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Osveta a ľudovýchova sociálne slabých vrstiev spoločnosti v čase Veľkej hospodárskej krízy

Author(s): Martina Orosová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

Educational activities were an important part of the cultural policy of the First Czechoslovak Republic. They were carried out within the scope of four laws aimed at organizing civic education courses, establishing public municipal libraries, setting up municipal chronicles and civilian military education. These activities existed under the authority of the Ministry of Education and National Edification in Prague, which delegated some of their competences to the Department of the Ministry of Education and National Edification in Bratislava. The Czechoslovak Republic invested a lot more funds into education and training than the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The 20's of the 20th century saw the most generous funding; it was a time when public education experienced its best period. Edification was carried out by educators working in district associations and local edification committees. Most edification workers were found in the ranks of teachers of primary and secondary schools. The Great Depression hit public education by reducing state subsidies, which were the lowest in the period 1932 - 1934. At this time of deteriorating economic conditions, educational activities focused on the organization of courses for unemployed young people under 17 years of age, and educational courses for women. The main objective of all activities was the education of citizens towards democracy and civic responsibility in the spirit of the idea of Czechoslovak national unity. The economic crisis was understood primarily as a moral crisis and radical displays of young people were considered a symptom of moral decline. Educational activities took a new direction in the second half of the 30's of the 20th century. Military education became the main focus, as did issues of war and the defence of the Republic. After the breakup of Czechoslovakia, the educational and edification associations ceased to exist and their activities were carried out only by Matica slovenská.

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Návšteva Štúrovcov u Jána Hollého na Dobrej Vode. Historický (mikro)naratív v kontexte formovania kolektívnej pamäti a identity Slovákov

Author(s): Peter Macho / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2017

The study analyses the structural elements of the story of three members of Štúr’s group to the poet Ján Hollý. The meeting of representatives of the Protestant and Catholic intelligentsia in 1843 is one of the key moments in the Slovak national historical narrative. It symbolizes national unity overcoming confessional limitations. The author investigates this story as part of nationalist propaganda, pointing to its use for the needs of national ideology.

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“He flew on wings of Slavonic feeling to Serbia to help the Serbs in 1915”. The symbolic instrumentalization of M.R. Štefánik and Slavonic community against the background of the inter-state relations of the time

Author(s): Peter Macho / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

The study analyses the symbolic instrumentalization of the national hero M.R. Štefánik in the context of the modified form of Slavonic community in the 20th century. In the inter-war period, the symbol of Štefánik was used to strengthen the Czechoslovak – Yugoslav alliance on the basis of Slavonic brotherhood. The political representatives of independent Slovakia and Croatia during the Second World War refused to build their inter-state relations on the basis of Slavonic community. From the point of view of Zagreb, Štefánik appeared pro-Serb and pro-Yugoslav, so he was an undesirable symbol for the Croats. Emphasis on the strong Slavonic and Serbophil identity of Štefánik became an instrument for Slovak opposition oriented circles to articulate their resistance to the Ľudák regime and the Slovak state.

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Obhájené doktorandské dizertačné práce v odbore Slovenské dejiny

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2018

Mgr. Ondrej Ficeri: Etnické identity obyvateľov Košíc v medzivojnovom Československu / Mgr. Ondrej Ficeri: Ethnic identities of Kosice residents in Czechoslovakia

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Medzi mierom a vojnou: Maďarsko v rokoch 1944 až 1945 z pohľadu bežných ľudí. Historiografický prehľad

Author(s): D. Gusztáv Kecskés / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2018

The appreciation of the year 1945 began almost immediately after the war, and lasts until today, while generating strong tensions in both public life and historiography in Hungary. Debates concerning the politics of memory were crystallized especially about the question if 1945 represented a liberation (of the German yoke) or an occupation (by the Soviets). Recent research, of which this contribution summarizes the results, has considerably enriched the literature with new points of view on the intermediate period of 1944 – 1945. The new historical projects are interested, by inclusion of unexploited sources so far (memories of the daily people, accounts of the survivors of the deportation, letters of the prisoners of war etc.) to the experiences and strategies of the individuals and various groups during the war and the subsequent post-war period which was moving towards the establishment of a communist dictatorship.

