"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszala / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

Apie terminografiją ir terminų standartizaciją

Author(s): Jolanta Gaivenyte-Butler / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 25/2018

In the works of Lithuanian linguists terminography and terminology standardization (preparation of terminology standards) are commonly viewed as two different branches of terminology ordering. Terminography is usually defined as the practice and theory of compilation of terminological dictionaries and terminology standardization is viewed as the preparation of terminology standards. The scope of both terminography and terminology standardization is wider: terminography covers not only compilation of terminological dictionaries but also sets of term entries presented in various forms; terminology standardization deals with terminology standards and sets of term entries presented in non-terminology standards. It is a common perception in Lithuanian linguistics that terminology standards cover microsystems of terms of very narrow fields of manufacturing or technology and are used by a small number of specialists, while terminological dictionaries present macrosystems of terms and have a much wider use. This is true only to some extent. The development of new fields of knowledge and the growth of terminology create the need for specialized dictionaries. There are highly specialized terminological dictionaries comprising a small number of terms as well as large terminology standards which include terms widely used in several fields. Terminology standards and terminological dictionaries are not so different – they both comprise a set of term entries compiled according to the same terminographical principles. Therefore, terminology standardization could be viewed as part of terminography. Terminology standardization is a relatively new kind of terminology work in Lithuania – the first national terminology standards were published in 1993. During the following few years a large number of national terminology standards were prepared each year, but when Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations this number decreased significantly. At the same time publication of Lithuanian versions of international terminology standards has been started, but the number of translated standards comprises only a small proportion of all adopted standards.

Coping with the Main Terms of Terminology

Author(s): Peep Nemvalts / Language(s): English / Issue: 25/2018

Šio straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti pagrindinių terminologijos terminų vartoseną ir padiskutuoti, ar reikėtų ją keisti. Vienareikšmiškumo siekis būdingas visoms nacionalinėms kalboms, įskaitant anglų kalbą. Straipsnio atspirties taškas – terminų vartosena estų kalboje, tačiau anglų kalba yra ir lingua franca, ir pagrindinė darbinė terminų standartizacijos kalba, todėl daugiausia dėmesio skiriama anglų kalbai. Siūlomi naujadarai, kurie galėtų išspręsti angliškų terminų nevienareikšmiškumo problemą. Siekiama sąvokų sistemos aiškumo naudojant terminų sistemą, kuri yra kiek įmanoma vienareikšmė. Straipsnyje taip pat trumpai aptariamas studentams ir net tik jiems būdingas tam tikras „sąvokos“ ir „termino“ esmės nesupratimas. Kaip matyti iš 2012 m. atliktos Estijos universitetų doktorantų apklausos, tinkamo termino radimas – viena iš pagrindinių problemų. Sunkumą parinkti tinkamus estiškus ir angliškus terminus dažnai lemia daugiareikšmiškumas. Kiekviena kalba turi tik jai būdingas morfologines, sintaksines ir darybines priemones, tačiau vienas iš svarbiausių bet kurioje specialiojoje kalboje tinkamai funkcionuojančio termino bruožų yra vienareikšmiškumas. Nepaisant to, pats pagrindinis terminas terminology žymi keturias sąvokas. Net terminologijos standarte ISO 1087-1 išskirtos dvi terminology reikšmės. Straipsnio autorius mano, kad angliškas terminas terminology bei jo atitikmenys kitomis kalbomis turėtų būti nuosekliai ir vienareikšmiškai vartojami tik vienai sąvokai – ‘mokslui apie terminus’ – žymėti ir siūlo vartoti darinį termstock vietoj standarte terminijos reikšme vartojamo termino terminology. Kai kurie kiti terminai – terminology planning, terminology work, terminology science ir designation – aptariami atsižvelgiant į jų vienareikšmiškumą ir vartojimo nuoseklumą sąvokų sistemoje. Sistemiškas terminų darninimas ir terminijos planavimas yra būtinas kuo didesniam vienareikšmiškumui bet kurioje žinių srityje, įskaitant terminologiją, pasiekti.

Die Wunschformeln: eine kontrastive Analyse zwischen Standardspanischem und -deutschem

Author(s): Valentina Vivaldi,Juan Pablo Larreta Zulategui / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2019

Routine formulas are significant linguistic phenomena in the areas of foreign language teaching and bilingual lexicography. Nevertheless, few contrastive works of these units exist for the GermanSpanish language pair. The aim of this paper is a pragmalinguistic contrastive analysis of ‘wishing formulas’. The main criterion of contrasting is the pragmatic value of the units, i.e. the speech acts that can be performed through them, as well as the situational and sociolinguistic features of the formulas and the productivity of certain syntactic-lexical patterns in German and Spanish. Equivalences and differences between groups of formulas as well as between the individual units of both languages are identified.

