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"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

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(Ne)prevodivost Ćopićeve poredbene frazeologije u djelu „Doživljaji Nikoletine Bursaća“

Author(s): Rada Stakić,Belma Šator / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 12/2015

Taking the study of Copic’s oeuvre into consideration, his reception in German-speaking countries is relatively unknown. This paper deals with one segment of that cultural exchange – translatological and contrastive analysis of comparative phrasemes in a collection of short stories entitled The Adventures of Nikoletina Bursac. Phrasemes (phraseologisms, phraseological units) serve as a reflection of a people’s spirit and culture, they emerge on the basis of certain images – sometimes in common with other languages and cultures, but to a large extent so specific that phraseology as a discipline regards them as untranslatable. Given the fact that every translator’s task is to turn the untranslatable into the translatable, thus revealing their own understanding and evaluation of the foreign culture in question, this analysis seems to coroborate the claim that Ms Ina Jun-Broda managed to maintain the subtle balance with regard to the (un)translatibility of Copic’s protagonists’ sparkling language.

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5. Протокол заседания Московского лингвистического кружка (15 февраля 1920 года)

Author(s): Boris Tomashevsky / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1977

O. Брик. Доклад Томашевского делится на 3 части. Последняя - критика Белого, не вызывает возражений, 2-ая заключает в себе интересные наблюдения, но 1-ая, методологическая - неубедительна. Говоря о ритме прозы, нужно прежде всего определить, что мы изучаем: ритм чтения или ритм написанного? Ритм декламационный нужно отличать от ритма имманентного. Но предположим, что изучаем ритм чтения. На чем базируется кривая ритма? Докладчик кладет в основу интонационные отрезки, но вместо интонации подставляет экспирацию. Подход, диктуемый аналогией со стихотворным ритмом, оказывается несостоятельным. Кроме того, выводы сделаны на основании небольшого материала, что не делает их общеубедительными.

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Analyse contrastive des formes du pronom personnel: roumain - français

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Analyse contrastive des formes du pronom personnel: roumain - français

Author(s): Maria Rodica Mihulecea / Language(s): French / Issue: 23/2016

The similarity between Romanian and French is based on their common origin. (both languages are Romanic ones). Such similarity stimulates the Romanian speakers to learn French in a pleasant way and in a shorter period of time. On the other hand, we cannot ignore that the automatisms from the mother tongue are, in most cases, an obstacle in the process of acquiring the target language, no matter what it is. In the present work, we want to debate upon the morphology of the personal pronouns which is a complex matter. We shall focus upon the similarities and differences between Romanian and French as far as the pronoun matters are concerned. We have pointed out the difficulties the Romanian speakers deal with when they have to find the equivalents for the Romanian personal pronoun in French. We have insisted upon the stressed and the unstressed forms of the personal pronoun and upon its syntactical functions – as subject and object. We have also selected a number of mistakes the Romanian speakers can make under the influence of their mother tongue.

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Apie terminografiją ir terminų standartizaciją

Author(s): Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 25/2018

In the works of Lithuanian linguists terminography and terminology standardization (preparation of terminology standards) are commonly viewed as two different branches of terminology ordering. Terminography is usually defined as the practice and theory of compilation of terminological dictionaries and terminology standardization is viewed as the preparation of terminology standards. The scope of both terminography and terminology standardization is wider: terminography covers not only compilation of terminological dictionaries but also sets of term entries presented in various forms; terminology standardization deals with terminology standards and sets of term entries presented in non-terminology standards. It is a common perception in Lithuanian linguistics that terminology standards cover microsystems of terms of very narrow fields of manufacturing or technology and are used by a small number of specialists, while terminological dictionaries present macrosystems of terms and have a much wider use. This is true only to some extent. The development of new fields of knowledge and the growth of terminology create the need for specialized dictionaries. There are highly specialized terminological dictionaries comprising a small number of terms as well as large terminology standards which include terms widely used in several fields. Terminology standards and terminological dictionaries are not so different – they both comprise a set of term entries compiled according to the same terminographical principles. Therefore, terminology standardization could be viewed as part of terminography. Terminology standardization is a relatively new kind of terminology work in Lithuania – the first national terminology standards were published in 1993. During the following few years a large number of national terminology standards were prepared each year, but when Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations this number decreased significantly. At the same time publication of Lithuanian versions of international terminology standards has been started, but the number of translated standards comprises only a small proportion of all adopted standards.

