"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

(Ne)prevodivost Ćopićeve poredbene frazeologije u djelu „Doživljaji Nikoletine Bursaća“

Author(s): Rada Stakić,Belma Šator / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 12/2015

Taking the study of Copic’s oeuvre into consideration, his reception in German-speaking countries is relatively unknown. This paper deals with one segment of that cultural exchange – translatological and contrastive analysis of comparative phrasemes in a collection of short stories entitled The Adventures of Nikoletina Bursac. Phrasemes (phraseologisms, phraseological units) serve as a reflection of a people’s spirit and culture, they emerge on the basis of certain images – sometimes in common with other languages and cultures, but to a large extent so specific that phraseology as a discipline regards them as untranslatable. Given the fact that every translator’s task is to turn the untranslatable into the translatable, thus revealing their own understanding and evaluation of the foreign culture in question, this analysis seems to coroborate the claim that Ms Ina Jun-Broda managed to maintain the subtle balance with regard to the (un)translatibility of Copic’s protagonists’ sparkling language.

5. Протокол заседания Московского лингвистического кружка (15 февраля 1920 года)

Author(s): Boris Tomashevsky / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1977

O. Брик. Доклад Томашевского делится на 3 части. Последняя - критика Белого, не вызывает возражений, 2-ая заключает в себе интересные наблюдения, но 1-ая, методологическая - неубедительна. Говоря о ритме прозы, нужно прежде всего определить, что мы изучаем: ритм чтения или ритм написанного? Ритм декламационный нужно отличать от ритма имманентного. Но предположим, что изучаем ритм чтения. На чем базируется кривая ритма? Докладчик кладет в основу интонационные отрезки, но вместо интонации подставляет экспирацию. Подход, диктуемый аналогией со стихотворным ритмом, оказывается несостоятельным. Кроме того, выводы сделаны на основании небольшого материала, что не делает их общеубедительными.

Analyse contrastive des formes du pronom personnel: roumain - français

Author(s): Maria Rodica Mihulecea / Language(s): French / Issue: 23/2016

The similarity between Romanian and French is based on their common origin. (both languages are Romanic ones). Such similarity stimulates the Romanian speakers to learn French in a pleasant way and in a shorter period of time. On the other hand, we cannot ignore that the automatisms from the mother tongue are, in most cases, an obstacle in the process of acquiring the target language, no matter what it is. In the present work, we want to debate upon the morphology of the personal pronouns which is a complex matter. We shall focus upon the similarities and differences between Romanian and French as far as the pronoun matters are concerned. We have pointed out the difficulties the Romanian speakers deal with when they have to find the equivalents for the Romanian personal pronoun in French. We have insisted upon the stressed and the unstressed forms of the personal pronoun and upon its syntactical functions – as subject and object. We have also selected a number of mistakes the Romanian speakers can make under the influence of their mother tongue.

Apie terminografiją ir terminų standartizaciją

Author(s): Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 25/2018

In the works of Lithuanian linguists terminography and terminology standardization (preparation of terminology standards) are commonly viewed as two different branches of terminology ordering. Terminography is usually defined as the practice and theory of compilation of terminological dictionaries and terminology standardization is viewed as the preparation of terminology standards. The scope of both terminography and terminology standardization is wider: terminography covers not only compilation of terminological dictionaries but also sets of term entries presented in various forms; terminology standardization deals with terminology standards and sets of term entries presented in non-terminology standards. It is a common perception in Lithuanian linguistics that terminology standards cover microsystems of terms of very narrow fields of manufacturing or technology and are used by a small number of specialists, while terminological dictionaries present macrosystems of terms and have a much wider use. This is true only to some extent. The development of new fields of knowledge and the growth of terminology create the need for specialized dictionaries. There are highly specialized terminological dictionaries comprising a small number of terms as well as large terminology standards which include terms widely used in several fields. Terminology standards and terminological dictionaries are not so different – they both comprise a set of term entries compiled according to the same terminographical principles. Therefore, terminology standardization could be viewed as part of terminography. Terminology standardization is a relatively new kind of terminology work in Lithuania – the first national terminology standards were published in 1993. During the following few years a large number of national terminology standards were prepared each year, but when Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations this number decreased significantly. At the same time publication of Lithuanian versions of international terminology standards has been started, but the number of translated standards comprises only a small proportion of all adopted standards.

