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The COVID-19 pandemic has raised important questions about health systems resilience and the role of health policy in crisis management regarding not only health but also social and economic consequences. This draws attention to the health policy in Bulgaria in terms of its ability to deal with the health system challenges during various stages of its development. Based on synthesis of the previous studies results, we comment on the main characteristics of health policy in several crutial periods of time - before, during and after the introduction of health insurance system in Bulgaria. The analysis of health policy at some key stages in the health system development, when significant changes have been made or should be made, outlines the crisis in health policy itself. In this case, it is a crisis of values, leading to replacement of some core health system principles under the pressure of random and often external political and economic factors. This results in inability of the health policy in Bulgaria to ensure health system sustainability.
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Current paper is an attempt to introduce the concept of "health poverty" in the Bulgarian scientific literature, which obtain popularity in world theoretical and empirical research. The logical connection between: poor health - poverty - poor health, ie. the "vicious circle" of health poverty. The author's understanding is presented that through public policies these negative circumstances could be neutralized and transformed into an opportunity for better health, and hence for the formation of human and social capital, which is a prerequisite for prosperity. Three health poverty scenarios are presented and theoretical statements are supported by empirical data. The ideas of various authors for measuring health poverty are systematized. Based on the derived dependencies, the role of public policies is determined as the key to overcoming health poverty and poverty in general.
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On the 30th of January 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a Public Health Emergency of International Concern relating to the spread of a coronavirus infectionn, later named COVID-19. On the 11th of March, due to the quick spread of COVID-19, WHO defined the situations as “pandemic”. The scale of the situation, which arose from the coronavirus’ emergence, is unprecedented. This necessitated the worldwide implementations of new measures, which strained the capacity of healthcare systems. This fact was the reason why a survey was conducted among 531 patients from all over the country regarding the organization of outpatient care (primary, specialist and emergency care) and the change of their access to it in the period between March 2020 and April 2021. The data analysis shows that the in-person access to general practitioners has become easier in over half survey participants /51.41%/ due to the smaller number of patients seeking in-person consultations for the period; the communication with GPs through phone calls and modern information and communications technologies has become more prevalent; there is disparity in the access to specialized outpatient medical care – over a half (55.93%) find that accessing a specialist has become harder due to the specialist being absent (31.16%) or having a full schedule (21.66%). There are also issues connected to the scarcity of human resources in emergency medical care.
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In times of crisis national governments and institutions are responsible to protect their citizens and implement comprehensive strategies to effectively lower the negative consequences. If they have a previously established relations based on mutual trust this would result in higher levels of support and confidence in their actions. The calls for united front against the threats would receive wider positive response and people would be more willing to make sacrifices for the common good. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic put this relation to a stress test. In countries like Bulgaria, where trust in government was undermined years prior to the crisis, the results were rather negative. The mortality rate is the highest in the European Union, and the vaccination rate is the lowest. How trust in the national government and its institutions might have influenced the peoples’ choice to willingly and consciously comply with the adopted measures in Bulgaria is the main question in the present article.
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In Bulgaria, the pandemic was declared on March 13, 2020, along with the first cases of infection, and by order of the Minister of Health was declared a state of emergency and a number of accompanying measures to combat infection. More than 2 years have passed since the official announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria. During this period, Bulgaria suffered significant losses, expressed mainly in human casualties and economic consequences. The pandemic had its impact on the overall life of the country, with special pressure on the health care system, the social security system and the economy. In the first months of the pandemic, the main areas of decision-making were at the level of providing medical care to those infected and sick and seeking appropriate methods for testing, diagnosis, treatment and appropriate anti-epidemic measures. Secondly, the search for solutions to address the problems of a healthy system began - the activity of primary outpatient medical care, specialized outpatient medical care, organization of hospital care in meeting the increased flow of patients for hospitalization, provision of appropriate drugs, organization and creation of algorithms and protocols for behavior of both medical staff and the population. From an epidemiological point of view, many anti-epidemic measures were identified and introduced - isolation, social distance, hygiene measures, and even the whole city was closed (isolated). On this basis, we will consider several aspects of decision-making - legislative and regulatory, and decisions related to the allocation of public resources in the field of health care to manage the crisis.
