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Gibt Es eine Moralische Pflicht zur Organspende? Thesen zu einem Umstrittenen Thema

Author(s): Walter Schweidler / Language(s): German Issue: 12/2009

There is an obligation of us as human beings to help other persons who need help by giving them something from what we possess. But we do not “possess” our organs. The kind of action by which organs are transplanted is not simply the kind of an act of help or solidarity. Since to it belongs the ending of a patient’s life on cause of the doctor’s action the decisive question is if it belongs to the essence of that kind of action that it is the killing of a human being. My thesis is that it is not an act of killing. But it is a complex kind of action of a new and genuine character and therefore needs cautious and restrictive ethical consideration. In no case there can be something like a human duty to give one’s organs to others.

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Kloniranje kao etički problem

Author(s): Sonja Antonić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 12/2009

The author refers to biomedical and genetic aspects of human cloning, and their influences on the ethical and legal aspects of human cloning. Human cloning is a part of genetic engineering, however it is still in an experimental phase. It refers to gene cloning, DNA cloning, cell and tissue cloning, and organism cloning. Organism clone is a genetically identical duplicate of the original entity, and it is produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer, in which the nucleus of an egg cell (containing its genetic material) is removed and replaced with the nucleus of a somatic cell taken from the body of an adult. Another method refers to splitting of an embryo in early stages. As to applying cloning methods, there are two methods, the fi rst implies reproduction of entire organisms, and the second refers to stem cells production, that are used for therapeutical purposes. The cloning implies questioning of identity and purpose of the clone itself, and draws numerous ethical and legal implications. The ethical issue of cloning is still lingering, and remains unsolved and therefore the whole problem is shifted to the legal grounds.

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Dekart i Elizabeta o blaženom životu

Author(s): Jasna Šakota-Mimica / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 12/2009

Most of the historians of philosophy know about the correspondence between Elizabeth and Descartes only due to the problem which princess had suggested to philosopher, regarding the relation of body and soul. Not that many people, however, know that their letters also concerned manifold of subjects: those of geometry, physics and medicine, as much as ethical and political questions. Undoubtedly, their correspondence testifies about origination and alteration of some of the Descartes‘ philosophical thoughts, but by far it reveals how educated and talented his correspondent was, and we can only regret because woman of such profile, besides these letters, did not leave a philosophical work.

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Razvoj evolucione misli

Author(s): Vesna Milankov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2009

Theory of evolution is by far the most important theory in biology. Evolution’s integral role in science is well known – it is the milestone of modern biology. Dobzhansky’s famous dictum that “nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution“ is even more true today than it was half a century ago. The concepts and principles of evolution are fundamental in many fi elds in the biological science. Evolutionary explanations pervade all fields of biology and bring them together under one theoretical umbrella. A general knowledge of evolutionary mechanisms of biochemical adaptation is essential. Evolutionary biology has had implications to a new century of medicine; agriculture, biotechnology, and even law. Some of the most promising areas for the future use of evolutionary biology lie in drug development and the biotechnology industry. Thus, evolution, especially microevolution, has been fundamental to certain social imoprovements of this century, and it promises to be profoundly important to biomedical technology. There are many applications of evolutionary theory: from treatment of human disease, to forensics and software engineering. Finally, understanding the evolutionary history helps us conserve endangered species.

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Hermeneutika fakticiteta kao Hajdegerovo polazište

Author(s): Slobodan Jauković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 9/2008

The author attempts to identify Heidegger’s starting point in philosophy. The paper shows why Heidegger had to turn to Aristotle in his understanding of phronesis. Th e insights he gained served to develop a phenomenology of life as a pretheoretical starting point from which the theoretical can ultimately take direction. He thus arrived at a “hermeneutics of facticity” that attempts to offer a propositional description of life through his own living motion.

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Hajdegerova hermeneutičko-fenomenološka ontologija

Author(s): Nebojša Grubor / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 8/2007

Die Leitfrage dieser Untersuchung lautet: wie sollte man Heideggers Philosophie verstehen? Und die Antwort lautet: Heideggers Philosophie sollte man als eine hermeneutische Phänomenologie bzw. hermeneutisch-phänomenologische Ontologie verstanden werden. In diesem Text wollte ich nur einige elementaren Grundzügen dieser These zeigen.