Arabic Grammatical Loans in Contemporary Swahili Prose Texts

Author(s): Maddalena Toscano,Sergio Baldi / Language(s): English / Issue: 49/2015

The presence of Arabic loans in Swahili has not become subject of reliable corpus-based analyses so far. The in-fluence of Arabic language on Swahili can be investigated in literary sources, but reference to whether writers are Muslims or not is essential for their differentiation. This article intends to investigate the presence of Arabic in contemporary prose texts written by Tanzanian authors from Zanzibar and from mainland. The electronic corpus has two sets, Tanzanian cor-pus and Zanzibarian corpus respectively which are almost equal in size. The reference list of Arabic loans has been ex-tracted from two published sources. Using Concordance, a concordance software for text analysis, the frequency of words representing grammatical classes is tested. Differences in the two corpora have been indicated, as well as some shared occurrences of items of Arabic origin (mostly adverbs and conjunctions).

Caused Motion: Secondary Agent Constructions

Author(s): Naděžda Kudrnáčová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2013

Secondary agent constructions (SA constructions) represent verb-class specific constructions (in the sense of Croft 2003). The reasons are as follows: (a) SA constructions include a narrowly defined set of verbs and (b) the resulting meaning is derived from the interaction between the meaning of the verbs and the meaning of the construction, involving a very specific causal structuration (as regards the form of SA constructions, directional phrases can be missing, depending on the type of scenario). Heavy restrictions imposed on the repertory of verbs that are admitted into these constructions have been explained in the literature by the inherently monadic, non-causative nature of these verbs. It has often been claimed in the relevant literature that manner of motion is not syntactically relevant. However, owing to the apparent restrictions imposed on the syntactic applicability of self-agentive manner of motion verbs (including their usability in SA constructions), it is evident that the claim cannot be maintained. Boas (2006, 2008) has shown convincingly that there are connections between the verb’s descriptivity (roughly, the complexity and specificity of the verb´s meaning) and the range of syntactic patterns into which the verb may enter. Nevertheless, his account does not make clear exactly which elements of the verb´s meaning decide the verb’s usability in SA constructions (and in some other types of syntactic patterns).

Code-Switching Through the Embedding of English Idiomatic Expressions Into the Matrix Lithuanian Text

Author(s): Indrė Ignotaitė / Language(s): English / Issue: 102/2020

The paper focuses on how extra-sentential code-switching occurs when the increasingly multimodal social networks employ and foster the hybrid features of Internet language, especially when it involves idiomatic expressions. The social network “Twitter” has been selected to qualitatively research how English idiomatic expressions are embedded into the matrix of Lithuanian texts by means of extra-sentential code-switching. Six examples are chosen to reflect the flexibility and variety of linguistic features surrounding this process and the diversity of structures resulting from it. An analysis of the examples reveals that there are three main ways of doing so: unmodified idioms, slightly modified idioms, and Lithuanised idioms. This work aims to contribute new observations to the descriptive and analytical aspects of linguistic code-switching research. The work, however, does not include extended commentary of its general effect on language, speakers, and culture.

Coping with the Main Terms of Terminology

Author(s): Peep Nemvalts / Language(s): English / Issue: 25/2018

Šio straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti pagrindinių terminologijos terminų vartoseną ir padiskutuoti, ar reikėtų ją keisti. Vienareikšmiškumo siekis būdingas visoms nacionalinėms kalboms, įskaitant anglų kalbą. Straipsnio atspirties taškas – terminų vartosena estų kalboje, tačiau anglų kalba yra ir lingua franca, ir pagrindinė darbinė terminų standartizacijos kalba, todėl daugiausia dėmesio skiriama anglų kalbai. Siūlomi naujadarai, kurie galėtų išspręsti angliškų terminų nevienareikšmiškumo problemą. Siekiama sąvokų sistemos aiškumo naudojant terminų sistemą, kuri yra kiek įmanoma vienareikšmė. Straipsnyje taip pat trumpai aptariamas studentams ir net tik jiems būdingas tam tikras „sąvokos“ ir „termino“ esmės nesupratimas. Kaip matyti iš 2012 m. atliktos Estijos universitetų doktorantų apklausos, tinkamo termino radimas – viena iš pagrindinių problemų. Sunkumą parinkti tinkamus estiškus ir angliškus terminus dažnai lemia daugiareikšmiškumas. Kiekviena kalba turi tik jai būdingas morfologines, sintaksines ir darybines priemones, tačiau vienas iš svarbiausių bet kurioje specialiojoje kalboje tinkamai funkcionuojančio termino bruožų yra vienareikšmiškumas. Nepaisant to, pats pagrindinis terminas terminology žymi keturias sąvokas. Net terminologijos standarte ISO 1087-1 išskirtos dvi terminology reikšmės. Straipsnio autorius mano, kad angliškas terminas terminology bei jo atitikmenys kitomis kalbomis turėtų būti nuosekliai ir vienareikšmiškai vartojami tik vienai sąvokai – ‘mokslui apie terminus’ – žymėti ir siūlo vartoti darinį termstock vietoj standarte terminijos reikšme vartojamo termino terminology. Kai kurie kiti terminai – terminology planning, terminology work, terminology science ir designation – aptariami atsižvelgiant į jų vienareikšmiškumą ir vartojimo nuoseklumą sąvokų sistemoje. Sistemiškas terminų darninimas ir terminijos planavimas yra būtinas kuo didesniam vienareikšmiškumui bet kurioje žinių srityje, įskaitant terminologiją, pasiekti.

