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Фрагментът О видѣнии ѥже видѣ пророкъ Даниилъ в славянската ръкописна традиция

Author(s): Ivan I. Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian Issue: 55-56/2017

The subject of this article is the origin and dissemination of a short fragment containing the name of the Prophet Daniel. The author examines the fragment’s relation to the complete translation of St. Jerome’s Commentary on the Book of Daniel and reviews the reception of this Old Testament book in Eastern Europe together with its use in Slavonic miscellanies as a new source for literary interpretations. The fragment appears in Slavonic manuscripts of Russian, Western Russian, and Moldovian origin from the 13th through the beginning of the 17th century. It even appears in a document from the collection of the Greek-Catholic Chapter in Przemyśl (Poland), which further testifies to its wide dissemination. Comparisons of this fragment with other works reveal not only discrepancies in the Greek sources’ rendering of Biblical verses, but also variations in the language preferences of the different translators. The text illustrates a variety of compilation techniques for creating medieval miscellanies and points to preferred sources for creating new works. It is a compilation of heterogeneous works aimed to satisfy readers’ curiosity and prepare its audience for the arrival of the Antichrist.

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Multiple Translations of Small Paraenetic Genres in Slavic Miscellanies and Their Byzantine Sources

Author(s): Anisava Miltenova,Aneta Dimitrova / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The article explores the development of the genre kephalaia in the history of medieval Bulgarian literature, especially the changes of its context in the miscellanies in the 10th c. and later in the 13th–14th c. Paraenetic works by many patristic authors, usually presented as short wise sayings in groups of 100 (centuriae), were translated, excerpted, revised, and translated again – a century-long tradition preserved in many Slavic manuscripts. The survey is focused on two works in this genre – Capita de oratione (CPG 2452) by Evagrius of Pontus and Centuriae iv de caritate et continentia (CPG 7848) by Thalassius of Libya. They were first introduced into the Slavic literatures in the early 10th c., and with the development of monasticism and the rise of Hesychasm, their renewed and revised translations were included in the monastic miscellanies from the 14th c. onwards. The linguistic comparison of the versions of the two texts reveals the connections and the differences between them. The analysis of their respective contexts in several manuscripts shows the continuity between the literary traditions of the early and the later period of Slavic literatures.

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Fragments from the Ladder of St. John of Sinai in the Oldest Byzantine and Slavic Codices (based on the Simeon’s Miscellany)

Author(s): Tatiana Georgievna Popova / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The paper presents results, including work in progress, related to study of Fragments from the Ladder of St. John of Sinai in the oldest Byzantine and Slavic Codices. The article published 10 fragments of the text of the Ladder as part of Simeon’s Miscellany according to the text of Izbornik of Svjatoslav 1073. The publication of the texts is based on the edition of the text of the Izbornik prepared by P. Janeva (Sofia, 2015) and is accompanied by indications of discrepancies in the most ancient Byzantine manuscripts of the Ladder and comments. The article contains clarifications and additions to the Sofia edition of the Izbornik. As a result of the study some fragments are reconstructed, I consider to be part of the lost Byzantine book, which became the source of the Bulgarian translation of the Simeon’s Miscellany. The article contains biblical quotations in the fragments of the Ladder as part of the Izbornik. The article lists the words of the Preslav literary school, typical for the translation of the Simeon’s Miscellany and for the first Slavic translation of the Ladder.

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«Неславянская» Книга Еноха Праведного – вечная загадка?

Author(s): Liudmila Navtanovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 22/2022

2 Enoch used to be called “Slavonic Enoch” for about 150 years until 4 fragments of the pseudepigraphon were found in Coptic. This Old Testament Pseudepigraphon has been often considered “an enigma”, starting from the fact that the scholars cannot decide whether it was of Jewish or Christian origin. The article provides the scholarly community with state-of-the-art on the most important and “everlasting” problems concerning the text in question, making a special emphasis on the consensus about the provenance of the Slavonic text among Slavists which is based on the comprehensive analysis of the textual history of 2 Enoch.