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Forced settlement of Vlach Roma in Žatec and Louny in the late 1950s

Author(s): Markéta Hajská / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The author of the study presents a micro-historical study of a family of Vlach Roma (Lovára) of western Slovakian origin, who were one of the few Romani groups still on the move in the mid-1950s and who in the late 1950s were forced to settle in the towns of Louny and Žatec in north-western Bohemia. Against this background the author focuses on some aspects of the Czechoslovak assimilation policy of the 1950s regarding ‘itinerant Gypsies’, designed to limit their mobility, which is represented mainly by the implementation of the Law on the Permanent Settlement of Itinerant Persons (No. 74/1958 Coll.). Using a combination of oral history methods involving Vlach Romani narrators and of archival research, the author clarifies some aspects of the local process of the implementation of the above-mentioned law and of selected impacts of the registration of travelling and semi-travelling people in February 1959. The forced sedentarization which occurred in the two localities under study is presented in the context of the regime of state socialism and the policies of central as well as local authorities towards so-called ‘travelling Gypsies’ in the late 1950s.

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Komu patrí Mikuláš Šubić Zrínsky? (K inšpiračným zdrojom a ideovej koncepcii historického eposu Andreja Sládkoviča Gróf Mikuláš Šubić Zrínsky na Sihoti)

Author(s): Ingrid Papp / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2021

Accounts of the character and deeds of Nikola IV Zrinski (1508 – 1566) who became renowned for preventing the fall of Szigetvár in 1566 and of the work and life of his great-grandson Nikola VII Zrinski (1620 – 1664), a 17th-century baroque poet, had long played central roles in the building of national awareness and political ideology in Hungary. The Slavic inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary were familiar with the general who fought against the Ottoman Empire since the 16th century, but in the 19th century, in the context of the idea of Slavic mutuality and Pan-Slavism, this historical figure became more important. In 1866, Andrej Sládkovič (1820 – 1872) wrote a historical epic Gróf Mikuláš Šubić Zrínsky na Sihoti [Count Nikola Šubić Zrinski at Sziget] in which he described Zrinski’s heroic deeds from the perspective of Pan-Slavic identity in detail. He drew on Ján Kollár’s sonnet “My sme dali Uhrům Zríniho” [We gave Zrinski to the Hungarians] included in his Slávy dcera ([The daughter of Sláva] final version published in 1852). The sonnet asserts that the Slavs left Zrinski to the Hungarians, just like they left Ján Hus to the Germans and Nicolaus Copernicus to the Italians and that they also gave up Zrinski’s legacy. In his epic poem, with the help of the poetry of his grandson, he returned Zrinski to the Slavic Pantheon.

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The Emergence of the First Post-November System of Hungarian Political Parties in Slovakia

Author(s): Zuzana Mészárosová-Lampl / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The so-called post-November system of Hungarian parties in what was then Czechoslovakia was established after the change in the political system in November 1989 and in the first months of 1990. It consisted of three political entities: Independent Hungarian Initiative, Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement, and the movement Coexistence. Although they distanced themselves from using the word “party” in their name, they truly were political parties that ran for parliamentary representation in the first free elections in June 1990 at the time representing the Hungarian community of more than 500 000 members in Slovakia. In her study, the author describes many hitherto unknown circumstances of the origin of these parties. In addition to contemporary documents, media appearances and other sources, the study also relies on commemorative interviews with party representatives.

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Svědectví o komunismu: Pět „mentalit“ pamětníků

Author(s): Daniel Kunštát / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2023

The aim of the article is to outline how the memorial section of the current society constructs the image of the communist era. It focuses on the attributes of collective memory, which indicate not only shared ideas about the past of the communist regime, but also an adequate value orientation in terms of contemporary political identity. The empirical basis of the text is represented by the findings of an extensive quantitative investigation of the "historical consciousness" of the memory generation. Within this framework, five specific types of memory related to the period before the Velvet Revolution are defined.

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Slováci v Argentíne: viacero údajov a niekoľko otázok

Author(s): CÉSAR EMILIO MANGIATERRA / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03/2023

From the last quarter of the 19th century until the period before the Second World War, the societies that inhabited the territories that today correspond mainly to Slovakia and the Czech Republic were one of the main senders of overseas migrants. In correlation with this, Argentina was one of the largest recipients of such migratory waves. Therefore, the permanent and systematic presence of Slovaks and Czechs and their descendants in Argentina can be understood primarily as a migratory phenomenon. Individuals who identify themselves as Slovaks, Czechs or Czechoslovaks, or their descendants, form collectives with certain specific characteristics, which, however, correspond to the general characteristics that can be attributed to the so-called ‘great immigration’. One step towards understanding the profile and dynamics of the presence of Slovaks and Czechs in Argentina and the collectives that followed them is to understand the dimensions of such a massive immigration process and its social, historical, and ideological framework. This paper aims to provide basic data that will contribute to this understanding. For this purpose, the general Argentine census, and statistical data on transoceanic immigration to that country and the regulatory, political, and ideological frameworks are presented, always considering the communities of interest and their sending and receiving states. In a parallel and complementary way, we present the questions that emerge from these data and that are related to the guiding questions of the research project that convenes us and that are proposed for future research work.

