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The Rise of Populist Electoral Authoritarianism in Turkey: a Case of Culturally Rooted Recidivism

Author(s): İlter Turan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The trend in Turkey’s politics toward “electoral authoritarianism” is rooted in the long history of modernization. Tensions between traditional society and modernizing elites (with strong links to the military) resulted in the series of military coups in the 20th century and weak civilian regimes. The originality of the rule of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) since its coming to power in 2002 is that it has been able to consolidate the support of less privileged strata and to establish full control over the state. How durable is this system remains an open question.

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The Capital of the Past: St. Athanasius Monastery (Zlatna Livada Village, Chirpan Region) between Myth and History

Author(s): Evgenia Troeva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The present text is dedicated to a particular case from the last ten years when a meta narrativewas created, in this sense also a memory for the past, for St. Athanasius Monastery near the village of Zlatna Livada, a monastery proclaimed to be the oldest in Europe. Its founding is attributed to one of the key figures in the history of early Christianity, St. Athanasius, which gives the cloister a specific sacred nature. The subject of the study is indicative of the role that modern means of communication play in constructing popular ideas of the past.Thus, the ‘history’ of St. Athanasius Monastery becomes grounds for national pride and self-confidence; on the one hand, it symbolizes the ‘deep roots’ of the nation and on the other hand, it lends Bulgaria a greater symbolic significance in the context of a united Europe. The narrative of this Christian cloister’s ancient past proves to be a winning formula, since it focuses and expresses the hopes and aspirations of various social actors and circles, i.e. becomes part of several projects orientated to the future.

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Re-imaging nationhood: consolidating nativist and immigrant social bonding

Author(s): Raymond Taras / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

States are today defined less by the nation(s) in them and more by nationhood – a term that subsumes complex and diverse societies characteristic of an age of global migration. Nationhood involves a process in which otherwise different people share some combination of a language, set of values, faith, culture, identity and ideals. When managed successfully, immigration offers an opportunity to give a state the opportunity to expand the nation beyond utilitarian considerations such as labour needs and demographic decline. It begins with immigrant inclusion in the receiving society and the social cohesion that follows. Failed social integration policy results in unachieved, fragmented nationhood leading to different social pathologies. Derived largely from the French Republican tradition, nationhood emphasizes social bonding of a cross-cultural kind. Eurocentric bias focusing primarily on the origins of the nation is examined, non-Western critiques are assayed, and nation branding as a substitute for nationhood is questioned. When nationhood allows locals and immigrants to develop partnership, it is on the basis of an equilibrium established between minority and majority rights regimes.

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Konkurencja, zagrożenie czy ratunek dla gospodarki? Postawy Polaków wobec imigrantów

Author(s): Joanna Konieczna-Sałamatin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

This article presents the attitudes of Poles towards immigrants and analyses the factors that co-exist with these attitudes. Data come mainly from the European Values Study (2017). The analyses have shown a clear impact of media discourse on the social perception of immigrants, which leads to a split image of the immigrants: „real” ones, whom Poles meet in various public places or at work and who are generally accepted, and „imagined” immigrants - „aliens”, more often causing a sense of threat. Attitudes towards real immigrants are not connected with political views and are to a small extent related to opinions on the European Union. The assessment of the „imagined” immigrants’ impact on the development of Poland is an element of a broader set of axiological orientations, the essential element of which is trying to order the social reality in the framework of traditionally understood roles and hierarchy and which are associated with a negative relationship with the European Union and even with scepticism towards democracy as a form of government and civil liberties.

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Najbliższe czy wciąż „obce”? Integracja interakcyjna migrantek z Ukrainy zawierających małżeństwa mieszane w Polsce

Author(s): Anita Brzozowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Intermarriage has been argued to be a key indicator of migrants’ integration into the host society. However, the data collected in the course of the qualitative research that includes in-depth interviews with migrants from Ukraine suggest that the relationship between intermarriage and integration of migrants is complex and multifaceted. The study presented in this article found that mixed unions do not have a uniform significance for the weakening of social boundaries as they do not necessarily serve to erode prejudices towards other groups associated with ethnic origin and nationality of potential partners.

