"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

(Ne)prevodivost Ćopićeve poredbene frazeologije u djelu „Doživljaji Nikoletine Bursaća“

Author(s): Rada Stakić,Belma Šator / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 12/2015

Taking the study of Copic’s oeuvre into consideration, his reception in German-speaking countries is relatively unknown. This paper deals with one segment of that cultural exchange – translatological and contrastive analysis of comparative phrasemes in a collection of short stories entitled The Adventures of Nikoletina Bursac. Phrasemes (phraseologisms, phraseological units) serve as a reflection of a people’s spirit and culture, they emerge on the basis of certain images – sometimes in common with other languages and cultures, but to a large extent so specific that phraseology as a discipline regards them as untranslatable. Given the fact that every translator’s task is to turn the untranslatable into the translatable, thus revealing their own understanding and evaluation of the foreign culture in question, this analysis seems to coroborate the claim that Ms Ina Jun-Broda managed to maintain the subtle balance with regard to the (un)translatibility of Copic’s protagonists’ sparkling language.

5. Протокол заседания Московского лингвистического кружка (15 февраля 1920 года)

Author(s): Boris Tomashevsky / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1977

O. Брик. Доклад Томашевского делится на 3 части. Последняя - критика Белого, не вызывает возражений, 2-ая заключает в себе интересные наблюдения, но 1-ая, методологическая - неубедительна. Говоря о ритме прозы, нужно прежде всего определить, что мы изучаем: ритм чтения или ритм написанного? Ритм декламационный нужно отличать от ритма имманентного. Но предположим, что изучаем ритм чтения. На чем базируется кривая ритма? Докладчик кладет в основу интонационные отрезки, но вместо интонации подставляет экспирацию. Подход, диктуемый аналогией со стихотворным ритмом, оказывается несостоятельным. Кроме того, выводы сделаны на основании небольшого материала, что не делает их общеубедительными.

A Contrastive Analysis of Hungarian and Croatian Idioms Containing the Component Head

Author(s): Nina Spicijarić Paškvan / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

This paper analyzes selected examples of idioms containing the component head in Croatian and Hungarian. Despite the fact that Hungarian and Croatian are not cognate languages, due to the universal experiences and to the fact that they belong to a common cultural circle, these languages have a large correspondence in their phraseology, which can be seen in somatic idioms as body parts represent a kind of universality. The aim of this paper is to show similarities and differences in lexical content and meaning of Croatian and Hungarian idioms containing the component head. The motivational basis of idioms is also discussed as well as the influence of basic and transferred meanings of the lexeme head on the meaning of idioms.

A LEXICOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIAN AND POLISH PHRASEOLOGY

Author(s): Diana Blagoeva,Maciej Paweł Jaskot,Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2019

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages.

A Short Mapping of the Ways of Expressing Agreement in Romanian

Author(s): Violeta DRĂGOIESCU / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

This communication represents a section/segment of our doctoral thesis titled Discursive Manifestations of Agreement and Disagreement in the Area of Romanic Languages. Pleading for an Intercultural Paradigm and its objective are to describe certain mechanisms of building the speech in order to show the complexity and importance of this linguistic phenomenon in communication. The speech is one of the preferred domains to apply pragmatic patterns, its analysis guiding us towards certain logic of the actions. Based on/supported by the language, the speech is under the constraint of both constitutive (structural) rules and efficiency principles. In the process of communication, there are at least two factors involved, one of them is that which initiates the action and the other is the beneficiary of the action previously initiated. They can perceive and issue a plethora of constative and performative sentences/utterances. The speech/ discourse analysis is mainly preoccupied with oral speech, especially with natural conversations’ analysis. By natural conversation, we understand any verbal interaction either face-to-face or away from each other (phone, letter, mail, a.s.o.) where situational, contextual, gestural, intonational factors play an important part. The first part of our endeavor/ step will be dedicated to defining and categorizing natural conversation (face-to-face), gestural communication and in the second part of our communication we shall describe and analyze the discourse markers of agreement and disagreement in the Romanian language, insisting also upon the consistency of the text, as an essential element in constructing, issuing and processing the information.