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Zo starej na novú hrudu: axiologické aspekty slovenskej emigrácie

Author(s): Peter Žeňuch / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03/2023

The paper offers a picture of the value perception of the term “migration”, especially from the point of view of the participants in this process of wandering, transition, exodus, etc. Using the example of memoir narratives and essays published in the anthology “Spomienky pionierov” (“Memories of Pioneers”, edited by I. Stolárik, Toronto, Ont. Canada: Canadian Slovak League, 1978), the axiological image of migration across the Atlantic among Slovaks is analysed from the point of view of their motivation to make this physical move from Europe to overseas in the difficult socio-economic conditions of the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. In particular, the paper provides a picture of migration that evokes the need to revitalize the exile’s relationship to homeland, fatherland, and one’s own identity.

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Populárna kultúra a nehmotné kultúrne dedičstvo v službe zmierenia: návrat srbskej etnológie a antropológie do verejnej sféry

Author(s): Miloš Milenković,Jelena Ćuković,Branko Banović / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

The article presents research findings exploring modalities by which anthropology, as a critically oriented discipline emphasising identity deconstruction, can adopt an ethnological perspective on culture, tradition, and history as more appropriate in reconciliation processes in post-conflict regions. Previous investigations conducted in the Western Balkans context indicate that the ethnological perspective holds substantial potential to facilitate dialogue and cooperation among individuals with diverse and often conflicting views on cultural heritage. Within the framework of reorienting identity disputes and conflicts towards cooperation and development, this analysis underscores the significance of the ethnological-anthropological continuum in Serbian ethnology and anthropology. Combining the results of previous studies with the findings of ongoing theoretical and field research, this paper examines the potential of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) as a means of fostering cooperation and trust-building between communities. Special attention is devoted to aspects of shared ICH manifested through various forms of popular culture. In this context, the paper summarises ongoing ethnographic research conducted in Pljevlja, a Montenegrin town marked by identity tensions between local Serbs and Bosniaks/Muslims. The study highlights tamburitza music as a particularly significant segment of the town’s popular culture and cultural identity, positing it as having the capacity to initiate the much-needed dialogue and cooperation between these two cultural identities.

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Social (De)precarisation in the Context of Post-Yugoslav Forced Migrations: Narratives from Vojvodina

Author(s): Filip BOBERIĆ / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The Yugoslav wars, which raged through the 1990s, not only put an end to the post-World War II Yugoslav socialist federation but also had a profound impact on the everyday realities of sense making, social identification, community building, and the securing of livelihoods in the region for decades to come. The aim of this research article – based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Vojvodina, Serbia, in 2022 –is to examine the dynamic interplay between social precarisation and deprecarisation in the context of forced migrations triggered by these armed conflicts, through a critical constructivist framework. It is based on qualitative analysis of narratives and practices of individuals who fled the territories of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to Serbia, and operates with the post-Yugoslav shared space of discourse as its main analytical frame. It emphasises a transnational reality of material and ideological efforts to tackle the loss of home, important social relationships, and trust. It shows how post-migration means of making sense of multifaceted conflicts, alliances, and processes of identification in the realm of (co)ethnicity, politics, and (moral) economy render contemporary nationalist projects ambiguous and unstable by interconnecting various pre- and post-war experiences which transcend clear-cut, mainly ethno-religious and national, boundaries.

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Transgenerational Trauma and Family Memory? The Legacy of Sudeten German Expulsion after World War II

Author(s): Jana Nosková,Sandra Kreisslová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The forced displacement of the Sudeten Germans represents a crucial moment in the history of the Czechoslovakia after World War II, it was the largest migration wave in the history of the Czech lands. The experience of losing one’s home through forced migration gave rise to what is known as the “fate-bound community” of Sudeten Germans. In the aftermath of the war, particularly from the perspective of Western countries, this community forged a shared collective identity and culture of remembrance. While considerable attention has been devoted to the communicative and cultural memory of the so-called “generation of experience”, less focus has been placed on subsequent generations and the transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences. In this study, we delve into the concept of “postmemory” (Hirsch, 2012) and explore how families and generations of grandchildren perceive and process what can be termed “chosen trauma” (Volkan, 2001). The study is based on biographic and semi-structured interviews conducted with 11 participants, all of whom are descendants of displaced Sudeten Germans. The findings suggest that the repercussions of ancestral trauma are transmitted to the grandchildren’s generation primarily via a succession of dominant emotional responses and affects, rather than through comprehensive understanding of the ancestral history.