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Coping with the Main Terms of Terminology

Author(s): Peep Nemvalts / Language(s): English / Issue: 25/2018

Šio straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti pagrindinių terminologijos terminų vartoseną ir padiskutuoti, ar reikėtų ją keisti. Vienareikšmiškumo siekis būdingas visoms nacionalinėms kalboms, įskaitant anglų kalbą. Straipsnio atspirties taškas – terminų vartosena estų kalboje, tačiau anglų kalba yra ir lingua franca, ir pagrindinė darbinė terminų standartizacijos kalba, todėl daugiausia dėmesio skiriama anglų kalbai. Siūlomi naujadarai, kurie galėtų išspręsti angliškų terminų nevienareikšmiškumo problemą. Siekiama sąvokų sistemos aiškumo naudojant terminų sistemą, kuri yra kiek įmanoma vienareikšmė. Straipsnyje taip pat trumpai aptariamas studentams ir net tik jiems būdingas tam tikras „sąvokos“ ir „termino“ esmės nesupratimas. Kaip matyti iš 2012 m. atliktos Estijos universitetų doktorantų apklausos, tinkamo termino radimas – viena iš pagrindinių problemų. Sunkumą parinkti tinkamus estiškus ir angliškus terminus dažnai lemia daugiareikšmiškumas. Kiekviena kalba turi tik jai būdingas morfologines, sintaksines ir darybines priemones, tačiau vienas iš svarbiausių bet kurioje specialiojoje kalboje tinkamai funkcionuojančio termino bruožų yra vienareikšmiškumas. Nepaisant to, pats pagrindinis terminas terminology žymi keturias sąvokas. Net terminologijos standarte ISO 1087-1 išskirtos dvi terminology reikšmės. Straipsnio autorius mano, kad angliškas terminas terminology bei jo atitikmenys kitomis kalbomis turėtų būti nuosekliai ir vienareikšmiškai vartojami tik vienai sąvokai – ‘mokslui apie terminus’ – žymėti ir siūlo vartoti darinį termstock vietoj standarte terminijos reikšme vartojamo termino terminology. Kai kurie kiti terminai – terminology planning, terminology work, terminology science ir designation – aptariami atsižvelgiant į jų vienareikšmiškumą ir vartojimo nuoseklumą sąvokų sistemoje. Sistemiškas terminų darninimas ir terminijos planavimas yra būtinas kuo didesniam vienareikšmiškumui bet kurioje žinių srityje, įskaitant terminologiją, pasiekti.

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Das Adjektiv „kauderwelsch“, die Verben „karteln“, „bud#lin“, „mutan“, „mut$r#n“ UND „taw#rn“ im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen

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Das Adjektiv „kauderwelsch“, die Verben „karteln“, „bud#lin“, „mutan“, „mut$r#n“ UND „taw#rn“ im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen

Author(s): Sigrid Haldenwang / Language(s): German / Issue: 23/2016

When looking at the Transylvanian-Saxon vocabulary, it is found that certain parts of speech, for example adjectives, verbs, and nouns have a meaning in common with the German written and colloquial speech. However, there are extended meanings as well. As case examples we chose the adjective „kauderwelsch” and the verb „karteln”. Also included are verbs, the loan-words are „bud#lin”, „mutan”, „mut$r#n” and „taw#rn”, which initially have their common basic meaning and additionally show each one their own meaning. The latter lexeme is a loan-word, which is frequently used in the Transylvanian-Saxon colloquial speech. The case examples are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon dictionary, the northern Transylvanian dictionary and vernacular literature.