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This article examines the connection between public funding of health systems in the EU and the UK and how they are coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, data for three consecutive periods since 2020 are reviewed and analyzed and evaluated towards the end of each of them.
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Hospital–associated infections seriously affect the quality of medical care provided to patients, as they violate their right to safe treatment. They are a severe public health problem and can have serious consequences for healthcare facilities in the event of an injury to a patient caused by HAI and are subject to compensation. The article examines the legal regulation of the prevention and control of IBD in Bulgaria, presenting data from its litigation study concerning the infliction of harm to patients resulting from infection with IBD. Litigation's role and impact on the adequate control of nosocomial infections are analyzed, and some possible solutions to the presented problems are offered.
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Publications on drug shortages have examined the extent, causes, nature and consequences of the triggers to public healthcare crises that have adverse effects on healthcare systems and patients. The shortage of medicines is investigated in different countries and is found to be due to a complex of reasons, putting to a serious test not only the drug supply chain but also the entire public healthcare systems, with high potential for serious impact on human health. It is becoming a worldwide issue that has deepened in recent years, especially in the context of a global pandemic, affecting both developed and developing countries. Prior the pandemic the United States reports an increase in shortages of newly registered products from 70 to 267 drugs over the five-year period from 2006 to 2011. The European Commission alarms that between 2000 and 2018 the shortage of widely used drugs has increased. Covid – 19 pandemic led to unprecedented lack of medicines due to manufacturing problems, stockpiling and overconsumption. The shortage of medicines puts the branches and structures of public healthcare in a situation of inability to fulfill their legal and moral obligations and responsibilities to consumers - from patients to specialists, pharmacies, and medical facilities. Being not only market deficiency but also regulatory challenge. Being a global phenomenon it still lacks common knowledge and common regulatory actions of different countries obvious in the fact that there are 25 definitions in the world of what constitutes a "drug shortage". This article is based on a study of the author of the consumer implications of drug shortages, conducted in Bulgaria in the period June 2018 - December 2021, covering 1460 signals for drugs in short supply before and during the pandemic. The article is also supported by a literature review on drug shortages. The author discusses the thesis that in-depth study of the causes and consequences of this ongoing crisis in public health would provide scientific and expert circles with tools to find sustainable solutions through which it can be foreseen, managed, and overcome with timely and effective measures.
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There are several issues and problems that are inevitably produced by the phenomenon and the emergence of social exclusion. These are, first of all: unemployment, inadequate education, extremely poor housing and an environment characterized by high rates of corruption and crime, insufficient and inadequate care and nursing of the elderly, low level of general health, cases of family breakdown, addiction problems, and discrimination on various grounds. Therefore, the fight against poverty and social exclusion, through the promotion of integration and inclusion in the labor market and social integration, supports marginalized groups and helps their active inclusion in social flows. The inclusion in the labor market of socially excluded groups, accompanied by projects to create a supportive environment, is particularly important and represents the best approach in their social reaffirmation and fight against all forms of social exclusion. In this sense, the development and implementation of social inclusion programs that are regulated by positive legal regulations by the state are crucial. It is the state that should, on the basis of legal regulation and through financial support, encourage social inclusion since this is the only way and basis to ensure the prevention of all forms of discrimination against socially excluded groups of citizens. In this context, the development and implementation of disability education programs are key. Support for such projects increases opportunities for education and subsequent employment and reduces the risk of social exclusion and poverty of socially excluded categories. The presented case study shows that the development and implementation of targeted inclusive education programs will give excellent results in terms of strengthening this marginalized category by improving the conditions of their education without physical and mental barriers, as well as by creating conditions for improving their later employment and labor market integration.
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Genuine and lasting development in Nigerian State and in Africa at large has been a mirage over the years. Despite the numerous efforts by governments, individuals and cooperate bodies, many aspects of the nation‘s and indeed the continent's economy is in need of development. It is in light of the above that this paper addresses the development crisis in Nigeria and by extension Africa using Kant‘s epistemic co-operativism as a yardstick. By Kant‘s epistemic co-operativism the paper refers to Kant‘s reconciliatory approach to the empiricist‘s-rationalist‘s crisis which to a large extent laid to rest the epistemic imbroglio of the 17th and 18th century BC. It is believed that following this approach, not only will Nigeria experience national growth, but also lasting peace and genuine development will become a reality in African continent.
