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"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

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(Ne)prevodivost Ćopićeve poredbene frazeologije u djelu „Doživljaji Nikoletine Bursaća“

Author(s): Rada Stakić,Belma Šator / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 12/2015

Taking the study of Copic’s oeuvre into consideration, his reception in German-speaking countries is relatively unknown. This paper deals with one segment of that cultural exchange – translatological and contrastive analysis of comparative phrasemes in a collection of short stories entitled The Adventures of Nikoletina Bursac. Phrasemes (phraseologisms, phraseological units) serve as a reflection of a people’s spirit and culture, they emerge on the basis of certain images – sometimes in common with other languages and cultures, but to a large extent so specific that phraseology as a discipline regards them as untranslatable. Given the fact that every translator’s task is to turn the untranslatable into the translatable, thus revealing their own understanding and evaluation of the foreign culture in question, this analysis seems to coroborate the claim that Ms Ina Jun-Broda managed to maintain the subtle balance with regard to the (un)translatibility of Copic’s protagonists’ sparkling language.

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[A todo + INF]: velocidad e intensificación en una construcción fraseológica del español

Author(s): Belén López Meirama / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 1/2020

The aim of this paper is to integrate the precepts of Construction Grammar into phraseology, for which a holistic description of the Spanish constructional idiom [a todo + INF] is provided. Constructional idioms are constructional patterns composed of certain fixed constituents and others that, although free slots, are subject to certain restrictions in terms of their combinations. The inductive methodology used to analyse these constructions is based on the assumption that frequency of use favours the creation of combinatory patterns, so that the analysis is carried out using data collected in various reference corpora, including the Spanish corpus of the TenTen family, available through the Sketch Engine program, Sketch Engine Spanish Web 2018. Such an analysis includes: the justification of its phraseological character, confirming its high degree of fixation, both formal and cognitive (entrenchment); a description of its meaning, whose core is intensification; a description of the types of verbs that prototypically fill the free slot, which mostly designate durative rather than delimited events, and the possibility of its integration into other constructions. This study confirms that an approach that encompasses both formal features and semantic and pragmatic ones and that bases the analysis on data extracted from large corpora offers more homogeneous, exhaustive, and convincing characterizations of constructional idioms, which have often been considered only from a formal perspective.

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5. Протокол заседания Московского лингвистического кружка (15 февраля 1920 года)

Author(s): Boris Tomashevsky / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1977

O. Брик. Доклад Томашевского делится на 3 части. Последняя - критика Белого, не вызывает возражений, 2-ая заключает в себе интересные наблюдения, но 1-ая, методологическая - неубедительна. Говоря о ритме прозы, нужно прежде всего определить, что мы изучаем: ритм чтения или ритм написанного? Ритм декламационный нужно отличать от ритма имманентного. Но предположим, что изучаем ритм чтения. На чем базируется кривая ритма? Докладчик кладет в основу интонационные отрезки, но вместо интонации подставляет экспирацию. Подход, диктуемый аналогией со стихотворным ритмом, оказывается несостоятельным. Кроме того, выводы сделаны на основании небольшого материала, что не делает их общеубедительными.

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A Contrastive Analysis of Hungarian and Croatian Idioms Containing the Component Head

Author(s): Nina Spicijarić Paškvan / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

This paper analyzes selected examples of idioms containing the component head in Croatian and Hungarian. Despite the fact that Hungarian and Croatian are not cognate languages, due to the universal experiences and to the fact that they belong to a common cultural circle, these languages have a large correspondence in their phraseology, which can be seen in somatic idioms as body parts represent a kind of universality. The aim of this paper is to show similarities and differences in lexical content and meaning of Croatian and Hungarian idioms containing the component head. The motivational basis of idioms is also discussed as well as the influence of basic and transferred meanings of the lexeme head on the meaning of idioms.

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A LEXICOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIAN AND POLISH PHRASEOLOGY

Author(s): Diana Blagoeva,Maciej Paweł Jaskot,Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2019

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages.

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A Short Mapping of the Ways of Expressing Agreement in Romanian

Author(s): Violeta DRĂGOIESCU / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

This communication represents a section/segment of our doctoral thesis titled Discursive Manifestations of Agreement and Disagreement in the Area of Romanic Languages. Pleading for an Intercultural Paradigm and its objective are to describe certain mechanisms of building the speech in order to show the complexity and importance of this linguistic phenomenon in communication. The speech is one of the preferred domains to apply pragmatic patterns, its analysis guiding us towards certain logic of the actions. Based on/supported by the language, the speech is under the constraint of both constitutive (structural) rules and efficiency principles. In the process of communication, there are at least two factors involved, one of them is that which initiates the action and the other is the beneficiary of the action previously initiated. They can perceive and issue a plethora of constative and performative sentences/utterances. The speech/ discourse analysis is mainly preoccupied with oral speech, especially with natural conversations’ analysis. By natural conversation, we understand any verbal interaction either face-to-face or away from each other (phone, letter, mail, a.s.o.) where situational, contextual, gestural, intonational factors play an important part. The first part of our endeavor/ step will be dedicated to defining and categorizing natural conversation (face-to-face), gestural communication and in the second part of our communication we shall describe and analyze the discourse markers of agreement and disagreement in the Romanian language, insisting also upon the consistency of the text, as an essential element in constructing, issuing and processing the information.