About the Syntactic Structure of Bulgarian Proverbs and English Proverbial Parallels to Them

Author(s): Nadezhda Ershova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

The article considers the most frequent sentence structures of Bulgarian proverbial parallels to Russian proverbs included into G. L. Permyakov’s paremiological minimum. The aim of the study is to classify the syntactic structures of the Bulgarian proverbs in comparison with the structures of the English proverbial parallels. The research has been based on the findings of a paremiological sociolinguistic experiment conducted by Professor M. Yu. Kotova of St. Petersburg State University and her paremiological group that resulted into series of publications titled “Tetradi Paremiographa” (“Handbooks of a Paremiographer”). The relevance of studying sentence structures is due to the fact that the coverage of grammatical issues, i.e. the analysis and description of the logical and syntactic structures of proverbs, is not paid sufficient attention in many languages.

ADVERBIALS WITH ADJECTIVAL BASIS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE AND THEIR FREQUENCY IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Katharina Gerhalter,Stefan Koch / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

Adverbials with Adjectival Basis in Brazilian Portuguese and Their Frequency in Spoken and Written Language. The present paper focuses on the use of adverbs with an adjectival lexical base in spoken and written present-day Brazilian Portuguese. We compare the frequencies of three different types of adverbials: adverbs in mente (e.g. absolutamente), adjective-adverbs (e.g. alto in falar alto ‘speak loudly’) and prepositional phrases with adjectives as the post-prepositional element (e.g. de novo), the latter being the main focus of this study. The analysis is based on the Discurso & Gramática-corpus, which consists of oral interviews of 170 informants and their written texts on the same topic as the one in the interviews. The data shows that prepositional phrases are less frequent (in terms of type and token frequency) than adjective-adverbs and adverbs ending in mente. Regarding the difference between spoken and written language, adverbs in mente occur remarkably more often in written texts while adjective-adverbs are more frequent in spoken language. Prepositional phrases, instead, occur equally in both codes. Finally, we draw the conclusion that prepositional phrases form a small but stable inventory of lexicalised forms, which are not marked for any code.

Analyse contrastive des formes du pronom personnel: roumain - français

Author(s): Maria Rodica Mihulecea / Language(s): French / Issue: 23/2016

The similarity between Romanian and French is based on their common origin. (both languages are Romanic ones). Such similarity stimulates the Romanian speakers to learn French in a pleasant way and in a shorter period of time. On the other hand, we cannot ignore that the automatisms from the mother tongue are, in most cases, an obstacle in the process of acquiring the target language, no matter what it is. In the present work, we want to debate upon the morphology of the personal pronouns which is a complex matter. We shall focus upon the similarities and differences between Romanian and French as far as the pronoun matters are concerned. We have pointed out the difficulties the Romanian speakers deal with when they have to find the equivalents for the Romanian personal pronoun in French. We have insisted upon the stressed and the unstressed forms of the personal pronoun and upon its syntactical functions – as subject and object. We have also selected a number of mistakes the Romanian speakers can make under the influence of their mother tongue.

Anna Gondek, Joanna Szczęk (ur.). 2019. Phraseologie und Parömiologie der (Un)Höflichkeit. Sektionsbeiträge der internationalen EUROPHRAS-Tagung in Białystok/Polen, 10.–12. September 2018.

Author(s): Anita Pavić Pintarić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Anna Gondek, Joanna Szczęk (ur.). 2019. Phraseologie und Parömiologie der (Un)Höflichkeit. Sektionsbeiträge der internationalen EUROPHRAS-Tagung in Białystok/Polen, 10.–12. September 2018. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, ISBN 978-3-339-11108-1, str. 395.

