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L’editio princeps di “Kënëkëz pollithike” (Canto politico) di Francesco Antonio Santori (Vijon nga numri paraardhës)

Author(s): Oreste Parise,Merita Bruci / Language(s): Italian Issue: 03-04/2023

Francesco Antonio Santori's Kënëkëz pollithike (Political Song) has never been published. Recently an effort has been made to remove dust and oblivion in which his manuscripts were buried. The increasingly number of posthumous works gradually published sheds new light on the author. It allows us to evaluate his figure not only as a man of letters, but also as an acute political observer who looks at the world from a window in a remote village in Calabria. His angle of observation is very narrow, but his analyses are very penetrating and express the Zeitgest of his era better than the active protagonists, who are too involved in their personal affairs, that they are unable to have a clear vision of the events. His predictive skill still remains a little-known aspect of his personality. Santori's Kënëkëz pollithike is a scream of desperation that expresses all the disappointment of the process of Italian unification which in the South - in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - brought only disappointment and economic prostration with the loss of all hope for the future. The disappointment, especially among the arbëresh, was terrible, as they soon realized what was happening: the worsening condition of the South, the repressive nature of Piedmontese politics. The aim of new government was to reduce the former Bourbon Kingdom to obedience without caring about its terrible conditions, and the disastrous consequences of forced integration. The price to pay was the eradication of any cultural or linguistic difference and the loosing of their identity. Dissent was particularly present in popular poetry and country songs throughout the South, giving rise to a large number of violent protest songs repeated in villages and fairs, a local diffusion that was poorly tolerated, without reaching levels of violent repression. Santori's singing fits right into this line and demonstrates once again how his ability of grasping the spirit of the time, even locked in a far corner with few information sources. The song contains 136 verses, divided into 19 stanzas with 8 verses each. Regarding the dating, historical indications and Santorian alphabetical choices help us to hypothesize that the text of the Kënëkëz Pollithike was composed around the year 1869, shortly before or after that date.

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Parallel corpus in analysing Czech spoken expressions and their equivalents in English, French, and Polish

Author(s): Adrian Jan Zasina / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This paper uses corpus data to analyse spoken expressions and discourse markers in Czech, applying these findings to corpus-based exercises for learners of Czech as a foreign language. The analytical section highlights the usefulness of parallel corpus in identifying suitable translation equivalents for prevalent Czech spoken vocabulary in English, French, and Polish as native languages from the learner’s perspective. The methodology outlines the process of finding appropriate translation equivalents in film subtitles, considering both meaning and spoken register. The pedagogical section introduces three corpus-based exercises designed to improve conversational skills, featuring authentic texts that familiarise learners with spoken vocabulary. This research builds on previous studies of the English language that did not use parallel corpora to identify translation equivalents in learners’ native languages — an essential factor for understanding a foreign language. In addition, tailor-made corpus-based exercises can be seamlessly integrated into everyday classroom activities to enhance language awareness among non-native speakers.

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Вариативность и терминологизация переводческих соответствий в Учительном Евангелии Константина Преславского

Author(s): Lora Taseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 24/2024

The article analyses the translation correlates of ἀρετη, πολιτεία and φιλοσοφία in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel. Their contextual meanings are systemised together with their Old Bulgarian transponents. Other Greek words that are translated by the same slavic transponents are analysed and the data are compared to the information in the major palaeoslavic dictionaries. The observations reveal that φιλοσοφία and ἀρετη are rendered by a wide range of lexemes whose array rivals that in far more voluminous Old Bulgarian corpora. It can be shown that the choice of synonyms for the three polysemous Greek nouns is not arbitrary but consistent with the meaning in a specific context. It appears that there is a tendency towards rendering each meaning of a Greek word by one particular Slavic word, i.e. a tendency to transform semantic differentiation in the source language into lexical differentiation in the target language. There is also a rather clearly noticeable semantic differentiation between the synonymous lexemes житиѥ and жиꙁнь and it is motivated not by the translated Greek words but by their contextual meanings, in which житиѥ refers more often to the earthly life whereas жиꙁнь means the eternal life.