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Die Wunschformeln: eine kontrastive Analyse zwischen Standardspanischem und -deutschem

Author(s): Valentina Vivaldi,Juan Pablo Larreta Zulategui / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2019

Routine formulas are significant linguistic phenomena in the areas of foreign language teaching and bilingual lexicography. Nevertheless, few contrastive works of these units exist for the GermanSpanish language pair. The aim of this paper is a pragmalinguistic contrastive analysis of ‘wishing formulas’. The main criterion of contrasting is the pragmatic value of the units, i.e. the speech acts that can be performed through them, as well as the situational and sociolinguistic features of the formulas and the productivity of certain syntactic-lexical patterns in German and Spanish. Equivalences and differences between groups of formulas as well as between the individual units of both languages are identified.

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Difficulties in Identifying and Translating Linguistic Metaphors: A Survey and Experiment among Translation Students

Author(s): Charlene Meyers / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

A survey of twelve translation students in 2017 revealed that they tend to find translating figurative and metaphorical language difficult. In addition, an experiment also conducted in 2017 showed similar results. During the first phase of this experiment, two trained researchers coded metaphorical items in a text from the New Scientist following the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (MIPVU). Based on Cohen’s kappa, the researchers reached an initial coding agreement of 0.692 (strong agreement) and a final agreement score of 0.958 (almost perfect agreement) after discussion. The second phase of the experiment involved the coding of the metaphorical items previously identified by the researchers in the same text by 47 students who received a two-hour introduction to conceptual metaphor theory and a simplified method to code metaphorical items. However, the results of the students’ coding showed that they had failed to identify metaphors in 49.96% of cases. Nevertheless, a chi-squared test (p < 2.2-16) revealed that the students’ coding was not due to chance alone and therefore not arbitrary.

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Echoes of the Infernal Machine: 1940s French and English Literature of Resistance and Collaboration as a Revolution in the Mythic Imagination

Author(s): Tadd Graham Fernée / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

This article comparatively examines French and English literature based on two novels published in 1947, Malcolm Lowry’s Under the Volcano and Jean-Louis Curtis’ The Forests of Night. Both novels employ the mythic device to construct narratives on the twilight of the British Empire and the German occupied French Vichy regime, respectively, depicting experiences of resistance and collaboration on the eve of and during the Second World War. Both invent a system of symbolic imagery modelled on the Surrealist template in Jean Cocteau’s The Infernal Machine, that turns the classical mythic device still prevalent in the early 20th century (i.e. in Joyce or Eliot) upside down. The revolution in Mythic Imagination follows the Structuralist Revolution initiated by Durkheim, Saussure and Bachelard, evacuating fixed ontological architecture to portray relational interdependency without essence. These novels pursue overlapping ethical investigations, on “non-interventionism” in Lowry and “fraternity” in Curtis. The novels raise questions about the relation between colonialism and fascism and the impact of non-Western mythic universes (i.e. Hinduism) upon the Mythic Imagination. They have implications for our understanding of gender relations, as well as the value of political activism and progress.

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Epistemički modalni prilozi i gradijentnost u engleskom i srpskom jeziku

Author(s): Milena S. Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 19/2019

This paper discusses the importance of modal adverbs and its implications for researching modality in general on examples from the English and Serbian languages and points to some theoretical lackings in Serbian literature on modality. The analysis of the corpus examples is based on the theory of modality as epistemic deixis with the aim of showing that epistemic modal adverbs express the notion of degree on an epistemic scale in a way that traditionally discussed modal verbs are unable to do. The semantic gradability of modal adverbs is discussed in epistemic contexts where they can occur on their own, or collocate with modal verbs. The paper also focuses on combinations of epistemic adverbs with other adverbs that have an effect on the degree of modality expressed, either a heightening or lowering effect.