Frazeologiczne kalki, półkalki i hybrydy w mowie dwujęzycznej społeczności staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce

Author(s): Magdalena Grupa-Dolinska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The paper is an attempt to create the definitions of and delimitations between the terms calque, semi-calque, and phraseological hybrid, based on the material collected among the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. Many scientfic papers have been written on calques, semi-calques, and phraseological hybrids, contributing to a better understanding of those linguistic phenomena, and deepening the possibilities of their interpretation. Calques, semi-calques, and lexical hybrids have been described in a quite satisfactory way; with reference to phraseology, however, theoretical and methodological discussions are still lacking. Their correct interpretation is key for an analysis of the phraseological store of the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. For more than half a century, their Russian dialect has been subjected to an incessant, strong influence of Polish, resulting in the appearance of an increasingly large number of elements borrowed from Polish, especially in the lexical system: borrowings, lexical calques, as well as phraseological calques and semi-calques.

Frazeologie a idiomatika: Jejich podstata a proměnlivost názorů na ně

Author(s): František Cermák / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

The paper addresses most of the current problems in phraseology. General observations on the universal character of idioms and the major aspects of the topic are followed by critical analysis ofa prototypical statement about the essential nature of idioms. Much of the analysis centres aroundthe notions of analogy and anomaly. The paper considers the form of the idiom, its analysability,modifiability and metaphoric character, and then challenges the current views on these. Next, thediscussion of the idiom and its meaning returns to metaphor and hypothetical decomposition andbriefly summarises some of the semantic features of idioms. It suggests that the function of idioms,and the issues of their form and meaning, are best revealed through the character and type of theirtextual anomalies. The author then presents his views on idioms and their study, referring to analogyand anomaly, regular and irregular language and especially language combinatorics. His approachwas tested on data collected for a comprehensive four-volume dictionary of Czech idioms. The paper describes types of combinations and the crucial notions of collocational and virtual paradigms.It offers and exemplifies definitions of idioms and a test for the identification of idioms in text, anda desideratum for further testing of the proposed theory.

Frazeološki rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika

Author(s): Josip Baotic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 1/1983

Review of: Dr Josip Matešić, "Frazeološki rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika", „Školska knjiga“, Zagreb, 1982.; by: Josip Baotić

IDIOMŲ SU KOMPONENTU „BITĖ“ ETIMOLOGIJOS IR SIMBOLIKOS TYRIMAS

Author(s): Zoriana Matsiuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 98/2019

This article deals with the analysis of a phraseological system that reflects knowledge about the world and about the notions and images in people’s consciousness which contains not only a cognitive and nominative components but also embodies symbolic semantics. Attention is payed to the richness of the phraseological units which express the national character and the distinctive features of Ukrainians. An attempt is made to identify the correlation of language and culture, and of language and mentality which are involved in the cultural and national coloring of phraseological units; to trace the dynamic processes of linguistic culture studies potential of the analyzed units. A n extensive analysis of phraseological units with the component “bee” is carried out. Their ethnocultural characteristics and some reasons for their usage is identified. The symbolic meaning of phraseological units is analyzed, and historical and etymological approaches to the interpretation of the image of the bee in different nations is studied.

Intensification Functions of Phrasemes with the Base Words čert ‘devil’, král ‘king’, and drak ‘dragon’

Author(s): Michaela Krivancová / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

This contribution focuses on phrasemes with an intensification function. The emphasis is laid on phrasemes with the so-called base word čert ‘devil’, král ‘king’, and drak ‘dragon’. We will attempt to show that the bearer of an intensification function is in some phrasemes the base word itself and in other cases the whole proposition. On several illustrative examples we will prove different formal types of phraseological units which perform an intensification function with the given base words. Furthermore, we will attempt to show that an identical or similar form of phraseological units differing only in the base word (although from one thematic unit) need not have an identical or similar semantic-functional structure.

Iz naše frazeologije

Author(s): Velimir Mihajlovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/1982

В настоящей работе автор рассматривает уначение и происхождение фразеологических единиц в сербохорватском языке типа: попила му сврака мозак, померити неком даидало, не зарезивати » skot, земљосо се, абоносо се, летвосо се.