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Общност и право на културно наследство в Конвенцията на Съвета на Европа за значението на културното наследство за обществото

Author(s): Plamena Zayachka / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

This article analyses the Council of Europe Framework Convention on the value of Cultural Heritage for Society with a focus on the right of cultural heritage and exploring the innovative concept that it introduces – a heritage community. In particular, the scope of the community, the signs of community unification, the criteria for community formation and the differences from other communities are outlined. The article is presented in two parts. The first reviews the two basic documents of the Council of Europe Framework Convention on the value of Cultural Heritage for Society and the Explanatory Report that comes with it. The second part reviews the EU documents, which are related to the Faro Convention.

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In a (Not Completely) Distorting Mirror. Poland Viewed from the Perspective of the Authorities and of the Population of the Soviet Union on the Eve of and during the Soviet Aggression against Poland in September 1939

Author(s): Sławomir Kalbarczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2019

This article intends to answer two fundamental questions: 1) What kind of image of Poland was created by the authorities of the Soviet Union on the eve of and during the Soviet aggression against Poland on 17 September 1939? 2)Did Soviet society accept this image uncritically, or was it capable of creating its own image of Poland independently? This study is based on an analysis that the Soviet authorities created a false image of Poland as a fascist country which had been defeated by Germany not as a result of its military advantage but as a result of its incorrect policy towards ethnic minorities. The image of Poland was generally accepted by the society of the Soviet Union which was subject to a monopolistic propaganda of the state. Only a small minority of society rejected the image promoted by the authorities – as untrue and a justification for Moscow’s imperial policy.

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On the Processes of Adaptation of Bulgarian Names in Tsaribrod, Serbia

Author(s): Ivana Davitkov / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2019

This study is motivated by the legal possibility of spelling the names of Bulgarian national minority members in the Republic of Serbia in accordance with the Bulgarian spelling standard. The paper presents the historical and administrative aspects of the spelling of personal and, in particular, family names of Bulgarians in Tsaribrod, Serbia.

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Немско-български културни отношения от началото на ХХ век до средата на 40-те години на века

Author(s): Rozaliya Guigova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The aim of this article is to present the results of the author’s profound investigation on German-Bulgarian cultural relations since the beginning of the 20th century to the mid-1940s of the 20th century and to give an assessment of the cultural contacts between both countries in the context of Bulgarian political and historical development. The article reveals different aspects of the cultural contact between Germany and Bulgaria in the fields of theatre, fine and applied arts. The author emphasizes the role of the training of many Bulgarian artists in German art institutions and the establishment of German-Bulgarian cultural associations. The article is based on the findings of published studies as well as on the author’s own research undertaken in many museums, archives, private and institutional art collections, situated in Germany and Bulgaria.

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Градове, маскаради, идентичности (По примери от Унгария)

Author(s): Veneta Yankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

The text analyzes specific examples from the festive life of the Hungarian cities of Mohács and Debrecen and in particular different manifestations of the contemporary masquerade game. The author pays attention to the construction of urban identity (part A) and searches for basic characteristics of the urban cultural space as a place of national memory (part B). The field research method is applied for the purposes of the present study. In conclusion it is noted that it is especially important for the participants to identify with a particular masquerade community that builds additional social networks outside of the carnival chronotope. The consistency with the culture and traditions of the city is also significant as far as these are manifestations of urban identity. The national identity finds expression in symbols and signs of the national manifested under conditions of deterritorialization. Through the self-perception of the people in the city (as people tied to it and belonging to it) and through their identification with it, the urban social space acquires its anthropological dimensions contributing to its unique spirit and particularity (genius loci).

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Обществени колекции с музеен профил в българските висши училища: създаване, управление, перспективи

Author(s): Vera Boneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

University museums in Bulgarian higher education institutions are described and analyzed in the context of the current educational and cultural trends. The important features of this specific academic units are highlighted with specification of some distinguishing museum collections, which work fruitfully inside and outside of their own university space. Administrative improvement and more active promotion are recommended as key paths for a more positive prospect ahead of the whole 27 Bulgarian university museums. In the article are involved data, extracted from the cited sources and from the official internet sites of the mentioned higher education institutions.