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The Greek Modality Adverb ἴσως in the First Old Church Slavonic Translation of Gregory of Nazianzus’ Homily 38

Author(s): Alessandro Maria Bruni / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2024

This paper provides novel, relevant data to study the translation technique of the First Old Church Slavonic Version of Gregory of Nazianzus’ Homily 38 “On the Theophany” (Εἰς τὰ Θεοφάνια, CPG 3010.38; BHG, 1921-1921b; PG 36, 312A-333A). This work was rendered from Greek into Old Church Slavonic by an anonymous Bulgarian translator, presumably between the late 9th and the early 10th century. The text is transmitted by two testimonies, one of East Slavic (St Petersburg, Russian National Library, Q.п.I.16, late 11th century), the other of South Slavic origin (Sofia, SS Cyril and Methodius National Library, № 674, mid-14th century). The translation’s archaic morphological and lexical features reveal a marked analogy with the language of the Old Bulgarian Ecclesiastical Writer, Constantine, Bishop of Preslav. By investigating hitherto unexplored aspects of the translation technique the author offers further compelling evidence of a connection between Homily 38 and Constantine’s Didactic Gospel. The focus is on a very peculiar rendering of the Greek modality adverb ἴσως (“possibly, perhaps”), which is translated by means of the verb “мьнѣти” (“to mean”, “to think”, “to assume”, “to consider”), conjugated in the first-person singular present indicative.

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The Greek Optative in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel

Author(s): Ivan P. Petrov / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2024

In the palaeoslavic studies, it is known that the perfective aspect is used to render the Greek future and various forms of the conjunctive and optative, for the most part – in the aorist. On some occasions, though, Constantine of Preslav used more specific (vis. lexical) ways of rendering the Greek optative. The paper aims at systemising and commenting on the material excerpted from Constantine’s Didactic Gospel Greek sources. Such an approach, oriented towards the Greek as a starting point, might bring a better understanding of how these grammatical forms were perceived in the 9th century when they were no longer active in the spoken Greek language of the epoch. Furthermore, it will elaborate our understanding of Constantine of Preslav’s translation technique.

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Newly Converted Bulgaria Meets the Heresies on the Verge of the 10th Century

Author(s): Anna-Maria Totomanova / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2024

The paper explores the sources, from which the newly converted Bulgarians could obtain information about the deviations from Orthodoxy and the most famous heresiarchs. It seems that most of the notices are contained in the translations dated to the first decades of the 10th c. during the reign of Simeon the Great. The fact should not surprise us given the role this ruler played in the cultural and literary policy of the new Christian state. Could we however speak about a conscious policy in this regard, or is this a mere coincidence?

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Some Preliminary Remarks on the Slavonic reception of the De cibis ad Chilonam (CPG 1814) by Methodius of Olympus

Author(s): Georgi Mitov / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2024

This article focuses on the Slavonic reception of Methodius of Olympus, a Greek patristic author who flourished in the second half of the third and the beginning of the fourth centuries. Most of his writings have not survived in their Greek original; however, most of them have been preserved in a full Slavonic translation. Most probably, this translation was produced in the First Bulgarian Kingdom at some point between the end of the ninth and the eleventh centuries. The present article focuses exclusively on one of the writings of Methodius of Olympus, viz. the exegetical letter De cibis ad Chilonam (CPG 1814), presenting – for the first time in a systematic manner – some preliminary observations on the question of transmission of this text in the Slavonic manuscript tradition. Furthermore, it explores how the study of the Slavonic hermeneutical terminology in this text can shed more light on the biblical patristic exegesis of Methodius of Olympus, in general.

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К вопросу об этимологии имени существительного х³̀дужник в болгарском языке

Author(s): Simeon Stefanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 24/2024

In the text, an attempt is made to establish the origin of a dialectal form of a noun isolated in the Bulgarian linguistic territory. Based on its formal connection with another literary lexeme in the Bulgarian language, the question is raised not only about the etymology but also about the existence of such a word in general.

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A Semiotic Approach to Translating between Arabic & English

Author(s): Ali Almanna,Mohammed Farghal / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2024

Drawing on Arabic authentic excerpts that feature key semiotic signs in English translation, this paper shows how challenging it is for translators to capture the communicative value of such signs. The discussion shows that signs have two important components: iconic and indexical. In a few cases in which a happy coincidence may exist in the language pair, the translator can relay both components and, optimally, capture the semiotics of the sign. However, in most contexts, he/she needs to search for other translation procedures. These may include formal equivalents that follow source language norms, functional equivalents that embrace target language iconicity, ideational equivalents that only capture the sign’s indexical import, or a combination of two procedures. In any case, the translator should pay utmost attention to the interpretant of the semiotic sign in its relevant context because the same sign may have to be rendered differently.