Corpora and teaching academic writing: Exploring the pedagogical potential of MICUSP

Author(s): Ute Römer / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

This paper introduces a new corpus resource for teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and for carrying out research into advanced student writing across a range of academic disciplines: MICUSP, the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers. It exemplifies how MICUSP can be used as a source of materials in the context of data-driven learning in the EAP classroom. The paper also presents selected results from two MICUSP based studies: an analysis of attended and unattended this and a study of the distribution of common phraseological items across student papers. It is argued that these results are of pedagogical relevance and can contribute to an improvement in EAP teaching.

CULTUREMES, AGENTIVITY, CONTYRASTIVITY

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Author(s): Liliana Alic / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The three concepts mentioned in the title of the article, Culturemes, Agentivity and Contrastivity have been used and studied in various domains of linguistics, such as syntax, semantics, semiotics and cultural studies. The language and the culture of certain peoples can be investigated trough many and various methods, but if we choose a method that leads to identify some language universals, all the results and researches could lead to conclusions benefiting to human knowledge, generally speaking. Languages and people are not so different; the study may highlight common thinking, common experience of life, or quite the opposite, in the same circumstances. That is why we need various approaches of the phenomena and different theories to analyze fact of life and facts of language.

Czy zbiór polskich frazeologizmów pochodzenia biblijnego jest zbiorem zamkniętym?

Author(s): Stanisław Koziara / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 14/2019

The paper is dedicated to some selected units of biblical origin in the Polish language, namely fixed word combinations (idiomatic expressions). The author is trying to answer the question whether the collection of such units has the qualities of a closed set, or demonstrates a contemporary tendency to multiply its resources. What is essential for this description is the division into primary and secondary units of biblical origin. Apart from historical data and conditions, which are linked with this issue of Polish phraseology, the paper also contains several examples of the processes, as a result of which the language acquired new phrases of biblical origin.

Das Adjektiv „kauderwelsch“, die Verben „karteln“, „bud#lin“, „mutan“, „mut$r#n“ UND „taw#rn“ im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen

Author(s): Sigrid Haldenwang / Language(s): German / Issue: 23/2016

When looking at the Transylvanian-Saxon vocabulary, it is found that certain parts of speech, for example adjectives, verbs, and nouns have a meaning in common with the German written and colloquial speech. However, there are extended meanings as well. As case examples we chose the adjective „kauderwelsch” and the verb „karteln”. Also included are verbs, the loan-words are „bud#lin”, „mutan”, „mut$r#n” and „taw#rn”, which initially have their common basic meaning and additionally show each one their own meaning. The latter lexeme is a loan-word, which is frequently used in the Transylvanian-Saxon colloquial speech. The case examples are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon dictionary, the northern Transylvanian dictionary and vernacular literature.

Deutsche Phraseologismen mit der Komponente leben und deren Äquivalente im Serbischen

Author(s): Sanja Ninković / Language(s): German / Issue: 7/2013

This paper analyses German leben-containing idioms and their Serbian counterparts. With regard to the similarities and differences found, we can define four groups of them, in accordance with four degrees of equivalence: full equivalence, partial equivalence, semantic equivalence, and zero equivalence ones respectively.