Apie terminografiją ir terminų standartizaciją

Author(s): Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 25/2018

In the works of Lithuanian linguists terminography and terminology standardization (preparation of terminology standards) are commonly viewed as two different branches of terminology ordering. Terminography is usually defined as the practice and theory of compilation of terminological dictionaries and terminology standardization is viewed as the preparation of terminology standards. The scope of both terminography and terminology standardization is wider: terminography covers not only compilation of terminological dictionaries but also sets of term entries presented in various forms; terminology standardization deals with terminology standards and sets of term entries presented in non-terminology standards. It is a common perception in Lithuanian linguistics that terminology standards cover microsystems of terms of very narrow fields of manufacturing or technology and are used by a small number of specialists, while terminological dictionaries present macrosystems of terms and have a much wider use. This is true only to some extent. The development of new fields of knowledge and the growth of terminology create the need for specialized dictionaries. There are highly specialized terminological dictionaries comprising a small number of terms as well as large terminology standards which include terms widely used in several fields. Terminology standards and terminological dictionaries are not so different – they both comprise a set of term entries compiled according to the same terminographical principles. Therefore, terminology standardization could be viewed as part of terminography. Terminology standardization is a relatively new kind of terminology work in Lithuania – the first national terminology standards were published in 1993. During the following few years a large number of national terminology standards were prepared each year, but when Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations this number decreased significantly. At the same time publication of Lithuanian versions of international terminology standards has been started, but the number of translated standards comprises only a small proportion of all adopted standards.

APUNTES PARA LA HISTORIA DE UNA FRASEOLOGÍA DEL ESPAÑOL AMERICANO

Author(s): Juan Pedro Sánchez Méndez / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 4/2020

Notes for the History of a Phraseology of American Spanish. This paper presents the characteristics that would define the historical Hispano-American phraseology as opposed to the European Spanish one. Phraseology is one of the areas in which the greatest variation is perceived among the different Hispanic countries. In this paper I will try to point out the main historical foundations that would explain this variation and the characteristics assumed by what we call the indian or colonial phraseology. This would be the origin of what today we can consider a phraseological Americanism, which presents some characteristics that allow establishing its historical study differentiated from the European Spanish and justifies the necessary diastematic vision of the general historical phraseology of the Spanish language.

Arabic Grammatical Loans in Contemporary Swahili Prose Texts

Author(s): Maddalena Toscano,Sergio Baldi / Language(s): English / Issue: 49/2015

The presence of Arabic loans in Swahili has not become subject of reliable corpus-based analyses so far. The in-fluence of Arabic language on Swahili can be investigated in literary sources, but reference to whether writers are Muslims or not is essential for their differentiation. This article intends to investigate the presence of Arabic in contemporary prose texts written by Tanzanian authors from Zanzibar and from mainland. The electronic corpus has two sets, Tanzanian cor-pus and Zanzibarian corpus respectively which are almost equal in size. The reference list of Arabic loans has been ex-tracted from two published sources. Using Concordance, a concordance software for text analysis, the frequency of words representing grammatical classes is tested. Differences in the two corpora have been indicated, as well as some shared occurrences of items of Arabic origin (mostly adverbs and conjunctions).

Bibliografija hrvatske frazeologije

Author(s): Dubravka Sesar / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 4/2010

U ožujku ove godine objavljena je u izdanju KNJIGRE nevelika ali vrijedna knjižica Željke Fink Arsovski, Barbare Kovačević i Anite Hrnjak pod naslovom Bibliografija hrvatske frazeologije s podnaslovom + CD s popisom frazema analiziranih u znanstvenim i stručnim radovima u desnom donjem kutu lijepe i živopisne naslovnice.

Brzechwy lekcja dawnego języka polskiego (na przykładzie zbioru Sto bajek)

Brzechwy lekcja dawnego języka polskiego (na przykładzie zbioru Sto bajek)

Author(s): Agnieszka Piela / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 19/2020

The basic purpose of this article is to demonstrate the archaic and anachronistic language forms contained in the collection of poetry by Jan Brzechwa Sto bajek. It turns out that the poet, as one of the precursors of the linguistic poetry for children, deliberately introduced into his poems some historical words, their forms and meanings, e.g.: androny, dziatwa, gawiedź, Piotrowa, sążeń, starościna, świekra, taradajka, żupa. Brzechwa’s vocabulary proves that his poetry is a historic, cultural, and linguistic curiosity to both the younger and older generations of readers.