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Мегданът на българските емигранти

Author(s): Julia Popcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

With its fifth edition in 2019, the festival ‘Na Megdana na Drugata Bulgaria’ (At the Public Square and Gathering Point of the Other Bulgaria) establishes itself as one of the main events for Bulgarian emigrants in Europe. It gathers folklore enthusiasts and besides a dancing stage, it is a ground for new friendships, meetings, and exchange of expertise. The article examines the festival as a place of contact of informal migration-based groups of interest and as a trigger for developing an imagined community around symbols such as origin, clothes, music, dance and food. The ‘megdan’ is considered a community centre existing mainly in people’s mind but not as a geographic location. The article searches for the link between the event and the ways of preserving and transmitting cultural heritage in migration. The study was conducted in three stages: a preliminary online survey; fieldwork in the period May 10 – 12, 2019 in La Nucia, Spain; an additional digital data gathering.

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Езиковата агресия в политическата и в ученическата реч

Author(s): Vladislav Milanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

In recent years, more and more often in the scientific literature and in the mass media is written and talked about language aggression and its manifestations in various formats and different communities. The actuality of the topic is determined by the fact that the phenomenon is spreading more and more and is pervading various social spheres. Not only linguists show interest in language aggression but also wide circle of sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers and journalists among others. In the article are examined some of the main ways language aggression is expressed in the political speech and are presented some of the basic lexical and topical groups. The data on school students’ speech is extracted from a survey on language aggression conducted in several Bulgarian schools. A brief review of key concepts related to theoretical linguistic and psychological definitions of the term language aggression is also included.

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Can Self-organized Criticality Theory help identify Political Mobilization on Social Media?

Author(s): Natalia Barabash,Dmitry ZHUKOV / Language(s): English Issue: 25 (1)/2020

One of the challenges of monitoring political mobilization on social media is the setting of formalized mobilization criteria to identify early symptoms of political mobilization across different groups. We propose and test a tool for identifying groups that display a high level of political mobilization. This tool is based on the hypothesis that strong engagement of users in group activities and discussions is common to groups in a state of self-organized criticality (SOC). An attribute of SOC, known as pink noise, can be observed in time series. To test this hypothesis, we sourced data on activity in 200 Facebook groups in France and Germany.

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Content, methodology and results of the study on the formation of readiness to future border guard officers to apply risk analysis methods

Author(s): Оlena Pshenychna,Oleksandr Didenko,Mariya Oliynyk / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2019

The article reveals the content, methods and results of the study of the formation of readiness to future border guard officers to apply risk analysis methods. The essence of readiness for application of methods of risk analysis in operational and service activity, criteria and indicators are defined, levels and state of the formation are characterized. For effective formation of readiness of future frontier officers to apply risk analysis methods, pedagogical conditions have been substantiated and tested experimentally. Based on the research results, methodological recommendations have been developed for cadets, scientific and pedagogical staff

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Populizm jako forma przywództwa politycznego: trzy tradycje teoretyczne i perspektywy badawcze

Author(s): Jan Pakulski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

In a contemporary political sociology, experiencing a renaissance in political leadership studies, the populism – defined as a specific type of anti-establishment leadership – is quite well known not only from current „rises”, but also from former cyclic „tidal waves”. Even if there are visible parallels to former waves of populist politics, few socio-political analyses of the current „third wave” sweeping across Europe and the US benefit from the theoretical body of researches of previous waves. The current approach focuses on a shallow theoretical-historical approach to populism as a sui generis novum, as a critical backlash to contemporary development trends (ie. globalism, centralized government, neo-liberal politics, etc.). Thus this paper aims at reminding three important analyses relating to three consecutive waves of populism. All three point at populism as a manifestation of democratic trends and focus attention on leadership groups. Alexis de Tocqueville viewed populist campaigns of Louis Napoleon in France as manifestations of a „despotic democracy”. Max Weber judged European populisms he witnessed as manifestations of a „plebiscitary democracy”. Contemporary neo-elitists focus their attention both on leaders and on the structure of leadership groups as well as on relations between leaders and their „electorate”. Such leadership focused perspective is a necessary addendum to the research on contemporary populism.