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The Contaminated Slavic Version of Acta Thomae

Author(s): Andrej Boyadzhiev / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The article is dedicated to a rare text of Acta Thomae, which has so far been found only in a copy in a manuscript of the 16th century. A review of textological features is made and the text is compared with several Slavic and Greek copies. Such a version is not found among the transcripts of the Acts of the Apostle Thomas known to us and is a separate branch of tradition that emerged after the translation of the Actа Thomaе and Acta Thomae Minora. It is believed that the text in Slavic tradition appeared in the 14th century, probably in Bulgaria, but underwent significant revision before being included in Izmaragd. The research includes a publication of the text.

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‘Pathfinder Words’ for the Attribution of Early Old Bulgarian Translations

Author(s): Maria Spasova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 22/2022

The author examines rare and specific words from the incomplete Old Bulgarian translation of John Chrysostom’s Hexaemeron (YoZlSh) based on the manuscript Zogr19, introduced into palaeoslavistic not long ago (before two-three years). Parameters for the grouping of the extracted words are the peculiarities characteristic of the early Old Bulgarian translations. Their comparison with the Old Bulgarian manuscript corpus from the end of the 9th – 10th century is a kind of test of when the translation possibly originated: if at the lexical level the text is indicative of the early Old Bulgarian translations. The results are clear: all 15 orations of Hexaemeron (the 16th oration is incomplete) contain a huge wealth of vocabulary, and a significant part of the rare and specific words from YoZlSh is typical for the corpus of Old Bulgarian translations. This proves that the translation of John Chrysostom‘s Hexaemeron was created also at an early stage of the Old Bulgarian literature.

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Uncommon Definite Forms of Possessive Adjectives in the Old Bulgarian Translation of Athanasius of Alexandriaʼs Orations Against the Arians

Author(s): Tatyana Slavova / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The article discusses the uncommon definite forms (with pronominal declension) of the possessive adjectives formed with -ов-, -ь and -ии/-ьи in the Old Bulgarian translation of Athanasius of Alexandriaʼs Orations Against the Arians, carried out by Konstantin of Preslav in 906. The translation survives only in Russian manuscripts ranging from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The Russian origin of the manuscripts raises the following question: have the definite forms of the possessive adjectives discussed here been the result of the spreading of the manuscripts in a Russian environment? Although rare, definite forms of possessive adjectives ending in -ов-, -ь and -ии/-ьи have been found in Old Bulgarian and Middle Bulgarian texts. This means that although uncommon, these forms were part of the Old Bulgarian language and the bishop Konstantin of Preslav could have used this declension model. The author argues that the uncommon definite forms of the possessive adjectives божии, отьчь, дѹховъ, съпасовъ, хрьстовъ are part of the translation strategy of bishop Konstantin of Preslav to distinguish between God the Father, God the Son, the Holy Spirit, and Christ the Saviour, on the one hand, and created beings, on the other hand.

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On Bible Quotations in the Medieval Slavic Version of Hippolytus’ De Christo et Antichristo

Author(s): Ivan I. Iliev / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The author presents the usage of some of the major Bible quotations in the Slavonic version of De Christo et Antichristo by Hippolytus of Rome. Mainly Old Testament quotations are examined, as well as the longer ones from Revelation. Among them, there are quotes from Genesis, the Book of Isaiah and the Book of Daniel which are compared to the same places in Prophetologium (Grigorovič No. 2 / М.1685, RGB), in the so-called Catena in Prophetas (Saint-Trinity Lavra No. 89, RGB) and where possible with the commentaries of Hippolytus In Danielem, and other early Slavic translations of the Scripture as well. The quotations from Revelation are compared with some later translations of this book in order to underline their importance and usage. The lexical analysis is not the main focus of the conducted study, but it is inevitable when the quotations are compared with biblical manuscripts. Тhe main aim and scope of the article is to highlight how the biblical quotations were approached by the translator. The large-scale comparisons made show how the medieval Slavonic biblical versions vary, depending on the function of the texts translated.