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УКРАИНСКИТЕ И БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ПРЕВОДИ НА СВЕТОТО ПИСАНИЕ НА СЪВРЕМЕНЕН ЕЗИК ПРЕЗ ХІХ ВЕК

Author(s): Albena Stamenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the spoken Bulgarian and Ukrainian translations of the Holy Scriptures in the 19th century. It is established that, compared to the Ukrainian ones, the Bulgarian language translations appeared much earlier, had a much better distribution and had a greater influence on the consolidation of the new literary language. The reason for this is the different political and cultural conditions in which these two peoples are developing. The bans on Ukrainian printed speech, which were in force in the Russian Empire, did not allow until the beginning of the 20th century to print a Ukrainian translation of the Holy Scriptures, as well as to distribute the translations made in Austria-Hungary. Therefore, in general, in the 19th century, translations of the Holy Scriptures did not influence the formation of the new Ukrainian literary language in the way that could be expected from such texts. In the Ottoman Empire, the work on translations of the Holy Scriptures into modern Bulgarian was led and financed by the British and Foreign Bible Society. This contributed to these translations being in closer contact with the emerging New Bulgarian literary language and to influencing its consolidation.

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THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TEXT IN HERTA MULLER'S TEXTS TRANSLATED INTO ROMANIAN

Author(s): Anca Gorban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

Herta's prose is rather withdrawn as a literary genre, being divided between novels and volumes of essays. The translator does not require very different strategies in approaching these texts. Here, most often it is a matter of the translator's option, of his vision of his translational approach: either he proposes adaptation or fidelity in such a way as to preserve the "pulse" of the original text. Not even 30 years have passed since the first translations of Herta Müller's texts, so the original lyrics are still relevant, they are still in their prime. The test of time will place the translated versions to be (re)translated. Each translation is for its time, therefore, retranslations update the text in a new version, revealing, at the same time, another relationship with the cultural factor.

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Učebnica latinčiny Donatus Latino-Hungaricus (1697) ako hodnotné slovacikum

Author(s): Ľudmila Eliášová Buzássyová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 55/2023

The study focuses on the textbook on the Latin grammar basics Latin-Hungarian donat, lat. Donatus Latino-Hungaricus as an important and so far little-known monument of the cultural heritage of Slo-vakia. It is a teaching text compiled originally by the German Protestant teacher Johannes Rhenius edited and adapted for the requirements of the territory of the so-called Upper Hungary (and special-ly, for the evangelical school in Trenčín) by Michal Mišovic. More in detail, the article describes the presumed first edition, which was published in Samuel Brewer's printing house in 1697. The socio-historical context and the reasons that led the author to write the textbook are briefly indicated. The specific position of Mišovic's language adaptation is pointed out both in the context of the otherwise only Latin works of the author, and in the context of other Rhenian Donats from the territory of to-day's Slovakia. The relationship between the two forms of the title of this textbook is also explained.

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Návrat k slovenskej recepcii Françoisa Villona

Author(s): Ján Živčák / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 55/2023

Although autobiographic elements are not uncommon in pre-modern poetry, the identification of the lyrical I with the poet is an idea that only came into its own in the Romantic period, when poetry was definitively separated from voice, singing and recitation. Nevertheless, there are many medieval poets that have long been believed to write sincere effusions, despite the efforts of scholars to eradicate this prejudice. This fate also befell François Villon, a Parisian poet active around 1450. Positivist critics at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries approached his poetry as an authentic confession and a mirror of his life. Their historiographic works, however, combined data from archival documents with textual clues from Villon’s The Legacy and The Testament which have never proven to be true. This eclectic method was vehemently opposed in the 1970s by a new wave of critics who shifted the focus from the context to the text itself. From their vantage point, Villon’s discourse is very likely not sincere, and his lyrical I should be seen as a persona in the medieval sense of the term rather than a double of the author. Against this historical backdrop, my paper focuses on the reception of François Villon in 20th-century Slovakia. In particular, I examine the forewords, glosses and commentaries appended to Slovak translations of Villon’s poetry by Jozef Felix, one of the most prominent Romance Studies experts in the former Czechoslovakia. In Slovak academic circles, Felix’s works on Villon have so far been perceived as exemplary, ever-relevant and visionary. My analyses, however, offer a more balanced conclusion, showing that Felix is more a child of his episteme than a visionary. Although his works, dating from 1947 to 1969, are written with incredible erudition and scholarly responsibility, they bear numerous marks of biographism. Felix sees Villon’s carnivalesque universe as a photography of late medieval Paris and insists on the authenticity of Villon’s art.

