their characteristics. Botanical metaphors, formed due to the correlation of terms with representatives of the plant world and parts of plants, dominate the anatomical terminology of veterinary medicine, since the basis of metaphorical transfer is the external features of the object: shape, size, position in space.

הבל – vanitas-parafrázisok a Qohelet könyvében

Author(s): Kristián Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2022

The Hebrew root הבל is one of the most frequent expressions of the book of Qohelet, so to say one of the keywords of his theology. Besides, within the entire Old Testament, this term appears most frequently in this book. Insofar as הבל carries a value judgment for the message of Qohelet, this term is hugely important. Within the history of research, scholars either concentrate on specific loci of the occurrences or focus on the Hebrew expression in general. In our article, we attempt to categorize all occurrences of הבל according to its contexts in the Book of Qohelet and detect the theological meaning and relevance in both his narrow and the wider literal context. Furthermore, we aim to detect the influence of Qohelet’s special vocabulary in its narrow context of the הבל-paraphrases.

ORIGIN SOURCES OF ENGLISH VETERINARY TERMINOLOGY

Author(s): Olena Syrotina / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article is devoted to the characteristics of the formation peculiarities of the veterinary terminology in the English language. Based on the analyzed sources of the formation of English veterinary terms, it was concluded that the term system develops under the influence of semantic processes in the vocabulary of the national language and their assimilation by the term system of veterinary medicine. An important source of the increase in English veterinary terminology is borrowing from the terminology of various disciplines and fields, since veterinary medicine is a complex integrative science that combines dozens of sections and directions. Significant sources of the increase in the English veterinary terminological system are borrowings from other languages, metaphorization and neologization.

Ukrajinská frazeografia. Súčasný stav a perspektívy výskumu

Author(s): Mária Čižmárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 01/2024

The presented research summarizes the previous phraseological lexicographic works. It provides an overview of Ukrainian phraseology, its most important lexicographical works, including those published in Slovakia and dealing with the investigated issue. It points to the beginnings of writing phraseological units in paremiological collections and their compilers. He pays attention to numerous phraseological explanatory and translation dictionaries at the end of the 20th century.

Idiomske skupine motivirane ritualima u bosanskom jeziku

Author(s): Azra Hodžić-Čavkić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 35/2024

Speech situations always include elements of both verbal and non-verbal communication, and the essential meaning in it is only possible to reach in a holistic approach, because every speech situation implies a social, cultural and individual context containing collective experience, but all speech situations do not have to follow strictly established rules of verbal and non-verbal communication. However, in certain speech situations, due to functional repetitiveness, strictly established language rules with accompanying non-verbal elements of the speech situation naturally open up the possibility of the so-called phraseologising, which turns a free connection of words into a solid lexical connection. Such is the case with one group of idioms that originate from rituals practiced in different epochs of the historical development of society. Namely, we call such idioms ritualbased idioms because they probably represent the most advanced part of a certain ritual that has been verbalized in the modern language and in most cases has lost its connection with the denotative meaning of its components. The connection with the denotative meaning can be reconstructed through diachronic studies which, as expected, show that the background motivational mechanisms in these idioms are mainly found in the potential of their denotative meanings.

Eufemistični frazeologizmi iz semantičkog polja smrti u govoru Rožaja

Author(s): Dženisa Mujević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 35/2024

The aim of this paper is to analyze dialectal, authentic euphemistic phraseologisms from the speech of Rožaje within the semantic field of death, marked by exceptional expressiveness and vividness. The phraseologisms analyzed in the paper were collected through dialectal research of the Rožaje speech and represent a specificity of this speech area, rarely recorded in neighboring dialects. Through this study, we aim to present the taboo nature of the topic of death and the conceptualization of the terms ”death” and ”dying” in language, which are undesirable for utterance in conversational style, leading to the creation of euphemistic phraseologisms in dialectal phraseology. This taboo, a form of social control, is imposed by religion, culture, and society, and individuals are taught this from birth through upbringing and education. The taboo most often applies to death, old age, illness, and intimate relations, but in this paper, we will focus on euphemistic phraseologisms from the tabooed thematic field of death. Death, as part of every civilization, has been euphemized through various mechanisms since the earliest beginnings of collective and individual cultural formation. This will be presented from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. Additionally, we will identify the most productive mechanism in the creation of euphemistic phraseologisms related to the terms ”death” and ”dying.”

Prilog proučavanju idiomskih skupina simila u bosanskom jeziku

Author(s): Azra Hodžić-Čavkić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2023

The subject of this paper are idiomatic expressions that have the particle kao (as) in their composition and that we understand as the so-called similes since they refer to comparisons by similarity. We observe both the particle kao as well as the elements of comparandum and tertium comparationis as concepts based on different metaphors according to their grammatical affiliation. By combining at least two conceptual mechanisms, similes appear as a complex but common way of expressing the value system in the Bosnian language. Following the cognitive-grammatical understanding of the grammatical profiles of words that fill the position of relata in similes, the research indicates that metaphors in this type of idiom groups belong to the category of GENERIC IS SPECIFIC, which is explained by the structural patterns of similes that show that the elements of more abstract grammatical profiles are represented by the topology of a (more) concrete type of the word. Conceptual mapping in similes shows that it is still a complex cognitive mechanism realized by relationships at different levels of the grammatical-lexical profile of the components in similes. The corpus was excerpted from several works by Dževad Karahasan and since one part of the works consulted was published after various phraseological dictionaries of the Bosnian language were presented to the public, or because these works were not taken into account at all in the formation of their material, a part of the similes found will remain recorded as material that is a candidate to phraseological recording in the future.