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Topoi and Prototypes as Bearers of Christian Memory in Hagiography (according to Lives of Saints Dating from the First Bulgarian Kingdom)

Author(s): Greta Stoyanova / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The paper discusses the use of topoi, prototypes and proto-characters to present the protagonists in the oldest surviving Old Bulgarian lives and deeds of saints (The Life and Works of Saint Cyril the Philosopher, The Life and Works of Saint Methodius, and the Anonymous Life of Saint John of Rila). The function of a prototype/proto-character is to reveal the saint’s resemblance to the former concerning symptomatic characteristics, actions, and situations, for example, by analogy to a familiar authority (biblical, patristic, hagiographic or other). The lives recall the ascetic exploits of the prototype and simultaneously laud the new saint. The meanings of the topoi and prototypes extend beyond the particulars of the text and become a significant element in the creation of shared Christian memory. The topoi and prototypes in hagiographic texts portrayed ideal examples to be followed, passing them on in time and turning them into traditions.

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The Cult of St. Tryphon and His Martyrdom in the South Slavonic Written Tradition

Author(s): Ekaterina Todorova / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The study examines the cult of the unmercenary Saint Tryphon. Attention is paid to his folklore veneration in Bulgaria and the specifics of his iconographic depiction. The emphasis is on the examination of his image, presented in the Martyrdom as attested in two Slavonic manuscripts from the 15th century housed in the Library of the Romanian Academy, Nos. 306 and 152. The characteristics of both manuscripts are also presented, as both texts are related to the Serbian language environment. The comparison of the two texts shows a complete coincidence in the narrative. The plotline of the narrative has classic features for this genre: introduction, main part, and a short conclusion. The main part of the narrativе stands out two semantic cores: the first is the expulsion of demons from the daughter of Emperor Gordian by Tryphon and the second is the verbal opposition between Aquilinus and the saint and the physical torture he is subjected to after each verbal struggle with his antagonist proving the strength of his spirit and the strength of the Christian faith.

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The Source of the Oldest Romanian Translation of the Writings of St. Symeon The New Theologian

Author(s): Daniar Mutalâp / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2023

The oldest Romanian translations of the work of St. Symeon the New Theologian circulated in two ways: a corpus of 24 discourses and in a fragmentary form. The first one consists of 6 Catechesis, 16 Hymns, 62 Practical and Theological Chapters and the Pseudo-simeonian Method of prayer. Six sermons and the Method survive in the oldest Romanian manuscript: Prodromos No. 1 (3674), issued in 1766. These were selected from the newly translated corpus of the 24 slovo, as attested by Staretz Basil of Poiana Mărului’s letter of 1766 to his apprentice Alexios. According to the same letter, the work of St. Symeon had been already known to the monks from Poiana Mărului Skete (Buzău county) but in a fragmentary form. This is a different translation produced, therefore, ante 1766. The oldest Romanian manuscript that preserves this translation is Rom. MS Slatina Monastery II-1 from 1763. In this case, the manuscript witnesses a process of selecting excerpts from some of the Catechesis, Hymns and Practical Chapters.

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On Pedagogic Uses of Literary Machine Translation: A Case Study Based on the Language Pair English – Italian

Author(s): Paola Brusasco / Language(s): English Issue: 16(45)/2023

Translation technologies and Neural Machine Translation (NMT) have not only changed the work of translators and the skills required for the profession, but also prompted the possibility of extending MT to the traditionally human precinct of literary translation (Toral and Way 2015; Toral and Way 2018; Kuzman et al. 2019; Hadley et al. 2022, among others). While for pragmatic texts the quality of NMT output is often adequate or requiring minor editing, the greater complexity, cultural specificity, and creativity of literary texts still require a relevant degree of human intervention. However, since recourse to NMT is growing, it is crucial to retain human centrality by teaching prospective translators not only postediting strategies, but also deeper reading and interpretive skills that will allow them to detect fluent yet wrong, incoherent or stylistically poor renderings of the source text. The current paper starts from a comparison of the existing Italian translations (published by Treves 1933 and Mondadori 1965) of the first chapter from Sinclair Lewis’ novel “Ann Vickers” (1933) with the same chapter translated using the online software DeepL. While the existing translations do not read too dated but inevitably contain expressions that would hardly be used today, and some mistakes, the machine-translated excerpt – despite some inadequate lexical choices and predictable shortcomings at pragmatic level – shows a remarkably fluent use of contemporary language, and a reduction of culture-specific errors that back in the 1930s and 1960s presumably derived from a limited knowledge of the Other. The aligned texts and output are analysed from a pedagogic perspective in order to 1) identify their strengths and weaknesses; 2) consider the possibility of using NMT as an aid in a retranslation/revising process that would keep most of the existing translations and only replace outdated or wrong parts; 3) promote a keener sensitivity to meaning and language use in order to avoid flattening linguistic complexity; 4) develop activities aimed at enhancing the students’ ability to read and recreate a text on the basis of their physical presence in the world, time and space, i.e. activate their situated cognition when producing or post-editing translations.