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Religious Topics in Central Asian Secular Telegram Channels

Author(s): Andrey Bykov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article analyses the issues of modern interconfessional interaction in the states of Central Asia, by employing the marketing research methods in order to analyze the socio-political content and the problem of perception of the current religious situation in the electronic media, primarily in Telegram channels. Thus, we use both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Special attention is paid to the degree of religious topics’ importance and the attitude of adherents of the same or another religion to religious manifestations. The author studied the question of users’ attitude to radical Islam, including its extremist manifestations. A brief description and assessment of the degree of success of the authorities and officially recognized religious organizations are given, and the main external and internal political and socio-economic factors influencing the dynamics of inter-confessional relations are identified.

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Islamic Networks in Russia: The Transformation of the Local Ummah in a Global Context

Author(s): Akhmet Yarlykapov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2024

This article presents the results of a study into Islamic networks since 2015. Islamic networks are increasingly active actors within the Russian ummah, assuming leadership from traditional Spiritual Administrations of Muslims. Transregional and transnational networks demonstrate significant efficiency, establishing parallel Islamic communities in different regions. Muslim networks are successfully solving important everyday tasks related to various aspects of Islamic life. The power of networking lies in the absence of one apparent leader, combined with high mobility and the ability to discuss and solve problems almost instantaneously. Messaging applications have a pivotal role in the activities of Muslim networks, ensuring their effective functioning. Muslim networks in Russia also facilitate a deeper integration of the country’s ummah into the global Islamic community by forming transnational networks within the Salafi and Sufi paradigms. Muslim transregional networks occupy a prominent position within the country, effectively uniting its Islamic space and fostering internal cohesion.

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ON PHILOSOPHICAL COLONIALISM

Author(s): Iovan Drehe / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The phrase “philosophical colonialism” seems to be used in many contexts with seemingly different meanings. This prompts the need to consider its possible meanings in order to discern its primary and secondary ones. This essay aims to discuss four possible meanings: 1. Philosophical colonialism as the view that Western Philosophy or western philosophical ideas are or should be considered superior in contrast with other philosophical traditions or ideas; 2. Philosophical colonialism as the justification of Western colonialism; 3. Philosophical colonialism as the view that considers that philosophy as a scholarly research field should be the dominant one or that certain philosophical ideas are dominant in a system of thought; 4. Philosophical colonialism as the domination by argumentative means. The first two are considered primary meanings, since they are linked to the historical phenomenon of colonialism, and the last two are considered secondary ones.

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South Africa Has Surprised The Whole World

Author(s): Kris Vanspauwen-Suggnomè / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

"We owe this mainly to our victims". An interview with Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu by K. Vanspauwen – Suggnomè.

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O jazyce, prababičce a vládě menšin

Author(s): Oksana Lebedivna / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2024

Language choice is a powerful act, as illustrated by a poignant memory of a visit to a great-grandmother who had read all of Shevchenko's works. This encounter sparked a deeper engagement with Ukrainian literature and culture, highlighting the importance of language in shaping identity. Jurij Ševelov's insights on the political, social, and cultural dimensions of language underscore the complexities faced by Ukrainians under minority rule. The phrase "kakaja raznica" (what's the difference) epitomizes the aggressive linguistic assimilation experienced by Ukrainians, reflecting broader issues of cultural dominance and resistance. The narrative draws parallels between historical and contemporary struggles, emphasizing the enduring impact of language on national consciousness and the ongoing fight for linguistic and cultural autonomy.

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Digitalizace jako záchrana archiválií před okupanty. Rozhovor s ředitelkou ukrajinského Státního archivu Chersonské oblasti Irynou Lopušynskou

Author(s): Anna Chlebina / Language(s): Czech Issue: 03/2024

Amidst the chaos of the Russian invasion, Iryna Lopušynska, director of the State Archive of Kherson Oblast, recounts the harrowing experiences of safeguarding invaluable historical documents. As Russian forces advanced, the archive staff faced the daunting task of preserving nearly a million records, including vital digital copies. Despite the occupation, they continued their work, secretly transporting equipment and digital files to ensure the survival of their region's history. The digitalization process, initiated years prior, proved crucial in protecting documents from destruction and theft. Lopušynska emphasizes the importance of these archives in maintaining Ukrainian identity and countering Russian propaganda. Her efforts highlight the resilience and dedication of archivists in preserving the truth amidst conflict.

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