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El Problema de la Mediación Desde la Perspectiva de la Ciencia de la Experiencia de la Conciencia

Author(s): José Manuel Sánchez Fernández / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 5-6/2006

I.Einleitung: Das Vermittlungsproblem. Dieses Problem entsteht aus den Theologisch Jugendschriften, besonders mit dem Göttlichen Dreieck (vgl. Trede). Dies zeigt die komplizierte Beziehung zwischen Gott und Menschen, wo die Vermittlung als Antwort dieses Problem galt. In die Phänomenologie des Geistes aber ist das Problem ganz anders. Es geht um die gedoppelte Operationen: Bestimmung und Bestimmtheit, jetzt aus der Vorrede der Phänomenologie. Beide Operationen gelten als Elemente des vermittelten Seins. Jede Operation macht eine bestimmte Beziehung mit dem Sein aus und könnten sie in fünf Stuffe finden: Das Sein sucht auf sein Andersein aus der inneren Ausserung; Der vermittelte Übergang, mit dem Sein sich bewegt; Die Entfaltung des substantiälen Inhalts (Übergang Substanz-Subjekt); Die einfache Vermittlung als Übergang der Zufälligkeit zur Faktizität; Die Tätigkeit als Werkzeugt, das das Sein durchdringt; II. Entwicklung. Das konstitutive Prozess: die Beziehungen zwischen Kap. IV Selbstbewusstsein und Kap. VI Geist auf das Thema Vermittlung. Diese Beziehung macht einen inhaltlichen Sprung nach Unendlichkeit aus. Der Geist ist eine Gestalt, die sich der Vermittlungsbegriff baut. Diese Gebäude (die Wirklichkeit selbst) ist dreigeteilt (vgl. Coreth): als Unmittelbarkeit, woauf jede Vermittlung wirklich ist; als Denk-Bewegung, wodurch die Gedanke eine mögliche Setzung findet (Selbsterkennung); Die vermittelte Unmittelbarkeit, woauf die Wirklichkeit sich vollzieht. III.Schluss: Den ganzen Prozess enthaltet zwei wichtige Werkzeuge mehr: (Beilage) Entäusserung und Entfremdung.

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Sokratovsko psyche i pojam samosvijesti

Author(s): Zoran Arsović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5-6/2006

In the middle of the twentieth century, especially in K. Oelher’s papers, a different treatment of the concept of self-consciousness was announced; this treatment, contrary to the dominant concepts, obliged to the interminent view of this issue from the ancient times till nowadays. In this sense Socrates’ standpoint: ‘The man is his soul’ gets its remarkable status, which is the theme to be scrutinized in this paper.

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Istina i istorija u mišljenju Sørena Kierkegaarda

Author(s): Sofija Mojsić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5-6/2006

This paper focuses on the interesting topic of Kierkegaards relation toward history and truth. My exploration of Kierkegaards works shows the opposition between his early considerations on the theme of history and its significance for human existence as embodied in his early book “Either – or”. There Kierkegaard speaks enthusiastically in favour of the value of historicity which should exist in human life if it is to be meaningful and worth living. But later, he disavows history and seeks returning to the origins of and the beginning of Christianity, to the time immemorial. At the end, I express my ambivalence to the dilemma whether we should return to the beginning of Christianity or we should necessarily live historically and in accordance with our own time.

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L’attitude personnaliste entre naturalité et Transcendantalité: le problème du «quotidien» dans Ideen II de Husserl

Author(s): Grégori Jean / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2005

L’objet de cette étude est de contester la thématisation phénoménologique du régime quotidien de la conscience, telle qu’elle se déploie dans l’espace du couple conceptuel « attitude naturelle / attitude transcendantale ». Par une lecture serrée de la troisième section d’Ideen II, nous tentons de montrer qu’une tout autre approche de la «naturalité» est non seulement possible, mais qu’elle permet également, – dès lors que, nous engageant sur une voie que Husserl n’était pas prêt à suivre jusqu’au bout, nous lui conférons toute la radicalité qu’elle mérite –, de mettre en question ce couple lui-même.