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Translation Policy of Anglophone Literature in Soviet Latvia from the 1940s to the 1960s: A Comparative Perspective

Author(s): Evita Badina,Žans Badins / Language(s): English Issue: 16(45)/2023

The present study aims to compare the translation policies of Anglophone literature during the Soviet occupation period after World War II. The study focuses on the translations of Anglophone literature texts into Latvian during the first two decades of the Cold War under the rule of Joseph Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev. The results allow us to conclude that during the Soviet occupation of Latvia, the introduction and reception of Anglophone literature evolved, transitioning from purely ideological dominance to a more diverse selection of authors and genres. In the first years of Soviet occupation, the Latvian book market was flooded with the literature of predominantly ideological content by Soviet, primarily Russian, authors translated into Latvian. Western literature, including Anglophone literature, was published cautiously and limited to translations of classics and progressive authors. With the change in power in the 1950s, the number of works by Anglophone writers translated into Latvian gradually increased, and more diversity in the choice of authors and genres was observed. However, these works were still carefully censored as they were written by authors from Western bloc countries. All stages of the reception process were controlled, and authors and their lives and works were presented to the public in a biased, ideologically determined way. It was particularly true for living writers.

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La diversità tonale di Guido Cavalcanti nell’identità corale della lirica duecentesca

Author(s): Oana Sălișteanu / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2023

The recent publication of the Romanian translation of Guido Cavalcanti's complete work, made us meditate on the singularity of the poet's voice in the context of Florentine society at the end of the 13th century, as well as on the obstacles faced in the translating process. The analysis starts with the most important elements that young Dante’s friend inherited from the previous Occitanic and Sicilian lyrical tradition (poetry genres such as canzoni, tenzoni, pastorelle, sonnets and the recurrent themes and clichés, such as spring frames, courtly love, typical feudal vassalage links transferred to lady and poet relationships) and goes on with Cavalcanti’s innovations compared to the poor previous lyric tradition before him: the dramatic change of poetic tone (from the choral and graceful serenity of the troubadours and the representatives of Scuola Siciliana and Dolce Stil Nuovo to an anxious, egocentric and pessimistic tone), the surprising philosophical background inspired by Averroes’ writings, with his theory of spiriti and spiritelli as vital principle of life, and his citizen commitment and involvement in political battles. Sonnets and short excerpts of Cavalcanti’s verse in Italian and Romanian will exemplify his great poetic art that inspired Dante Gabriel Rossetti, T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound.

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Лінгвокультуреми оселедець – śledź в українській і польській мовних картинах світу

Author(s): Iryna Kononenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2024

The article studies the peculiarities of functioning of the linguoculturemes of the Ukrainian and Polish languages оселедець – śledź (‘herring’) in a comparative aspect. The material of the two languages is considered against the background of the use of words with a component denoting herring in various European languages. It has been found that the Ukrainian word and the Polish word are the centers of linguistic and cultural fields, which fundamentally differ from each other. The words оселедець and śledź in different meanings, phraseological units, proverbs with these words have become an important part of the worldview of the Ukrainians and the Poles.

