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The purpose of this article is to examine the linguistic methods used in the analysis of architecture terminology. The distinction between ‘term’ and ‘word’ is very important to achieve proper communication, but dictionaries do not always make such mentions. When these distinctions are indeed made, we can obtain models suitable for the "democratization" of knowledge.
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Learning a language means learning the culture. What we act and speak reflect the culture of our language. Requests have attracted the attention of many researchers which they have often been investigated adjacent to the politeness (Liu, 2007; Jalilifar, 2009; Al-Marrani & Sazalie, 2010; Félix- Brasdefer, 2010; Youssef, 2012; Mohammadi & Tamimi Sa’d, 2014). The purpose of this study is to examine Iranian EFL learners, Persian native speakers, and American English native speakers’ perception of speech act of requests without politeness markers. To this end, the data were collected from 35 EFL learners, 35 Persian native speakers, and 14 English native speakers. The data were collected through an open ended questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Task and a Perception questionnaire in the form of Likert scale adopted from Saidi and Khosravi (2015). The questionnaire consists of situations with variations in contextual variables, i.e. social status: requests made by people of higher social status, equal social status and lower social status relative to the speakers. The participants were asked to imagine themselves in the situations and rate the (im)politeness of each request situation on a 4-point Likert scale. Moreover, they were required to write down what they would say if they were in a situation without politeness markers. A translated version of questionnaire was handed to Persian native speakers. Results indicated that there was a significant difference between EFL learners and English native participants, and also between EFL learners and Persian speakers’ perceptions of (im)politeness of different request situations. Moreover, by comparing the three groups of participants who perceived a request as mostly/ slightly impolite, the writer provided information about their expectations of politeness in different situations. It is hoped that the findings of this study can add to the body of knowledge in speech act studies in general and to our understanding of Iranian EFL learners and Persian native speakers’ perception of (im)politeness in particular.
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Collocation is a term used to describe two-word combinations when there is a limited number of words that may precede or follow another word. There are many discussions about the term itself; therefore, the characteristics and taxonomies of collocations are under debate. One of the accepted linguistic classifications of collocations is based on properties of collocations such as compositionality, modifiability, substitutability, and internal association (Lu & Xu, 2005, p.4). The aim of the paper was to analyse the characteristics of linguistic collocations in English and their possible translation transformations in Lithuanian. The research targets four types of linguistic collocations: strong, loose, fixed and fully fixed. In the analysis, two main types of translation shifts are considered: level shift and category shift, further subdivided into several types. However, the majority of the analysed collocations undergo a category shift in the translation process. The results of the research indicate that the most common type of linguistic collocations in popular science texts is strong collocations. Loose collocations account for one-third of the analysed instances. Fixed collocations account for the third largest group and the least common group is fully fixed collocations.
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In 1989 the author edited a volume of Schulz’s fiction for the series of “Biblioteka Narodowa.” He immediately sent a copy to Jerzy Ficowski who soon responded with a long letter of March 10, 1990, including detailed remarks and opinions about the book. In the present essay, Ficowski’s letter has been quoted in full. After many years, the author is ready to agree with most Ficowski’s observations, with one exception concerning a still undecided issue that is one of the most difficult tasks of the editor, namely the choice of words which must be explained in footnotes. Ficowski’s approach to this problem was more radical. He proposed that the editor’s commentary should be limited to the absolute minimum. Persuaded by his criticism, in the second edition of1998 the essay’s author considerably reduced his comments and explanations. Today he would insist on keeping them intact. Any editor working for “Biblioteka Narodowa” must choose between two ridiculous extremes: on the one hand, he or she may be a meticulous exegete, copying the "Dictionary of Words of Foreign Origin", on the other,an old-fashioned professor who believes that “every educated person” should know the cultures of antiquity like a graduate of an early twentieth-century classical grammar school. Moreover, the editor must remember that his or her work will serve readers forseveral decades in the course of which the knowledge of ancient cultures will decrease even more. Different principles must be followed in respect to critical editions of the A type, avoiding comments of the dictionary entry kind and explaining only rare regional variants of lexical items. This type must also take into consideration the needs of translators.