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Schelers Deutung des Todes (Zu seiner Lehre von den letzten Dingen)

Author(s): Milan Uzelac / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2005

Rad u kojem se sučeljava Šelerovo i Finkovo filozofsko tumačenje smrti kao životnog, odnosno, temeljnog fenomena, autor je pročitao na III internacionalnom kongresu o Maksu Šeleru 25. maja 1997. u Jeni (SR Nemačka) i sada ga objavljuje po prvi put u neizmenjenom obliku, posvećujući ga Manfredu S. Fringsu, dugogodišnjem priređivaču sabranih dela Maksa Šelera, počasnom predsedniku Max-Scheler Gesellschaft koji je tog prepodneva veoma inspirativno vodio višesatnu raspravu o ovom problemu.

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Hegel i spor konzekvencijalizma i deontologije

Author(s): Milenko A. Perović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2005

Die Begründung jeder zeitgenössischen Form der Ethik muss notwendigerweise mit dem Problem des Standpunkts von der Vermittlung des moralischen Individualismus und des Standpunkts der Bildungsmöglichkeit einer moralischen Gemeinschaft der Menschen konfrontiert werden. Alle zeitgenössischen Formen moralischen Handelns beruhen auf der allgemeinen Voraussetzung, dass einerseits ein moralisches Individuum das Bedürfnis hat, seine moralische Autonomie und Individualität beizubehalten, und dass andererseits das Bedürfnis besteht, dass moralische Individuen eine moralische Gemeinschaft mit stabilen Standards moralischen Handelns aufbauen. Aus der Versöhnung dieser zwei Bedürfnisse in der allgemeinen Voraussetzung ergeben sich große Schwierigkeiten im Hinblick auf das moralische Handeln, aber auch auf die ethische Reflexion. Aus diesem Grund vertritt der Autor den Standpunkt, dass das philosophisch-ethische Modell dieser Versöhnung sich auch heute auf dem Verständnis der dynamischen Innenstruktur vom Hegelschen Begriff der Moral aufbauen lässt, besonders in der Entwicklung der Relationen zwischen den Begriffen „Vorsatz“ und „Absicht“.

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Prilog istorijskoj rekonstrukciji filozofije duha

Author(s): Mirko Aćimović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2005

U modernijim koncepcijama naučne logike teorijski se postavlja i pitanje o ontološkim osnovama epistemoloških razmatranja o odnosima tela i duše, fizičkog i mentalnog. Jer, filozofska nauka o poreklu i prirodi logičkog mišljenja pretpostavlja znanje o prirodnim osnovama ljudskog bića, ali se nauka logike ne svodi na enciklopedijski sistem postignutih spoznaja o biotičkoj i psihičkoj anatomiji svesti, ona teorijski ide prema misli o mišljenju misleći mišljenje mišljenja, pojmovno mišljenje kojim se svo mišljenje u pogledu svoga savršenstva i dovršava. Ontološki odnos tela i duše teorijski prethodi filozofskom razmatranju o suštini logičkog supstrata mišljenja. U istoriji filozofije duha, kao i u istoriji filozofske psihologije, time i modernijih tendencija naučne logike, ovaj odnos pokazuje se u svojim opštijim stavovima kao metafizički dualitet, prirodnonaučni redukcionizam, apsolutni logicizam i kao jedna apstraktna teorija psihofizičkog identiteta, a nešto pobliže, kao fizikalizam, naturaizam i funkcionalizam.