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A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF STYLES, REGISTERS, AND VARIETIES IN HOT MAROC

Author(s): Rosa Pennisi / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2024

In Hot Maroc(2016), Yassin Adnan, a Moroccan author and journalist, reconstructs through the literary fiction the political and social changes of contemporary Morocco, from the end of the reign of Hassan II until today. Through the eyes of the main character, Raḥḥāl,the reader discovers both the social jungle of Marrakesh and the digital Moroccan jungle in which the young man becomes a professional keyboard warrior. Being paid by Moroccan mukhabarat, Raḥḥāl manipulates public opinion through readers’ comments published in an electronic journal, called Hot Maroc. The present study aims to analyse styles, registers, and linguistic variation through a sociolinguistic perspective. Although the main language of the novel is Fuṣḥā(here intended as Modern Standard Arabic), discursive parts make also use of Dāriǧa(Moroccan Arabic). The plurality of voices and linguistic diversity which emerge from online and offline discourses and interactions among characters is not limited to merely enhancing the novel’s 'realism', but it makes it possible to analyse how the communicative nature of language is functionally manipulated to serve instead as an instrument of miscommunication.

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Prekladateľské agentúry a ich požiadavky na prekladateľov

Author(s): Daša Munková,Pavlína Vaňková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 57-58/2024

The article deals with the translation agencies and their requirements imposed on translators. It explains how translation agencies operate and how translation process works in these agencies. The article also discusses translator’s competences based on the EMT framework. The empirical part explores the requirements imposed on translators by translation agencies. It aims at finding out what potential translators should know in order to meet the agencies’ criteria. In the end, the translators’ profile is created. Based on the research results, it can be stated that language knowledge is essential; however, translator’s general and specific knowledge is considered very important as well, together with computer skills and certain personal characteristics such as reliability and communicativeness. The aim of the article is to discover what type of knowledge, competences and skills should potential translators have so as to meet the translation agencies‘ requirements; and the development of what skills consequently needs to be incorporated into the curriculum and training of future translators.

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KREATIVITETI NË TITUJ LIBRASH SHQIPTARË DHE TË HUAJ: ANALIZË GJUHËSORE DHE PËRQASËSE

Author(s): Edona Jahiu / Language(s): Albanian,English Issue: 21-22/2024

This paper talks about the creative side and the choice of the language in the names of literary books in the Albanian language in the literature of recent years, as well as the trends in foreign books, compared to Albanian ones. Also, they are viewed from the lexical-grammatical point of view. 50 young people were asked about their evaluation, reading level and how they perceive Albanian and foreign books. However, in terms of fulfilling readers' taste, the statistics have given us results of preferences for foreign authors. As for the approach analysis, it has been observed that there are significant attempts to modernize and increase subjectivism, compared to the more conventional ways, but not infrequently there is a reconnection with tradition. The presence of a freer land, after liberation from socialist realism in Albania, but with influence in Kosovo as well, literature that was produced as a result of effort and narrowing of the horizon, now literary creativity invites researchers and writers for an open system and creates potential to be enriched aesthetically, which is why there is similarity with western models and beyond. So, it is involved in a whirlwind of radical changes compared to the most classic works of the 20th century. Out of the past compositional schematization, it is now taking on a stable character. That’s because multiform refractions and experiments can be done, bring many colors and mixes within fiction, thus making today have a stable core of values and a creative spirit. Thus, Albanian writers tend to set new qualitative standards in authenticity and functional logic, for which Albanian literature is neither poor, nor inferior.

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The Concept of Untranslatability in the Translation Theory of Early Czech Structuralism: The Cases of Vladimír Procházka (1942) and Pavel Eisner (1938)

Author(s): Cristian Cámara Outes / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2024

Untranslatability, the word and the thing, appear frequently in the texts of the first period of Czech functional structuralism, from 1926 to 1948. According to the particular dynamic and systematic perspective observed by the authors of the Prague Circle, any text is always and in any case untranslatable, because it is impossible to transpose the set of functional interactions and correlations in which the original was imbricated. Indeed, untranslatability, in one way or another, has historically always haunted any theory of translation. During the classical period and also the during linguistic paradigm of the second half of the 20th century, the fact of essential inter- or intralinguistic untranslatability was either denied or tragically experienced as an irreparable loss. After the so-called cultural turn in translation studies, a shift occurred whereby untranslatability has come to be considered as a zone of emergence of creativity and generation of innovations. In this paper, I will focus on two articles written by V. Procházka and P. Eisner in order to examine how they can enrich the current conceptions of translation and evolution of literary systems.