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Equivalencias rumanas de algunas unidades fraseológicas de la novela Las hijas del Capitán de María Dueñas

Author(s): Lavinia Similaru / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 1-2/2019

Translation has been reflected upon since ancient times, but there are very few clear and unanimously accepted things in translation theory. Literary translation seems forever doomed to imperfection. Equivalence is a notion used by modern translation studies, but this notion still lacks a clear definition and a proper delimitation.The article aims to find equivalences of phraseological units in the novel The Captain’s Daughters by María Dueñas.

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Figurative representation of death in the Italian comic book Dylan Dog

Author(s): Škrgić Ilhana / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

The canonical representation of death as the Grim Reaper is a well-known trope in art. The main aim of this paper is to analyze this trope as it appears in selected instalments of the Italian comics series Dylan Dog. Fauconnier and Turner have extensively discussed its complexity by describing it in terms of the Blending Theory/Conceptual Theory model. As a complex integration of several mental spaces, including a space with an individual human being dying, and a harvest space, the Grim Reaper blend involves metaphoric and metonymic interactions of non-counterpart elements (Fauconnier & Turner 1998). This model will be used as a starting point in the analysis of the corpus consisting of four separate Dylan Dog stories. In the selected issues, the Grim Reaper appears in both the traditional version: a skeleton-like creature dressed in a monk’s robe and holding a scythe, as well as variants in which its appearance gains new and unusual characteristics. It will be demonstrated how the artists' use of the comics medium, with its combination of written text and static visuals, enables certain creative varieties on the classic trope.

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FRAZEMI S BIBLIJSKIM OSOBNIM IMENIMA U NJEMAČKIM I HRVATSKIM RJEČNICIMA

Author(s): Senka Marinčić,Magdalena Ramljak,Darija Glibić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 21/2019

The paper analyzes phrasemes with Biblical proper names as a component in German as the source language and Croatian as the target language, relying on the equivalence typology in the framework of contrastive phraseology. The aim of the paper is to analyze Biblical origin of phrasemes, explain their background, motivation and meaning as well as to determine the level of their equivalence. For collecting materials we used monolingual and bilingual phraseological dictionaries and monolingual and bilingual general dictionaries. According to the expectations, the most dominant are the phrasemes with Biblical proper name as the component, which show partial or full correspondence of the lexeme and morfosyntactic structure with equivalence of phraseological meaning. The unexpected result is a big group of phrasemes that are not recorded in Croatian materials, although literal translations can be found very often in Biblical texts.

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Frazeologiczne kalki, półkalki i hybrydy w mowie dwujęzycznej społeczności staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce

Author(s): Magdalena Grupa-Dolińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The paper is an attempt to create the definitions of and delimitations between the terms calque, semi-calque, and phraseological hybrid, based on the material collected among the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. Many scientfic papers have been written on calques, semi-calques, and phraseological hybrids, contributing to a better understanding of those linguistic phenomena, and deepening the possibilities of their interpretation. Calques, semi-calques, and lexical hybrids have been described in a quite satisfactory way; with reference to phraseology, however, theoretical and methodological discussions are still lacking. Their correct interpretation is key for an analysis of the phraseological store of the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. For more than half a century, their Russian dialect has been subjected to an incessant, strong influence of Polish, resulting in the appearance of an increasingly large number of elements borrowed from Polish, especially in the lexical system: borrowings, lexical calques, as well as phraseological calques and semi-calques.