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O jednoj Kantovoj reči

Author(s): Miloš Todorović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2004

Diese Abhandlung hat einen kleinen Absatz aus der »Transzendentalen Ästhetik« (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, B 66-69) zum ihren unmittelbaren Gegenstand, in welchem die Theorie von der Idealität unserer Sinne und aller ihren Objekte bestätigt werden soll, und in welchem einige Interpreten die gleiche, anscheinend unerhebliche Korrektion des Textes Kants vorgeschlagen haben. Der Autor will zeigen, daß das Ganze der Gründe unserer allen Erkenntnisvermögen auch bei dem Nachdenken der grundliegenden Beschaffenheiten unserer Sinnlichkeit, wegen der organischen Natur der menschlichen reinen spekulativen Vernunft, in Betracht gezogen werden muß. So können auch diejenige Begriffe, welche beim Lösung der unmittelbaren Aufgabe des analysierten Absatzes gebraucht worden sind, nur verstanden werden, insofern sie in dem vollen Umfang ihrer Bedeutungen gedacht werden. Durch die Imperative des von ihm durchgedachteten Phänomens selbst geleitet, verstößt Kant einigermaßen vielleicht gegen die Strenge seiner Darstellungen in der Kritik der reinen Vernunft, aber nur um die Präzision der Konzeption seiner Lösungen und seiner Lehre im Ganzen zu erhalten.

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Corpus

Author(s): Jean-Luc Nancy / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 28/2018

Hoc est enim corpus meum [ovo je tijelo moje, ceci est mon corps]: dohodimo iz kulture u kojoj su milijuni ministranata milijuna kultova neumorno izgovarali ovu ritualnu frazu. U ovoj je kulturi svi (pre)poznaju [(re)connaissent], bili kršćani ili nekršćani. Među kršćanima neki joj pridaju vrijednost zbiljskog posvećenja – tijelo Boga jest tu [le corps de Dieu est là] –, drugi joj pridaju vrijednost simbola u kojem komuniciraju oni koji u Bogu čine tijelo [ceux qui font corps en Dieu]. Među nama ona je i najvidljivije opetovanje tvrdoglavog ili sublimiranog poganstva: kruh i vino, druga tijela drugih bogova, otajstvo osjetilne izvjesnosti. U prostoru naših fraza predstavlja možda opetovanje par excellence, sve do opsesije – "ovo je moje tijelo" [ceci est mon corps] postaje tako i predmetom mnoštva šala. [...]

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ONTOGENEZA DRUŠTVENE KRIZE U JUGOSLAVIJI

Author(s): Slobodan Inić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/1986

The existing views of the causes of the social crisis are classified into three groups: (1) the causes of the crisis may be reduced to the crisis of the political elite; (2) the causes of the crisis are based on the fact that conditions for a socialism in the Marxian sense had been absent; (3) the crisis is due to the fact that socialism as a system is unnatural.

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Eshil i Nietzsche. Riječ junaka

Author(s): Emanuele Severino / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2019

U »Pokušaju samokritike ‘Rođenja tragedije’« Nietzsche izjednačuje jezgru svog poimanja života iz mladenačkog djela Rođenje tragedije s pogledima grčke tragedije. Sve to imenuje »dionizijskim« (Rođenje tragedije, paragraf 3-5). O »Bogu« ovdje govorimo stoga, tvrdi Nietzsche, da bismo naznačili »umjetnički« smisao svakog događaja svijeta. Taj je »Bog« »najnapaćenije, naj-zatiranije i najprotuslovnije biće« koje se stvaranjem izvan-moralnih svjetova »oslobađa« od »zatiranja« i patnje«. To se pak zbiva »samo u pričinu (nar in Schein) umjetničke vizije« (ibidem, 5). Iduči će put Nietzsche tomu »Bogu« nadjenuti ime »život«. Tragedija znači iluzorno oslobođenje Boga. Kao što u Sumraku kumira govori o »vječnoj slasti stvaranja«, tako u »Pokušaju samokritike« progovara 0 »slasti« koja prati »vječito promjenljivu viziju« (ibidem) u kojoj se Bog oslobađa boli. U tragediji Bog-život dostiže izbavljenje (die erreichte Erlosung) od boli, a to je oslobođenje iluzorna vizija umjetnosti, ono apolinijsko. Nietzsche razumije tragediju ne samo kao izražaj boli, nego i kao oslobođenje od nje - kao sredstvo protiv njeujedno pak misli da u tragediji i za tragediju »metafizička utjeha«, odnosno »moral« nije ono sredstvo koje oslobađa od boli: to je sredstvo iluzorna, »umjetnička« vizija unutar koje se oblikuje sama tragedija kao takva. [...]