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In "Trans-Pacifc Transcendence. Translating Bruno Schulz into Chinese", the Taiwanese poet and translator Wei-Yun Lin-Górecka writes about her journey into "The Age of Genius" – how she fell in love with Bruno Schulz’s book when she read The Book in London, how she decided to come to Poland to learn Polish just to translate his works from the original, and how she finally managed to cross the geographical/linguistic//cultural boundaries to reach the “root” and bring out “spring” out of Schulz’s work and make it flourish fluently, freely, and feverishly in her native language, i.e. traditional Chinese. So far Wei-Yun Lin-Górecka has translated Schulz’s "Cinammon Shops", been published under the title "Street of Crocodiles" by Unitas Publishing Co., one of the leading publishing companies in Taiwan. Her translation of "Sanatorium under the Sign of an Hourglass" will be published in the fall of 2013.
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The article comprises a Polish translation of the Arabic treatise Kitnan as-sirr wa-hafz al-lisan [Keeping Secrets and Holding the Tongue] by Abu Usman al-Jāhiz, an Arabic intellectual of the turn of the 9th century. The treatise is an interesting example of medieval Arabic-Muslim paraenetic literature, and the reflection it offers addresses ethics, philosophy and theology, as seen from the Eastern perspective. The translation of the treatise is preceded by an introduction providing the basic information on al-Jāhiz and the circumstances in which the text in question was written. Its historical and cultural context is also discussed.
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The Caucasus Region is an important location for both Turkey and Georgia. These two neighbor states have had perfect literary associations dating back centuries. In addition to the interest of Turkish literature as much as Georgian readers, Georgian literature attracts attention of Turkish readers in recent years. Today, Turkish-Georgian literary and cultural relations are important in this context. The work has been translated into various languages since about two centuries. It is the first translation began in the beginning of 1802 by whom Evgeny Bolkhovitinov, was translated into Russian. 162 manuscripts and 32 pieces of the work reached today. The work was first translated into Turkish by Zeynel Abidin Makas and Bilal Dindar as the Kaplan Postlu Şövalye in 1991. In this article, the concepts of "Majnunluk" are studied with the works of Shota Rustaveli and Kaplan Postlu Şövalye which can be considered as the masterpieces of Georgian literature. Good political, socio-cultural and economic relations continuing between the two countries today; the pieces of the writers and poets will be contributed in terms of literary relations.
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The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a few activities that can make a useful contribution to teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) to students of geography at tertiary level. I describe case- and pronunciation-based tasks that can be used with such groups of learners at the level of upper-intermediate (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages level B2+), and illustrate them with examples. All the activities presented in this article have been used by the author with several groups of full-time students doing master’s degrees in Geography at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Management of the Jagiellonian University, Kraków over the last few academic years.
More...O dwudziestu pięciu latach przekładów literatury polskiej i chorwackiej: zwierciadła przekładu
In this article, we have tried to draw an image of Croatian literature in Polish culture, as well as vice versa, in the last 25 years, based on bibliographies and articles on translations in PLS. It has been concluded that, due to translators’ choices of Croatian exile literature, works perceived in the source culture as non‑canon, themes related to war, Yugonostalgia and authors whose work belong to the “borderline” of a few nations, Croatian literature in Poland exists as “Balkan” literature. On the other hand, choices of Polish literature in Croatia mainly concerns classic Polish authors. Both cases draw a wider picture of national imagery — a hetero‑image ‑ in the target culture.
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The purpose of this article is to comment on Polish‑Macedonian and Macedonian‑Polish translations published in 2015. The main aim was the synthesis of the literature translated (5 works overall) and to reflect upon what types of challenges the translator faced and how successful the result of the work was. The second objective was an evaluation on what the pattern of the choices was and to analyse the purposes of choosing these particular positions from the vast literature resources of both countries. The main conclusion is that even though the literatures examined are not popular, new translations are regularly published and the choice is either literature that is modern and popular, or classical.