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The article is devoted to solving topical issues concerning perspective development of digital economy for Ukraine, which is a new trend of socio-economic relations and aims to promote innovative development of modern Ukrainian business. The status of digital economy and society in Ukraine are analyzed. The substantive content of the essence of digitalization has been worked out, which made it possible to develop the structural model of digital development of business model of the enterprise. The key parameters of digital business transformation were characterized, which allowed structuring the process of modification of entrepreneurial relations. The innovative principles of digital transformations are made, which provide coordination of the development strategy for the implementation of digital transformation, which allows establishing effective information relations in the enterprise management system in accordance with modern conditions of activity. The roadmap of digital transformation of business is developed, in which takes into account the parameters of innovation in the formation of core competencies, which in the complex give a universal formula for modern business development.
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The research on "Socio-economic consequences of young people leaving Bosnia and Herzegovina" aimed to locate, analyze and determine the reasons, motives and reasons for leaving their homeland and going to other destinations on the planet, focusing on the socio-economic consequences of these departures. The authors focus on the analysis and interpretation of theoretical and empirical knowledge about the consequences caused by the departure of young people from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Starting from the multidimensionality of the problem of young people leaving Bosnia and Herzegovina, which requires the identification of factors at the individual, family and social level and which contribute to this phenomenon, the research focuses on individual, endogenous and institutional factors that cause young people to leave Bosnia and Herzegovina. the consequences that the departure of young people brings with it. The following methods and techniques were used in the research process: content analysis, questionnaire, interview, case study, survey and statistical method. A stratified sample was used for the sample, taking into account the proportional and territorial representation of young people. The research included 3000 young people who were from 18 to 29 years old in the research period. The research conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period 2019 and 2020, showed that there are several reasons, factors and causes why young people leave BiH and that young people, aged 18 to 29, are represented by 69% of the total the number of those leaving, while 31% belong to other age groups. Based on the obtained results, we advocated for the implication of considering the negative effects of social factors on the socio-economic causes of young people leaving Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Značaj biogoriva u sklopu globalne inicijative smanjenja stakleničkih emisija je prepoznat širom svijeta. Pored toga, posebno u zemljama u razvoju, biogorivo je prepoznato kao značajan pokretač ekonomije, odnosno zaposlenosti u ruralnim područjima. S obzirom na to da je ova oblast privređivanja nedovoljno istražena u BiH, cilj ovoga rada je približiti navedenu tematiku uslovima u BiH te predstaviti metodologiju i ocijeniti ekonomske efekte u slučaju uvođenja biodizela na bh. tržište. Ocjena utjecaja proizvodnje biodizela na BDP vrši se pomoću analize promjena u input-output tabeli, pri čemu se pojednostavljeni sektor biodizela modelira na osnovu toka proizvodnje i procjenom inputa i međufazne potrošnje na veličinu outputa. S obzirom na nepostojanje I-O tabele za BiH i praktično nepostojanje sektora biogoriva, vrše se pojednostavljeno postavljanje i ocjena proizvodnje biogoriva kao nove djelatnosti u ekonomiji, na bazi vlastitih pretpostavki te raspoloživih podataka i metodologije iz sličnih studija iz drugih zemalja. Korištenjem input-output metodologije i na osnovu statističkih podataka iz 2016. i 2017. godine, ukupna potencijalna bruto dodana vrijednost od proizvodnje biodizela procijenjena je na 58 miliona KM, dok je ukupna promjena outputa, nastala direktnim i indirektnim efektima, procijenjena na 384 miliona KM. Broj novostvorenih radnih mjesta se procjenjuje na 1.500 te se zaključuje da bi imalo smisla potaknuti domaću proizvodnju biodizela, s obzirom na cjelokupni pozitivan utjecaj.