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National identification in a democratic society. A view from the psychosocial perspective

Author(s): Piotr Radkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

As some researchers note, national identity is probably the only form of identity forwhich people are ready to give their own lives. Deprived of the experience of personalcontact, the strong sense of belonging to the national group must consist of imagining oneself as entwined with crowds of anonymous compatriots in an invisible, butrealistically experienced bond. Though, the concepts of national identity and national identification are often treated interchangeably. they are not equivalent. Group identitymeans the fact of belonging to a specific group, combined with having its cognitive representation. Identification refers to the individual-group personal relationship, and describes the strength of the emotional bond felt with other members and the importance of a given group identity. This paper presents psychological origins of national identification, linking them to the deepest and most basic epistemic, motivational and existential human needs. Awareness of identification with the national group determines the whole range of psychological phenomena from various levels of analysis. From relatively simple manifestations of affect to complex ideological orientations – they all have specific relationships with how people understand democracy and what type of democracy they prefer. The empirical evidence cited in this text proves that the strengthening of the liberal democracy and its cultural values is accompanied by the devaluation of national/patriotic identification in the utilitarian (as a socially dysfunctional phenomenon) as well as in moral sense (as a source of hostility and intolerance). However, other empirical results show national identification as a necessary component of social bonds, and a basis of social mobilization around important collective goals.

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Tranzycja demokratyczna z „fałszywej demokracji”. Czy nowy paradygmat tranzycyjny?.

Author(s): Bartłomiej Nowotarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

„The third wave” of democratization had a real challenge: to disarm brutal dictatorships and enable the process of building the institutions of the liberal democracy. Political scientists scrutinized the process of democratization and created its transitional paradigm. Unfortunately, as the paradigm and the democratization process failed (the so called „fake democracies” emerged), the proponents of the liberal democracy faced a new challenge: to turn back the trends of democratic erosions and to build a more sustainable,post-liberal democracy in the future. The important question remains: what kind of a new paradigm would best encompass contemporary challenges? This essay aims at drawing such a new paradigm referring to likely transitional strategies that may end up in new kind of democratic settings (also in a form of „fake democracies”). To come up with new schemes failed transitions and new trends are discussed.

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Długi marsz przez instytucje kultury. Polityka Zjednoczonej Prawicy a wymiana elit w nowym ładzie kulturalnym państwa po roku 2015

Author(s): Piotr Kulas,Paweł Śpiewak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

This text aims to analyse the project of elite change implemented by the United Right in Poland in the field of cultural production. The authors argue that culture is recognized by right-wing politicians and intellectuals as a particularly important way of legitimizing its domination also in other fields. The special role of culture can be interpreted by the nature of the public sphere in Poland and the importance of the intelligentsia, who converted cultural capital into other types of capital (the political, the social, and especially the symbolic capital). The authors argue that the replacement of cultural elites serves the revision of history and assertion of power. Although, the elite change project is conducted not only within the cultural field, however, the latter is seen as a particularly important for the right-wing intelligentsia. We argue, that this exchange is based on the long-formulated announcements and is justified by the right-wing intellectuals and politicians who argue for a traditional, Polish model of culture. However, it also conceals political goals. The main goals of the replacement are to change the old elites with people favouring new order and, in the long run, to form right-wing elites, who, referring to the one-dimensional model of culture, will play a hegemonic role in the social life.

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Към интерпретацията на тюрбето Елмалъ баба в село Биволяне, Кърджалийско: забравена, премълчана или нечута легенда?

Author(s): Bojidar Alexiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The türbe of Elmalı baba in the village of Bivolyane is probably the most visited by the Heterodox Muslim Turks place of pilgrimage in Eastern Rhodopi Mountains in Bulgaria. Nevertheless, there is no information about a narrative dedicated to the worship of the saints there. Most probably the reason for that is connected to two traumatic events: the closing of the türbe by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 and the forceful change of the names of the Turks in Bulgaria in 1984–1985. The article offers a hypothesis explaining the existence of an extremely rare co-presence of six (considered male) and one (worshiped as female) graves, which have appeared in the period between these two traumatic moments.

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