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A XVI‒XVII. századi szomatikus frazémák szerkezeti és szemantikai vizsgálata

Author(s): Ilona Rajsli / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2016

It comes from the anthropomorphic nature of language that names denoting parts of the body are often found as the key-word of phrasemes (somatic phraseologisms), and since this type of phrasemes can be found among the earliest collections of phrases and idioms, their study is also significant from diachronous aspect. The study examines types of meaning change among 17th–18th century somatic phraseologisms. There are a great number and varied wordings of phrasemes containing body parts, and we are making an attempt at defining the phenomena and the types of changes, and also, at describing features beyond certain semantic phenomena generally characteristic of Hungarian phrasemes. Our study encompasses interrelations between structural and semantic changes, e.g. paradigmatic relationships between phraseological units, changes of the key-word and phraseological synonymy and antonymy. The change of valence relationship can also bring about changes of meaning; in the analyzed early texts the process of phraseologization happens parallel to the transition from concrete to abstract, during which metaphorization plays the key role. The basis for the corpus study are texts written by Gáspár Heltai, Péter Bornemisza, István Magyari and Péter Pázmány.

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About the Syntactic Structure of Bulgarian Proverbs and English Proverbial Parallels to Them

Author(s): Nadezhda Ershova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

The article considers the most frequent sentence structures of Bulgarian proverbial parallels to Russian proverbs included into G. L. Permyakov’s paremiological minimum. The aim of the study is to classify the syntactic structures of the Bulgarian proverbs in comparison with the structures of the English proverbial parallels. The research has been based on the findings of a paremiological sociolinguistic experiment conducted by Professor M. Yu. Kotova of St. Petersburg State University and her paremiological group that resulted into series of publications titled “Tetradi Paremiographa” (“Handbooks of a Paremiographer”). The relevance of studying sentence structures is due to the fact that the coverage of grammatical issues, i.e. the analysis and description of the logical and syntactic structures of proverbs, is not paid sufficient attention in many languages.

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ADVERBIALS WITH ADJECTIVAL BASIS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE AND THEIR FREQUENCY IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Katharina Gerhalter,Stefan Koch / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

Adverbials with Adjectival Basis in Brazilian Portuguese and Their Frequency in Spoken and Written Language. The present paper focuses on the use of adverbs with an adjectival lexical base in spoken and written present-day Brazilian Portuguese. We compare the frequencies of three different types of adverbials: adverbs in mente (e.g. absolutamente), adjective-adverbs (e.g. alto in falar alto ‘speak loudly’) and prepositional phrases with adjectives as the post-prepositional element (e.g. de novo), the latter being the main focus of this study. The analysis is based on the Discurso & Gramática-corpus, which consists of oral interviews of 170 informants and their written texts on the same topic as the one in the interviews. The data shows that prepositional phrases are less frequent (in terms of type and token frequency) than adjective-adverbs and adverbs ending in mente. Regarding the difference between spoken and written language, adverbs in mente occur remarkably more often in written texts while adjective-adverbs are more frequent in spoken language. Prepositional phrases, instead, occur equally in both codes. Finally, we draw the conclusion that prepositional phrases form a small but stable inventory of lexicalised forms, which are not marked for any code.

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Alte Namen Für “Alte Wörter”. Historische Bezeichnungen der Europäischen Sprichwörter

Author(s): Vilmos Voigt / Language(s): German / Issue: 30/2005

Die auch als wissenschaftlich zu betrachtende Sammlung, Ordnung und Anwendung von Sprichwörtern blicken auch in Ungarn auf einige Jahrhunderte lange Vergangenheit zurück. János Baranyai Decsis Sprichwörtersammlung Adagiorum Graecolatinohungaricorum… (Bártfa 1598) befolgt die entwickeltesten Unterrichts- und Veröffentlichungsmethoden, die es in jener Zeit gab, nämlich Erasmus’ Bände mit lateinischen und griechischen Adagien. Im etwa 5000 (ungarische, lateinische und seltener griechische) Belege umfassenden Buch wird zwar keine ungarische Terminologie angeboten, auf dem Titelblatt kommt jedoch das Wort adagium und im lateinischen Vorwort die Benennungen proverbium und paræmiæ vor – ein Zeichen für die auch im internationalen Kontext uneinheitliche Verwendung von Termini. Im Fall des Ungarischen ist auch gegenwärtig nicht immer klar, was den Unterschied zwischen közmondás (Sprichwort) und szólás (Redensart), und sogar weiteren Bezeichnungen ausmacht. Die internationale Redensartenforschung (für die meistens der Ausdruck Parömiologie gebraucht wird) setzt das Wort Proverbium bzw. dessen Entsprechungen in der jeweiligen Nationalsprache als umfassenden Terminus ein. Interessanterweise haben Klassiker der internationalen Parömiologie wie B. J. Whiting, Archer Taylor und andere die vielerlei Bezeichnungen für Redensarten in den einzelnen Sprachen nicht aufgezählt, auch in Otto E. Molls internationaler Bibliographie wird die Problematik nicht eigens angesprochen.