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Iseljavanje kvalifikovane radne snage i gubitak ljudskog kapitala predstavlja značajan izazov za brojne zemlje, naročito za zemlje u razvoju u koju se svrstava i Bosna i Hercegovina. Ovaj rad nastojat će dati osvrt na problematiku migracije kvalifikovane radne snage iz BiH, cijenu koju država BiH plaća zbog gubitka ljudskog kapitala sa kojim se suočava, sa naročitim osvrtom na radnike iz IT sektora. O trendu iseljavanja građana iz BiH se u posljednje vrijeme znatno govori, kako u opštoj tako i u stručnoj javnosti. Međutim, za sveobuhvatno razumijevanje ovog problema nedostaje nekoliko ključnih informacija da bi se ponudili odgovori i planovi koje društvo treba preduzeti kako bi se izborilo sa potencijalnim negativnim aspektima odlaska kvalifikovane radne snage iz zemlje.
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This paper reconstructs the establishment of the waqf orphanage in Sarajevo and its activities until the end of the First World War, that is the end of the Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It shows, based on data from unpublished archives, press and reference literature, the development path from the idea to the realization of this project of a waqf-mearif autonomous administration, whose main goal was humanitarian care for poor Muslim orphans, and their material, educational and moral upbringing, and uplift. The paper deals with issues that reflect the way of working and the form of functioning of the orphanage, with a central place dedicated to orphans living in this institution, and their daily lives. Recently, Bosnian historiography has been paying more and more attention to the issue of marginalized groups, “ordinary” people and those who were the creators of historical processes in their daily activities. This research, following such a development, showed what function the waqf orphanage had within the activities of the waqf-mearif administration, but also in the destinies of many poor Muslim children.
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Review of: Almir Peco - Panos Sophoulis, Banditry in the Medieval Balkans, 800-1500. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, 201.
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The Gospodarska Sloga Cooperative (Economic Unity Cooperative) was founded in 1935, but it is not known who initiated it. I found a letter from the economist Ivan Kovačić from Međimurje dating from the end of 1921 addressed to Stjepan Radić, in which he encourages the creation of a cooperative institution for the village, whose goals would be identical to the goals of Gospodarska Sloga. It is probable that this letter, preserved in Stjepan Radić’s legacy by Dr. Vladko Maček, came into the hands of Rudolf Bićanić, who designed the structure of Gospodarska Sloga as a public initial engagement, fearing that the organization would suffer the fate of several organizations created during Stjepan Radić’s lifetime and which all perished after his death. Gospodarska Sloga was an organization that competed with the work of the state monopoly organization for the purchase and export of grain and meat abroad, but provided services exclusively to Croatian farmers. In any case, it is interesting to publish a complete letter from Ivan Kovačić, who was educated in Hungary and who did not speak Croatian well and did not know Croatian history, but as a native inhabitant of Međimurje he wanted to encourage Radić to create a central economic organization which would assist the Croatian farmer and increase the quality of life. He also wished to be personally involved in Radić’s party and related affairs. Such an organization was founded under the name of Gospodarska Sloga in 1935, but the idea of its foundation can probably be found in the letter of the economist Ivan Kovačić from 1921, and the realization of the idea in the work of Dr. Rudolf Bićanić dating from 1935.
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The article summarizes the benefits and shortcomings of globalization. Although so far this socio-economic system has had a generally upward trajectory, it can lead to entropy and the events that began in 2019 in Wuhan reinforce this assumption. Is it natural to wonder what we are heading for in the future. As a possible solution, in this article, I suggest embracing the uncreated energies, which are diverse and unlimited, and the liturgical singing of the Orthodox Christian Church as an easy and efficient way to connect to these energies.
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In August 2018, the German Chancellor Angela Merkel embarked on a trip to three African countries (Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal) to discuss economic ties and partnership with the main aim to limit, if not stop the over-whelming migration of citizens from Africa. The trip has raised some hopes as well as question towards what it seeks to achieve and this paper tries to investigate the prospects using historical and theoretical approaches to understand why people migrate and as well the hold of government on its people if at all such partnership will yield positive results. Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the social capital theory, this paper concludes that the journey through such partnership is a rough one if not a dead-end unless some structural changes are made in the process of governance in the aforementioned countries.
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