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Frazeologie a idiomatika: Jejich podstata a proměnlivost názorů na ně

Author(s): František Čermák / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

The paper addresses most of the current problems in phraseology. General observations on the universal character of idioms and the major aspects of the topic are followed by critical analysis ofa prototypical statement about the essential nature of idioms. Much of the analysis centres aroundthe notions of analogy and anomaly. The paper considers the form of the idiom, its analysability,modifiability and metaphoric character, and then challenges the current views on these. Next, thediscussion of the idiom and its meaning returns to metaphor and hypothetical decomposition andbriefly summarises some of the semantic features of idioms. It suggests that the function of idioms,and the issues of their form and meaning, are best revealed through the character and type of theirtextual anomalies. The author then presents his views on idioms and their study, referring to analogyand anomaly, regular and irregular language and especially language combinatorics. His approachwas tested on data collected for a comprehensive four-volume dictionary of Czech idioms. The paper describes types of combinations and the crucial notions of collocational and virtual paradigms.It offers and exemplifies definitions of idioms and a test for the identification of idioms in text, anda desideratum for further testing of the proposed theory.

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Frazeološki rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika

Author(s): Josip Baotić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 1/1983

Review of: Dr Josip Matešić, "Frazeološki rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika", „Školska knjiga“, Zagreb, 1982.; by: Josip Baotić

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Frazeološki termini u njemačkom pravnom jeziku

Author(s): Zineta Lagumdžija / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 13/2016

The topic of research in this paper are multi-part language units functioning as legal terms in legal German. Considering their relatively firm structure, these multi-part lexical units are in the border-area between phraseology and terminology, and in phraseology they are known as ‘phraseological terms’. The aim of this paper is to determine which morphosyntactic classes of phrasemes prove as productive for the formation of phraseological terms in the field of legal language and what meta-language means are used by the selected general language dictionaries of the German language to mark multi-lexical structures in the function of technical terms.

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Idioms with Clitic Pronouns without a Nominal Referent: The Case of Costa Rican Spanish, a Syntactic and Lexicographic Survey

Author(s): Sergio Cordero Monge,Jorge Antonio Leoni de León / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2019

In this article, we present a description of verbal phraseological units with clitics without an expressed nominal reference. After detailing the morphosyntax of the clitics in some of the main phraseological units, extracted from several dictionaries of Costa Rican Spanish, we detailed the treatment that these units have received in the works consulted and, based on the morphosyntactic analysis, we showed the limitations on their definitions. Finally, we addressed the problem of the lemmatization of this type of phraseological units.

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Idiomske skupine s kopulativnim glagolom biti

Author(s): Azra Hodžić-Čavkić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 15/2017

In this paper, we discuss different units of phraseology, the boundaries of phraseology and some of the old criteria for the central unit of phraseology. The main goal is to examine the role of the verb to be in idiomatic constructions. The verb to be is the most functional verb in Bosnian. This verb is also very functional in idiomatic constructions, but we have noticed that it is not used merely as a copulative verb. It is also used in the decomposition of other verbs in order to get more specific meanings. We have recognized the results of grammatical decomposition as graphemes. Graphemes are considered to be the results of grammatical transposition, where we have a metonymy as a conceptual system behind the process. In other words, according to the results of this research, the so-called grammatical metonymy is a very common conceptual system when it comes to spreading the “power” of the decomposition in language. The corpus of this research are idiomatic constructions from the first and second editions of the “Sandžački frazeološki rječnik” (The Sanjak Dictionary of Phrases) by Abdulah Mušović. His methodological approach to idiomatic constructions produced 346 idiomatic constructions that use the verb to be. This number confirms the high functionality of the verb to be also in the idiomatic environment. A small number of these idiomatic constructions (fifteen) show that the verb to be is present in both parts of the dictionary. These are the following examples where the verb to be is used with positive results of semantic correlation: to be in agreement – to agree; to be under the word – to promise; to be compassionate – sympathize; to be the main – to manage and to be serious – to seriousize. This is an indicator that these expressions, which we consider highly grammatical, are subject to conceptual models (in this case, metonymy). In other words, the decomposed predicates are the results of grammatical phraseology or grammatical transposition, as we call it in this paper. Using the decomposed predicates, the analytic organization of certain language styles is emphasized, thus giving the language deconstruction a certain type of superiority and confirming the general categorical characteristic of metonymy, which is also noted by Langacker when he says that it came from the need to be as precise as possible.

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