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ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМИ У НЕМАЧКОМ ФИЛМУ "ПОСЛЕДЊЕ ПОГУБЉЕЊЕ" И ЊИХОВ ПРЕВОД НА СРПСКИ ЈЕЗИК

Author(s): Biljana M. Kovac Bejin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 83/2024

Phraseologismen stellen in jeder Art von Übersetzung eine besondere Schwierigkeit dar, einerseits wegen der formellen Eigenschaften, ander- erseits wegen der semantischen Aspekte wie Bildhaftigkeit und Expressivität. In audiovisuellen Übersetzungen, genauer in der Untertitelung, kommen zu den sonst auftretenden Schwierigkeiten auch die Charakteristika dieser Art der Übersetzung dazu, da diese nämlich räumlich und zeitlich eingeschränkt sind und dadurch die Wahl der Übersetzungsstrategien stark beeinflussen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse der Phraseologismen, die im deutschen Film Nahschuss vorkommen, und damit, auf welche Art und Weise diese innerhalb der Untertitel in die serbische Sprache übersetzt wurden. Dabei wurden sie in sechs Kategorien eingeteilt und zwar nach den angewandten Übersetzungsstrategien, die Labarta Postigo definiert hat. Die Analyse hat gezeigt, dass die meisten Phraseologis- men mithilfe der Strategie Explicit Meaning übersetzt wurden, und zwar 65 Prozent der Beispiele. Diese Strategie kommt aus dem Grund häufig zur Anwendung, weil sie ÜbersetzerInnen erlaubt, die explizite Bedeutung der Phraseologismen in jenen Fällen beizubehalten, in denen nicht alle Aspekte des Idioms übertragen werden können. Dadurch wurden jedoch an einigen Stellen die semantischen Besonderheiten nicht beibehalten, was die Rezeption der Zuschauer, die den Film mithilfe von der Übersetzung in Untertiteln verfolgen müssen, beeinträchtigt.

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ДОПРИНОС КЊИЖЕВНИХ ТЕКСТОВА ОСТВАРИВАЊУ ЕМОЦИОНАЛНО-АФЕКТИВНИХ ЦИЉЕВА НАСТАВЕ НЕМАЧКОГ ЈЕЗИКА

Author(s): Dusica Z. Aleksic / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 83/2024

The subject of this paper is to examine the contributions of using literary texts to achieve emotional-affective goals in the process of teaching and learning the German language as a foreign language. The research was conducted among final-year students of the First Kragujevac Grammar School with the aim of examining their previous experiences and attitudes towards reading literature in a foreign language. The data were collected using the group discussion technique. The results show that the use of literature in the teaching of the German language is extremely low, but its implementation in teaching plays a significant role in fostering positive attitudes towards reading in a foreign language and contributes to individual student develop- ment, the freer expression of emotions in the classroom, the development of critical thinking, and increased motivation for language learning.

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PRAGMATIC AND SOCIOCULTURAL ADAPTATION IN LITERARY TRANSLATION

Author(s): Zorica Trajkova Strezovska,Milan Damjanoski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

When translating a text written for a target audience with a different cultural background, the text necessarily undergoes pragmatic and sociocultural modification and adaptation. Pragmatically, the source text elements need modification to meet the needs of the new cultural and linguistic environment or the communicative situation (Zauberga 1994), and the target language audience (Neubert and Shreve 1992). Socioculturally, the peculiarities of a source text which may trigger sociocultural adaptation (Chang 2009, 95) are the different temporal and spatial perceptions of reality, the difference in the way notions are conceptualized, the syntactic and discourse organization of the two languages, as well as the choice of lexis. This article presents a pragmatic and rhetorical analysis aiming to unveil the pragmatic and sociocultural adaptations 10 students had to make when translating a short story from Macedonian into English. In addition, the students responded to a survey in which they described the challenges they faced while translating. The research highlighted the importance of thorough analysis of socio-cultural differences, pragmatic adaptations, and the context-based vs. language-based problems. Explicit instruction during translation classes is necessary to help raise students’ awareness of the problems that might arise due to lack of sociocultural background knowledge and pragmatic failure.

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