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РЕЦЕПЦИЯ ПЬЕСЫ ТАДЕУША СЛОБОДЗЯНЕКА НАШ КЛАСС: ИСТОРИЯ В XIV УРОКАХ В ПОСТСОВЕТСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

Author(s): Piotr Baleja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2023

The paper examines the problem of reception of Tadeusz Slobodzianek’s play Our Class: History in XIV Lessons in selected countries of the postSoviet space. The choice of territory is dictated by the apparent cultural proximity of the studied areas, experiencing a similar historical burden. The author analyses professional and amateur reviews of the play as a written and performing act. The selection of texts is chosen to reflect the multifaceted nature of the audience’s opinions. The alleged reasons for the discrepancies in the play’s reception are discussed, including both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Particular attention is paid to literary, social, and political contexts. The analysis notes the polarisation of reception in Poland, the unification of the play’s complex semantic layer in Russia and the actualisation of the play’s issues in Ukraine. Overall remarks are also provided on the role of translation in determining the individual and global reception of a literary work.

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Originea celui mai vechi text românesc

Author(s): Iosif Camară / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The oldest preserved Romanian text is the Hurmuzaki Psalter (ca. 1491-1504), a unilingual version extracted from a bilingual Psalter. The present research attempts to shed light on the issue of the origin and the context in which the Psalter was translated and disseminated at the beginning of Romanian vernacular writing. The main source of the translation and the model for the composition of the bilingual Psalter was a Church Slavonic commentated Psalter. Several data suggest that the Psalter was not translated in Romanian countries: the sources used for the translation are recorded predominantly in medieval Serbia and Mount Athos; some peculiarities of spelling, punctuation, and translation show that the text was composed or transmitted in a Greek environment; some linguistic peculiarities indicate that among the translators and copyists, there were undoubtedly Aromanians (Vlachs). As for the oldest copy, the Hurmuzaki Psalter, it was written on Mount Athos itself, most likely at the Zograf Monastery. All these data suggest that the translation may have been done in one of the monasteries of Mount Athos. The Psalter was translated into Romanian by decision of the Church, which wanted to create an auxiliary for the understanding of Slavonic liturgy by novices. This happened in the context of the flourishing of monasticism, when novices who did not speak Church Slavonic were arriving in the monastery. Among these novices were Aromanians, as the linguistic features of the manuscripts show, who came from a Greek-speaking area and therefore needed a tool for understanding the official language of the Church.

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Textul biblic ca sugestie omiletică la Efrem Sirul

Author(s): Alin-Mihai Gherman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

Samuil Micu Klein was a prolific translator of the Holy Fatherʾs writings. His actions were motivated by several factors, including literary, scientific, and theological. Samuil Micu Klein wished to make the essential sources of patristic literature available to his contemporaries by preparing a coherent Philokalia. In this paper, we present Samuil Micu Klein's work as a translator and reproduce our interpretative transcription of a fragment from his translation of Saint Ephrem the Syrianʾs Homily: Cuvânt de preafrumosul Iosif.

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Despre citarea Psalmului 104/103 în Evrei 1:7 şi dezvoltarea Scripturii prin traducere

Author(s): Călin Popescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The rendering of the verse Ps. 104/103:4/5 from Hebrew into Greek and its quotation in the Epistle to the Hebrews arouses difficulties beyond the amplitude of a local translation issue. If the phrase has two main meanings in Hebrew, and apparently only one in Greek (the one that is less probable in the psalm’s context), this seems to signal out a deviation in translation, due to an “atomistic” and “transformative” rabbinic exegesis. The hermeneutic conception of the Epistle shown in the respective passage undermines the simplistic notions of a MT as the unique and perfect OT and of a LXX as the most faithful and exact translation of the Hebrew Vorlage. On the contrary, the late and successive revisions themselves are adopted as parts of the Old Testament heritage and can be quoted as coming from God. One practical consequence of this study is that the LXX can be used as a fully legitimate source for Psalter/OT translation (as the Eastern tradition requires), at least equally valid as the MT.

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Prijevodi dječje književnosti između teksta i konteksta

Author(s): Nataša Pavlović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/2023

Review of: Jan Van Coillie i Jack McMartin, ur. 2020. Children’s Literature in Translation. Texts and Contexts. Leuven: Leuven University Press. 278 str. ISBN 9789461663207.

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