Las colocaciones «sustantivo + de + sustantivo» y su ubicación en el lexicón mental de una muestra de hablantes de E/LE

Author(s): Letizia D’Andrea / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 6/2018

The collocations «noun + preposition de + noun» are considerably productive in Spanish; however, they usually occupy a marginal place in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language (S/FL) due to their specific referential nature. Indeed, they are used both to quantify portions of a whole, such as diente de ajo (clove of garlic) and to refer to groups of animated or unanimated entities belonging to the same category, such as bandada de pájaros and racimo de uvas (flock of birds and bunch of grapes, respectively). Therefore, this article aims to offer a syntactic and semantic analysis of this type of collocation and to assess their usage in a sample of 15 intermediate and advanced S/FL speakers.

Les particularités des phraséologismes russes et leur traduction en roumain

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Author(s): Sanda Misiriantu / Language(s): French / Issue: 01/2008

The present approach is conceived by taking into consideration that the translation of phraseologisms represents an intermediary stage in the identification of the correspondent structures in the second language. The personal observations, inferred from this approach, allow us to assert that, by insisting on the lexical component and syntactic organization of Russian phraseologisms, the students’ assignments with reference to the learning and usage of this type of fixed phrases become much easier to complete.

METONYMIC AND METAPHORIC EXTENSIONS OF THE EXPRESSION “KEEP AN EYE ON SOMEBODY/SOMETHING”

Author(s): Lidija Orcic / Language(s): English / Issue: 20/2018

The purpose of this paper is to explore the expression “keep an eye on” in COCA data base with the intention to find out what the extended constructions are. The example analysis shows that the metonymy concept eye for watching is present in the sentences where an animate noun is the object. In the examples with inanimate nouns an additional metonymy concept watching is attention is observed. This semi-fixed expression can be extended by a modifier. If it is an adjective (“keep + an + adjective + eye + on”) a blend of metonymy and metaphor (metaphtonymy) may be noted. However, this is not the case in the examples where the modifier is a noun. This is in agreement with the findings of other linguists.

Několik poznámek k současné německojazyčné frazeografii

Author(s): Katerina Šichová,Martin Šemelík / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

Among linguists there is a lively interest in phraseology, which is still a relatively young branch oflinguistics. However, its basic descriptive application, phraseography, whose task is to collect anddescribe phraseological expressions of a given language, is still a rather neglected area, at least interms of integrating theory into practice. The paper reports on two relatively modern phraseologicaldictionaries of German and takes up the question of their user-friendliness. It examines the notionof phraseme in these dictionaries against the background of František Čermák’s conception ofphraseology. Unsurprisingly, it turns out that both dictionaries are in need of substantial improvementsif they are to become really effective tools for resolving language problems, which is the essentialfunction of every dictionary. Nonetheless, some of the special features of Deutsche Idiomatik by HansSchemann deserve recognition and make the dictionary exceptional. For this reason, the papervoices the need for a discussion of Schemann’s phraseographical works in Czech linguistics, or, moreprecisely, in Czech phraseography. In addition, the paper comments on DUDEN 11: Redewendungen.Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik which is probably the most popular German dictionary of this type.

Osobliwości idiolektu przedstawiciela średniego pokolenia staroobrzędowców regionu suwalsko-augustowskiego

Author(s): Magdalena Grupa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

The Old Believers appeared on the territory of contemporary Poland in the second half of the 18th century. Back then they lived in isolation, therefore in the 20th century the intensification of contacts with Polish linguistic-cultural surroundings occurred. Assimilative processes sped up after the World War II. A little bit later differences in the speech of individual generations started to develop, which became very clear in the 21st century. Competence of the younger generations in the Russian dialect is more and more limited, the youngest community representatives are displaying tendencies of the linguistic change. The informer M-1977, whose idiolect has been the subject of analysis, is the representative of the youngest members of middle-age generation. The informer uses the Russian local dialect and Polish language on the level of the elaborated code and because of the preserved dialectal features, stylistic richness and the productivity in borrowing the lexis and the phraseology, he may be considered as an outstanding personality in his community.

Perceptions of Normality in Sarajevo: the Phenomenon of "Papak"

Author(s): Editorial team Balkanalysis / Language(s): English / Issue: 10/2010

“Oh, look at that papak!” is a phrase quite often heard in Sarajevo. It appears to be very well integrated into the Sarajevo vocabulary. But who is ‘papak’? Considering that in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian the word papak means a hoof (as in a pig’s hoof), the phrase would definitely not seem to be an expression of extreme politeness.