Caused Motion: Secondary Agent Constructions

Author(s): Naděžda Kudrnáčová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2013

Secondary agent constructions (SA constructions) represent verb-class specific constructions (in the sense of Croft 2003). The reasons are as follows: (a) SA constructions include a narrowly defined set of verbs and (b) the resulting meaning is derived from the interaction between the meaning of the verbs and the meaning of the construction, involving a very specific causal structuration (as regards the form of SA constructions, directional phrases can be missing, depending on the type of scenario). Heavy restrictions imposed on the repertory of verbs that are admitted into these constructions have been explained in the literature by the inherently monadic, non-causative nature of these verbs. It has often been claimed in the relevant literature that manner of motion is not syntactically relevant. However, owing to the apparent restrictions imposed on the syntactic applicability of self-agentive manner of motion verbs (including their usability in SA constructions), it is evident that the claim cannot be maintained. Boas (2006, 2008) has shown convincingly that there are connections between the verb’s descriptivity (roughly, the complexity and specificity of the verb´s meaning) and the range of syntactic patterns into which the verb may enter. Nevertheless, his account does not make clear exactly which elements of the verb´s meaning decide the verb’s usability in SA constructions (and in some other types of syntactic patterns).

Code-Switching Through the Embedding of English Idiomatic Expressions Into the Matrix Lithuanian Text

Author(s): Indrė Ignotaitė / Language(s): English / Issue: 102/2020

The paper focuses on how extra-sentential code-switching occurs when the increasingly multimodal social networks employ and foster the hybrid features of Internet language, especially when it involves idiomatic expressions. The social network “Twitter” has been selected to qualitatively research how English idiomatic expressions are embedded into the matrix of Lithuanian texts by means of extra-sentential code-switching. Six examples are chosen to reflect the flexibility and variety of linguistic features surrounding this process and the diversity of structures resulting from it. An analysis of the examples reveals that there are three main ways of doing so: unmodified idioms, slightly modified idioms, and Lithuanised idioms. This work aims to contribute new observations to the descriptive and analytical aspects of linguistic code-switching research. The work, however, does not include extended commentary of its general effect on language, speakers, and culture.

Collocations as Manifestations of Sociolect and Idiolect in Religious Discourse

A Translation-Oriented Perspective

Author(s): Marius Golea,Loredana Pungă / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2020

Being highly crystallized and ritualized, religious discourse may appear to always display very specific, well-defined characteristics. In this paper, we briefly touch upon ideolects and sociolects to bring to the fore the idea that there are contexts in which this type of discourse loses its rigidity in favour of more creative means of expression. Collocations are discussed against this idea, while taking a translation-oriented perspective on them.

Collocations of high frequency words in nursing research articles and The Academic Collocation List: Similarities and differences

Author(s): Kaja Mandić,Izabela Dankić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The main objective of this corpus-based study is to research the most frequent two-word collocations in the corpus of nursing scientific articles and compare this newly assembled list of nursing collocations with the Academic Collocation List (ACL). The nursing scientific articles corpus (NSAC) used in this study comprises 1,119,441 words from 262 articles of 10 high quality journals from the Medical Library Association list which nursing students can freely access. The focus is on noun-noun and noun-adjective collocations. The selected articles were converted into txt files using the ABBYY Fine Reader. WordSmith Tools 7.0 and TermeX were used for noun and collocation extraction. The newly assembled Nursing Collocation List (NCL) and the ACL were compared using Microsoft Excel 2016. A total of 488 collocations were identified in the NSAC and the NCL contains 234 (47.9%) noun + noun and 254 (52.1%) adjective + noun collocation combinations. The most frequent two-word collocation is health care and it appeared 618 times in the NSAC. The ACL (2,469) and the NCL (488) share 123 two-word collocations. Although there are some correspondences between collocations in the two corpora, key nursing collocations with notably higher frequencies are identified in the NSAC (365). Despite the fact that the ACL is the most extensive collocation list across different academic fields and it certainly plays an important role in teaching English as a foreign language, this study suggests that it does not provide key nursing collocations for improvement of nursing collocation competence.

CONTINUIDADES Y DISCONTINUIDADES EN LA TRADUCCIÓN DE LAS LOCUCIONES PREPOSITIVAS EN LOS ROMANCEAMIENTOS BÍBLICOS MEDIEVALES

Author(s): Viorica Codita / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 4/2020

Continuities and Discontinuities in the Translations of Prepositional Phrases in Medieval Biblical Texts. In this work we present an analysis of prepositional phrases in two contemporary translations, Biblia prealfonsí and the biblical part of General Estoria 4, on the basis of the Book of Ecclesiasticus. The aim of this study is to describe the state of variation of prepositional phrases in 13th century, delineating the similarities and divergences of solutions, and also to try to elucidate how much interferes the original Latin text, Vulgata, in the use of the prepositional phrases.