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Na putu prema ništini

Author(s): Mario Kopić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2019

Među suvremenim filozofima onaj tko prije svega i iznad svega može ponijeti ničeansku titulu vremenu neprimjerenog filozofa (unzeitgemajle Philosoph) zacijelo je talijanski filozof Emanuele Severino. No njegova neprimjerenost vremenu, njegova nesuvremenost, mnogo je radikalnija od one koju je proklamirao Friedrich Nietzsche. Jer ono što talijanski filozof dovodi u pitanje nije sadašnje vrijeme u korist prošlog ili budućeg vremena, nego vrijeme kao takvo, uvjerenje da stvari bivaju, odnosno pojavljuju se iz ništine i u ništinu se vraćaju. Zato će cjelokupni njegov filozofski napor biti u tome da demaskira ovo uvjerenje, uvjerenje koje prihvaća identitet bivstvujućeg i ništine, demaskirajući pritom smisao cjelokupne zapadnjačke civilizacije, izražaji koje, neovisno o tomu jesu li teološki, znanstveni, ekonomski ili pak politički, jedino i samo potvrđuju drevno uvjerenje o identitetu bivstvujućeg i ništine, potvrđuju najradikalniji nihilizam. To je dakle nihilizam koji ne pogađa zapadnjačku civilizaciju tek na njezinu zalasku, nego nihilizam koji je inaugurira i uopće čini mogućom kao takvu. [...]

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Transhumanizam i preobrazbe tijela. Utjecaj Deleuzeove filozofije na modni dizajn Husseina Chalayana

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Transhumanizam i preobrazbe tijela. Utjecaj Deleuzeove filozofije na modni dizajn Husseina Chalayana

Author(s): Marija Buntak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2019

Snažan učinak tehnološkog napretka dovodi do preobrazbe ontološkog modela shvaćanja čovjeka. Od promjene načina na koji se odvija interakcija u zajednici, načina djelovanja za koje čovjek svakodnevno koristi hi-tech uređaje i djelovanja u kojima se posredstvom tehnologije nadilaze i proširuju čovjekovi potencijali, pa do promjene u samoj biološkoj strukturi čovjeka. Upravo uz sveprisutnu integraciju čovjeka i tehnologije vezana je pojava transhumanizama, misaonog usmjerenja ili pokreta koji nastoji prevrednovati tradicionalni koncept ljudskog bića. S obzirom na poteškoće koje se javljaju pri podrobnijem objašnjenju i određenju njegovih obilježja, što zbog kompleksnosti teme, a što zbog ekvivočnosti teoretičara koji se njime bave, izaziva predmetnu i metodološku konfuziju. Za ispravno shvaćanje potrebno ga je razlučiti od drugog i donekle srodnog i sličnog, ali ipak bitno drugačijeg pojma - posthumanizma. Oba pojma tvore vrlo vividna teorijska područja nastala kasnih 80-ih i ranih 90-ih godina prošlog stoljeća. Za svoje polazište imaju preinake u poimanju čovjeka uslijed biotehnologijskog razvoja, a bave se preispitivanjem onto-epistemologijskih okvira unutar kojih se razumijeva suvremena čovjekova bit. [...]

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JACQUES DERRIDA ON THE TERRITORY OF GHOSTS

Author(s): Almira Ousmanova / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2018

In the given article, I would like to address a few texts of Jacques Derrida, written by him in the 1990s, namely: Back from Moscow, in the USSR (1993), Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International (1994) and Marx & Sons (1999). The close reading of Back from Moscow, in the USSR will allow me to examine the first series of questions, in particular: what the role of the genre of “autobiographical-travel-testimony”, constituted by the texts of European intellectuals who visited USSR in different periods of its history, in the intellectual biography of Derrida, was; how the travel diary can turn into a political diagnosis and what Deconstruction and Perestroika have in common.

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