PHRASEME IN DEUTSCHEN UND KROATISCHEN POLITISCHEN TEXTEN

Author(s): Nikolina Miletic,Marija Peric,Žaklina Radoš / Language(s): German / Issue: 18/2/2017

In order to depict complex political contents, newspaper reporters often use picturesque and expressive terms. Phrasemes are especially adequate for these purposes because of their expressivity, idiomaticity, motivation as well as picturesque qualities. The aim of this research paper is to establish similarities and differences between the Croatian and German language based on the description and systematization of the Croatian and German phrasemes found in political articles by the means of contrastive analysis. The aim of the research is based on the hypotheses that (1) on account of their expressivity, phrasemes are used in political journalism in order to depict complex political contents, that (2) they mostly represent semantic groups Social World and Basic Phenomena: Man-World, as well as that (3) they fulfil the pragmatic function of the emotionally colored attitude of the speaker regarding a topic and the subsequent influence on the emotions of the reader. For the purpose of this research paper, phrasemes from the German newspapers Die Zeit and Der Spiegel and the Croatian Globus and Nacional are analyzed.

PHRASÉOLOGIE APPLIQUÉE ET SES NOUVELLES BRANCHES : PHRASÉODIDACTIQUE ET PHRASÉOTRADUCTION

Author(s): Monika Sulkowska / Language(s): French / Issue: 3/2018

Phraseodidactics, also known as didactics of phraseology, is a new emerging research discipline within the scope of applied linguistics. It is an interdisciplinary field with elements of phraseology, glottodidactics, as well as contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and sociolinguistics. Phraseodidactics, in accordance with its objectives, examines the processes associated with the natural assimilation of collocations, idioms, proverbs and other reproducible word forms in the mother language, and, foremost, processes related to the teaching and learning of these structures in the second and subsequent languages. Idiomatic expressions are understood here as established combinations of at least two words with a reproducible character. The scope of phraseology also includes compound words and fixed collocations. In other words, the didactics of phraseology aspires to deal with everything that is associated with the most effective teaching and learning of broadly understood phraseology. On the other hand, phraseotranslation, as a specialized interdisciplinary science postulated in this text, is situated at the crossroads of phraseology, translation studies, contrastive studies and phraseodidactics. Recently there is a growing need for an efficient interlinguistic translation; the education of future translators of foreign languages develops more and more, but the problem of phraseologization in translation is still very rarely undertaken in scientific research. An effective translation implies equivalent messages in two different linguistic codes, which becomes extremely difficult in case of phraseology. The multiple-word structures entrenched in natural languages are therefore a major challenge in the process of translation and can be a prominent difficulty even for professional translators.

POLITISCHE EUPHEMISMEN IM HEUTIGEN DEUTSCH

Author(s): Silvana Simoska / Language(s): German / Issue: 18/2/2017

The concept of euphemism - which derives from Greek, involves the use of deliberately evasive or deceptive language. Euphemisms are nice-sounding words or phrases which are substituted for words thought to be harsh, crude or offensive. Political discourse is well-known to be a hotbed for euphemisms, since in this particular type of discourse the truth is not directly verbalized. Political euphemisms are used as an instrument of promoting certain policy measures, and are manipulated accordingly. For instance, by using vague and “loaded” language expressions the bitter, unpleasant content of the political message is modified and lessened. A case in point is the German proverb den Gürtel enger schnallen (Engl. to tighten one’s belt). If used in a political context, this figurative expression does not suggest immediate stringent saving measures, or even deprivation on the level of the individual, but rather an equal distribution of the unpopular frugal measures in times of economic crisis. The present study analyzes political euphemisms in Modern German and particularly focuses on their function and implications of their usage regarding current issues. The study demonstrates that Modern German is highly prone to political euphemistic encoding, the following categories in particular: syntactic phrases and sentences (mehr Eigenverantwortung übernehmen, Arbeitsgelegenheit mit Mehraufwandsentschädigung (‚Ein-Euro-Job‘), Wir schaffen das!), complex lexical items (Nullwachstum, Rettungspaket, Hartz IV-Empfänger (instead of ‚Arbeitslosengeld II-Empfänger‘), idioms (in einem Boot sitzen, Engl. We‘re all in the same boat), words for special purposes and foreign words (Integration instead of Eingliederung, Segregation instead of Abschottung, Minijob/ Midijob instead of geringfügige Arbeit, Rationalisierung instead of Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen) and acronyms (BASU 21 (‚besonders auffällige Straftäter unter 21 Jahren‘).

Rusko-hrvatski ili srpski frazeološki rječnik

Author(s): Milan Šipka / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 4/1982

Review of: Tatjana Korač, Antica Menac i dr., "Rusko-hrvatski ili srpski frazeološki rječnik", „Školska knjiga“, Zagreb, 1980.; by: Milan Šipka