ATLASI DIALEKTOLOGJIK I GJUHËS SHQIPE

Author(s): Mehmet Çeliku / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2010

Review of: Atlasi dialektologjik i gjuhës Shqipe, Vëllimi I 2007, 464 faqe; VËLLIMI II 2008, 601 faqe. Botuar nga Universita degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi dell 'Europa Orientale.

UTEMELJENJE IZRAZA ARAPSKOG KOLOKVIJALNOG JEZIKA (‘ĀMMIYYA) U STANDARDNOM ARAPSKOM JEZIKU (FUṢḤĀ)

Author(s): Hajrudin Hodžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2024

The aim of this paper is to argue that colloquial words in the Arabic language did not originate in isolation, but that they are, in most cases, a mild modification of Standard Arabic, from which they derive and which serves as the broader core for all Arabic dialects. This paper consists of several sections. The first section deals with diglossia as a characteristic of the Arabic language today, followed by an examination of the characteristics of dialects, with a special emphasis on their origin, geographical division, and mutual differences. The second section is dedicated to phonetic and morphological changes that occur when words from Standard Arabic are used in colloquial speech, while the third addresses words borrowed from foreign languages that have become integrated into everyday Arabic. The main part of the paper is in the fourth section, where practical examples are used to demonstrate and confirm that Arabic dialects actually originate from the standard supra-dialectal Arabic language, and that various factors have led to the apparent divergence of colloquial words from those in Standard Arabic. At the end of the paper, the author offers several suggestions aimed at easing the barrier between colloquial and Standard Arabic, with the long-term goal of completely removing it.

Bibel-Phraseologismen im Schwedischen und Deutschen aus kontrastiver Sicht

Author(s): Åsa Apelkvist / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

In German, as well as in Swedish, there are a lot of phrasemes or idioms which all date back to Martin Luther’s Bible translation. Often, these idioms have a similar meaning and a similar or even an identical structure. Normally, they are listed in bilingual dictionaries, but without the small and important differences being pointed out. In this article, on the basis of many examples from the Internet, I conduct a contrastive analysis of 9 common Bible idioms. Thereby I analyze if there are semantic or stylistic differences, if the idioms really are used to the same degree and what the syntactic valences look like. Simultaneously, the descriptions of the idioms in dictionaries are discussed.

Bemerkungen zur nominalen und pronominalen Anrede in geistlichen Gemeinschaften (Klöstern) in dem deutschen und rumänischen Kulturkreis

Author(s): Ioana Hermine Fierbinteanu / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

When people are supposed to talk to an interlocutor, they have to choose a linguistic form of address in order to initiate and maintain some type of relation. In my paper I try to show the differences between the German and the Romanian referential address of the interlocutor, which can be done with nominal (proper name, title, kinship terms, etc.), or pronominal (tu, vos etc.) expressions. The nominal and pronominal forms are the most common mechanisms used to address a Catholic, orthodox or a Lutheran nun or monk and the object of study of my investigation. In Germany there are Catholic and Lutheran monasteries, while in Romania there are Catholic, Lutheran and orthodox monasteries. In my research I tried to identify the nominal and pronominal expressions in German and Romanian, which are suggested by the Catholic, Orthodox and Lutheran church. The next phase involved interviews with test persons, who did not know whom they were expected to address and how, but were able to address nuns and monks. Even theology graduates did not know what expressions to choose, but they knew where to find the information. The final phase involved the comparison of the expressions used by test persons in everyday life.

Deutsch und Rumänisch im Kontrast. Eine Bilanz zur interlingualen phraseologischen Kontrastivik (2000-2020)

Author(s): Doris Sava / Language(s): German Issue: 20/2023

The article shows some fields of investigation that Romanian German Studies have turned to since 2000. In the synchronous studies on the phraseolexicon of the language pair German and Romanian, phraseological types were compared and equivalence relations were examined from a translation-relevant perspective. Few works are dedicated to the Romanian bilingual lexicographical codification practice, so that suggestions for the redesign of conventional or for the conception of new phraseological dictionaries are not lacking. An outlook on future research approaches within the phraseological contrastive should encourage a more detailed study of the formulaic in order to clarify intercultural peculiarities and frequent usage patterns.

Frazeologizm – nieoczywista jednostka języka

Author(s): Anna Pajdzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2024

The need to identify and study phraseological units was only recognised relatively recently. They are characterised by an asymmetry between the expression aspect and the content aspect: being combinations of words in the formal sense, phraseological units are semantic wholes. In effect, there is a complex network of interdependencies between the grammatical, semantic, and functional properties of their elements, as well as of the entire units, which renders them theoretically interesting and distinct from lexemes. They are important in communication but can be difficult to speakers: in order to use them well, one has to know their internal syntactic arrangement, the degree of their discontinuity in utterances, their variability, contextual adaptability and influence on context, as well as their functions in actual use.

Syntactic Economy and Expressiveness: An Analysis of Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions

Author(s): Pop Ioan Beniamin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Nominative absolute participial constructions are a distinctive and stylistically versatile feature of Modern English syntax. Comprising a noun phrase in the nominative case in combination with a participial phrase, they form a clause that is grammatically independent of the main sentence. These constructions provide contextual information related to time, cause, condition, or attendant circumstance. Nominative absolute participial constructions are syntactically independent but semantically linked adjuncts, which enhances their ability to play a significant role in improving narrative flow, technical precision, and literary expressiveness. The present paper investigates their structural properties, semantic versatility, diachronic evolution, and examines the propensity of their employment.