Die Wunschformeln: eine kontrastive Analyse zwischen Standardspanischem und -deutschem

Author(s): Valentina Vivaldi,Juan Pablo Larreta Zulategui / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2019

Routine formulas are significant linguistic phenomena in the areas of foreign language teaching and bilingual lexicography. Nevertheless, few contrastive works of these units exist for the GermanSpanish language pair. The aim of this paper is a pragmalinguistic contrastive analysis of ‘wishing formulas’. The main criterion of contrasting is the pragmatic value of the units, i.e. the speech acts that can be performed through them, as well as the situational and sociolinguistic features of the formulas and the productivity of certain syntactic-lexical patterns in German and Spanish. Equivalences and differences between groups of formulas as well as between the individual units of both languages are identified.

Difficulties in Identifying and Translating Linguistic Metaphors: A Survey and Experiment among Translation Students

Author(s): Charlene Meyers / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

A survey of twelve translation students in 2017 revealed that they tend to find translating figurative and metaphorical language difficult. In addition, an experiment also conducted in 2017 showed similar results. During the first phase of this experiment, two trained researchers coded metaphorical items in a text from the New Scientist following the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (MIPVU). Based on Cohen’s kappa, the researchers reached an initial coding agreement of 0.692 (strong agreement) and a final agreement score of 0.958 (almost perfect agreement) after discussion. The second phase of the experiment involved the coding of the metaphorical items previously identified by the researchers in the same text by 47 students who received a two-hour introduction to conceptual metaphor theory and a simplified method to code metaphorical items. However, the results of the students’ coding showed that they had failed to identify metaphors in 49.96% of cases. Nevertheless, a chi-squared test (p < 2.2-16) revealed that the students’ coding was not due to chance alone and therefore not arbitrary.

Echoes of the Infernal Machine: 1940s French and English Literature of Resistance and Collaboration as a Revolution in the Mythic Imagination

Author(s): Tadd Graham Fernée / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

This article comparatively examines French and English literature based on two novels published in 1947, Malcolm Lowry’s Under the Volcano and Jean-Louis Curtis’ The Forests of Night. Both novels employ the mythic device to construct narratives on the twilight of the British Empire and the German occupied French Vichy regime, respectively, depicting experiences of resistance and collaboration on the eve of and during the Second World War. Both invent a system of symbolic imagery modelled on the Surrealist template in Jean Cocteau’s The Infernal Machine, that turns the classical mythic device still prevalent in the early 20th century (i.e. in Joyce or Eliot) upside down. The revolution in Mythic Imagination follows the Structuralist Revolution initiated by Durkheim, Saussure and Bachelard, evacuating fixed ontological architecture to portray relational interdependency without essence. These novels pursue overlapping ethical investigations, on “non-interventionism” in Lowry and “fraternity” in Curtis. The novels raise questions about the relation between colonialism and fascism and the impact of non-Western mythic universes (i.e. Hinduism) upon the Mythic Imagination. They have implications for our understanding of gender relations, as well as the value of political activism and progress.

El problema de delimitación de los compuestos sintagmáticos nominales en español

Author(s): Petr Stehlík / Language(s): Spanish / Publication Year: 0

The article examines the phrasal compounds in Spanish and their delimitation against phraseological units (collocations and idioms) with identical structure. Our study shows that most criteria established so far don’t allow distinguishing between the fields of word-formation and phraseology. For this reason, we recommend to pay more attention to the functions (denominative or predicative/comparative) of the units in question and their different syntactic combinability.

Epistemički modalni prilozi i gradijentnost u engleskom i srpskom jeziku

Author(s): Milena S. Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 19/2019

This paper discusses the importance of modal adverbs and its implications for researching modality in general on examples from the English and Serbian languages and points to some theoretical lackings in Serbian literature on modality. The analysis of the corpus examples is based on the theory of modality as epistemic deixis with the aim of showing that epistemic modal adverbs express the notion of degree on an epistemic scale in a way that traditionally discussed modal verbs are unable to do. The semantic gradability of modal adverbs is discussed in epistemic contexts where they can occur on their own, or collocate with modal verbs. The paper also focuses on combinations of epistemic adverbs with other adverbs that have an effect on the degree of modality expressed, either a heightening or lowering effect.

Equivalencias rumanas de algunas unidades fraseológicas de la novela Las hijas del Capitán de María Dueñas

Author(s): Lavinia Similaru / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 1-2/2019

Translation has been reflected upon since ancient times, but there are very few clear and unanimously accepted things in translation theory. Literary translation seems forever doomed to imperfection. Equivalence is a notion used by modern translation studies, but this notion still lacks a clear definition and a proper delimitation.The article aims to find equivalences of phraseological units in the novel The Captain’s Daughters by María Dueñas.