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American Proverbs as an International, National, and Global Phenomenon

Author(s): Wolfgang Mieder / Language(s): English / Issue: 30/2005

Proverbs as one of the smallest ubiquitous folklore genres have been collected and studied since the beginning of written records. Both paremiographers and paremiologists have been hard at work at publishing collections and treatises throughout the world. In fact, proverb scholarship has reached such a phenomenal level of accomplishment that it is difficult for the fledgling proverb scholar to deal with the plethora of valuable information (see Moll 1958; Mieder 1982, 1990, 1993, 2001). And yet, as is true for most intellectual endeavors, there still remains much work to be done in both areas of proverb studies. The varied use and function of proverbs as cultural signs and strategically placed rhetorical devices need to be investigated in much more detail by paying attention to different historical periods (Burke 1941; Seitel 1969; Obelkevich 1987; Profantová 1998). Much can also still be learned by socio and psycholinguistic approaches that look at proverbs from the point of view of cognition, comprehension, and communication (Mieder 2003a). Above all, much more attention should be paid to the continued employment of proverbs in the modern age of technology, the mass media, the internet, and general globalization (Mieder 1993). But additional proverb collections based on serious lexicographical principles are also a definite desideratum, including regional, national, and international compilations. While much is known about common European proverbs, it is high time to assemble comprehensive and comparative African as well as Near and Far Eastern proverb collections. Such compendia will eventually enable paremiographers to isolate fundamental proverb types that connect peoples through common wisdom all over the world (Mieder 1990; Grigas 1996, 2000a).

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Analyse contrastive des formes du pronom personnel: roumain - français

Author(s): Maria Rodica Mihulecea / Language(s): French / Issue: 23/2016

The similarity between Romanian and French is based on their common origin. (both languages are Romanic ones). Such similarity stimulates the Romanian speakers to learn French in a pleasant way and in a shorter period of time. On the other hand, we cannot ignore that the automatisms from the mother tongue are, in most cases, an obstacle in the process of acquiring the target language, no matter what it is. In the present work, we want to debate upon the morphology of the personal pronouns which is a complex matter. We shall focus upon the similarities and differences between Romanian and French as far as the pronoun matters are concerned. We have pointed out the difficulties the Romanian speakers deal with when they have to find the equivalents for the Romanian personal pronoun in French. We have insisted upon the stressed and the unstressed forms of the personal pronoun and upon its syntactical functions – as subject and object. We have also selected a number of mistakes the Romanian speakers can make under the influence of their mother tongue.

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Anna Gondek, Alina Jurasz, Przemysław Staniewski & Joanna Szczęk (Hrsg.), Deutsche Phraseologie und Parömiologie im Kontakt und im Kontrast I

Author(s): Marcelina Kałasznik / Language(s): German / Issue: 73/2020

Review of: Marcelina Kałasznik - Deutsche Phraseologie und Parömiologie im Kontakt und im Kontrast I. Beiträge der 2. internationalen Tagung zur Phraseologie und Parömiologie in Wrocław/Polen, 23.–25. Mai 2019 (Studia Phraseologica et Paroemiologica), Anna Gondek, Alina Jurasz, Przemysław Staniewski, Joanna Szczęk, Hrsg. Kovač Verlag, Hamburg (2020). 482 S., ISBN 978-3-339-11484-6 (Print), ISBN 978-3-339-11485-3 (eBook).

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Anna Gondek, Joanna Szczęk (ur.). 2019. Phraseologie und Parömiologie der (Un)Höflichkeit. Sektionsbeiträge der internationalen EUROPHRAS-Tagung in Białystok/Polen, 10.–12. September 2018.

Author(s): Anita Pavić Pintarić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Anna Gondek, Joanna Szczęk (ur.). 2019. Phraseologie und Parömiologie der (Un)Höflichkeit. Sektionsbeiträge der internationalen EUROPHRAS-Tagung in Białystok/Polen, 10.–12. September 2018. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, ISBN 978-3-339-11108-1, str. 395.