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The text explores the issue of Polish literature in Serbia and Serbian literature in Poland. Most of the translations that appeared in Serbia in 2015 were reprints of previous editions or new, contemporized translations of works already known in the Serbian publishing market. The year 2015 saw 23 book publications (without any volume of poetry) and 17 poems in various magazines. Serbian literature was poorly represented in the discussed time — only two comics, two anthologies of poetry and twenty-three poems were published. Consequently, there was not a single prose publication. This is a tendency, as in 2014, not a single translation of Serbian prose in the Polish publishing market appeared.
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The author of the article considers the latest translations of Slovak literature in Poland in 2015. Among very well‑known and valued Slovak authors whose translations have been published recently are contemporary and modern authors of the younger generation (Pavol Rankov, Peter Krištúfek, Maroš Krajňak, Jana Beňová) and the older generation (Pavel Vilikovský, Daniela Kapitáňová). Their books were very well received by Polish recipients and it occurs that Slovak literature in Poland is read with steadily growing interest. The article concerns the Polish translations of Slovak poetry as well. The survey shows a decreasing number of translations of this kind of literature.
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The first part of the “Dictionary of Slovak Literary Translators of the 20th Century” was published in 2015. It is a tremendous step forward in Slovak translation studies. The first part of the dictionary includes 25 translators from the Polish language; seven of them deal exclusively or predominantly with the translation of Polish literature. These seven translators are discussed in this paper in more detail.
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The article deals with the theoretical description of the construction Dativus cum infinitivo (Dci) in the Slavonic languages. The analysis is based primarily on data from Old Bulgarian. The theoretical framework for the description of the Dci-construction is that TG-grammar. The Dci syntagms are shown to be nonhomogenous syntactic structures. A typology of Dci structures is suggested, in which four types are distinguished. The article concludes that three of the four constructions deserve to be treated as genuine Dci-constructions(Dci-II, -III and -IV), as it is only in these that nominal element in the dative encodes the subject of the verbal action denoted by the infinitive.
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A review of "Bruno. A Boy Who Learned How to Fly" [Bruno. Chłopiec, który nauczył sięlatać] (2012), written by Nadia Terranova and illustrated by Ofra Amit. The Polish translation from Italian by Janina Wajs was published by Wydawnictwo Format in 2016. It is an artistic picture book addressing a difficult and complex topic. The heterointradiegetic narrator tells the story of Bruno Schulz’s life, in which the laconic verbal message is completed by metaphorical images. The review analyzes the tripartite plot of the bookand stresses the synergy of the verbal and the visual. "Bruno. A Boy Who Learned How to Fly" is an intriguing intertextual and intervisual game with the work of Schulz, and as such it will make a good read both for children and for adults.
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This paper provides an account of the phonetic transformations of the Arabisms in Morisco manuscripts dated back to the 16th century and the first decade of the 17th one, by analysing various translations and transcriptions of the Qur’an. The present work is therefore a partial replica of a previous linguistic study carried out by Reinhold Kontzi on the Qur´anic Morisco fragment found in RESC/41.1. Perhaps the most important novelty of the paper at hand is the inclusion of two unedited manuscripts in the research, viz. RESC/37M.2 and RESC/101D.2 of Biblioteca Tomás Navarro Tomás, Madrid.
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The article analyzes the concept of "politeness" and the pronominal forms of address as its verbal representation in the Spanish language. The author tries to systematize the basic provisions concerning the concept of "politeness", in particular in the cross-cultural context. Peculiarities of Methodology. Trying to achieve the goal of the work, the author uses the following general scientific and special linguistic research methods: analysis, synthesis, psychological, descriptive, comparative, complex-procedural, etc. The use of the complex methods enables to consider the varieties of positive and negative politeness in the light of national specifics of verbal communication. The scientific novelty of the research is the analysis of the peculiar features of the address pronominal forms through the example of the Pyrenean Spanish-language areas. It was concluded that the study of pronominal forms of politeness is not only of theoretical use, but of practical too because it allows to find out the specific features of "language of thought", national and cultural specifics of language behavior and some aspects of the relationship between language and psychology. For example, in the opinion of psychologists in social dialogue the main principle of motivated behavior of people is a symmetry, which means that in the sociodemographic context a subordinate person has an equal partnership right.
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