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Apie terminografiją ir terminų standartizaciją

Author(s): Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 25/2018

In the works of Lithuanian linguists terminography and terminology standardization (preparation of terminology standards) are commonly viewed as two different branches of terminology ordering. Terminography is usually defined as the practice and theory of compilation of terminological dictionaries and terminology standardization is viewed as the preparation of terminology standards. The scope of both terminography and terminology standardization is wider: terminography covers not only compilation of terminological dictionaries but also sets of term entries presented in various forms; terminology standardization deals with terminology standards and sets of term entries presented in non-terminology standards. It is a common perception in Lithuanian linguistics that terminology standards cover microsystems of terms of very narrow fields of manufacturing or technology and are used by a small number of specialists, while terminological dictionaries present macrosystems of terms and have a much wider use. This is true only to some extent. The development of new fields of knowledge and the growth of terminology create the need for specialized dictionaries. There are highly specialized terminological dictionaries comprising a small number of terms as well as large terminology standards which include terms widely used in several fields. Terminology standards and terminological dictionaries are not so different – they both comprise a set of term entries compiled according to the same terminographical principles. Therefore, terminology standardization could be viewed as part of terminography. Terminology standardization is a relatively new kind of terminology work in Lithuania – the first national terminology standards were published in 1993. During the following few years a large number of national terminology standards were prepared each year, but when Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations this number decreased significantly. At the same time publication of Lithuanian versions of international terminology standards has been started, but the number of translated standards comprises only a small proportion of all adopted standards.

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APUNTES PARA LA HISTORIA DE UNA FRASEOLOGÍA DEL ESPAÑOL AMERICANO

Author(s): Juan Pedro Sánchez Méndez / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 4/2020

Notes for the History of a Phraseology of American Spanish. This paper presents the characteristics that would define the historical Hispano-American phraseology as opposed to the European Spanish one. Phraseology is one of the areas in which the greatest variation is perceived among the different Hispanic countries. In this paper I will try to point out the main historical foundations that would explain this variation and the characteristics assumed by what we call the indian or colonial phraseology. This would be the origin of what today we can consider a phraseological Americanism, which presents some characteristics that allow establishing its historical study differentiated from the European Spanish and justifies the necessary diastematic vision of the general historical phraseology of the Spanish language.

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Arabic Grammatical Loans in Contemporary Swahili Prose Texts

Author(s): Maddalena Toscano,Sergio Baldi / Language(s): English / Issue: 49/2015

The presence of Arabic loans in Swahili has not become subject of reliable corpus-based analyses so far. The in-fluence of Arabic language on Swahili can be investigated in literary sources, but reference to whether writers are Muslims or not is essential for their differentiation. This article intends to investigate the presence of Arabic in contemporary prose texts written by Tanzanian authors from Zanzibar and from mainland. The electronic corpus has two sets, Tanzanian cor-pus and Zanzibarian corpus respectively which are almost equal in size. The reference list of Arabic loans has been ex-tracted from two published sources. Using Concordance, a concordance software for text analysis, the frequency of words representing grammatical classes is tested. Differences in the two corpora have been indicated, as well as some shared occurrences of items of Arabic origin (mostly adverbs and conjunctions).

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Bácskai vonatkozások Margalits Ede korai frazémagyűjteményében

Author(s): Ilona Rajsli / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2015

Ede Margalits’s Bácskai közmondások és szólásmódok (Proverbs and Idioms from Bácska) was published in Baja in 1877, and this publication was the forerunner of the author’s later monumental volumes of proverbs and idioms. This small, early collection indicates the professional and scholarly attitude of Margalits when focusing on the compilation of phrasemes. In the introduction the author presents the relevant principles of compiling and editing he is guided by, outlining at the same time the vision of a nation-wide collection. Unlike his practice in the later volumes, the idioms follow each other in strict alphabetic order in this early publication, and thus there are no key words in it. In this study, alongside presenting this volume of phrasemes from Bácska, we endeavour to highlight the distinctive local features of the idioms with regional attachment: such as dialectal phenomena, the occurrence of dialectal words, toponyms in idiomatic expressions, the presence of anecdotal phrasemes related to a place and the diversity of ethnic stereotypes. Margalits, just like János Erdélyi, also explains the less familiar phrasemes, and in the cases of the local ones tells of the event (real or alleged) which set off the phraseme, enriching thus with a great number of very valuable – local – anecdotes the local and cultural history of the region.

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Bibliografija hrvatske frazeologije

Author(s): Dubravka Sesar / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 4/2010

U ožujku ove godine objavljena je u izdanju KNJIGRE nevelika ali vrijedna knjižica Željke Fink Arsovski, Barbare Kovačević i Anite Hrnjak pod naslovom Bibliografija hrvatske frazeologije s podnaslovom + CD s popisom frazema analiziranih u znanstvenim i stručnim radovima u desnom donjem kutu lijepe i živopisne naslovnice.

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