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6–7 metų vaikų pradinio mokymo plaukti programos veiksmingumas

Author(s): Martynas Čižas,Kazys Milašius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2017

There is little information in literary sources about the program’s content of formation of primary swimming skills, the choice of exercises on land and water as well as the common effectiveness of their compilation program relating to 6–7 year-old children. This question is hardly analyzed even in various papers analyzing primary training of young swimmers in Lithuania. Hypothesis: it is likely that children who will complete the primary teaching swimming program which consists of 16 trainings will acquire such primary swimming skills that will be needed for learning their further swimming techniques as well as they will become physically stronger. The aim of the work: to prepare 6–7 year-old children teaching swimming program consisting of 16 trainings by developing their primary swimming skills and evaluate its effectiveness.

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Aerobika kaip moterų saviugdą motyvuojantis veiksnys

Author(s): Sniegina Poteliūnienė,Ineta Baltuškonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2017

Organized workouts of aerobics might be seen as a self-development tool, as adult person’s decision to get involved into certain activity is taken consciously. One perceives such engagement being related to satisfaction of certain needs and expectations to reach the results of the systematically performed activity. The research was launched in order to reveal the motives of the females’ decision making when choosing aerobics for self-development, as well as to disclose the perceived by women impact of aerobics, considering it as a self-development tool. Half-structured interview method was applied for the research. 11 females, who attended Vilnius aerobics study, were interviewed. The data of the research were processed using qualitative content analysis, based on expert evaluation. It was established that women considered such values as family, health, carrier and happiness being the most important for them. Several universally accepted values were pointed out to be positive personal values, either already possessed or to be perfected further on by the respondents.

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Įvairių sporto šakų (13–17 m.) jaunųjų sportininkų motyvacijos sportuoti ypatumai

Author(s): Audronius Vilkas,Rimantas Mėlinis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2018

Some conducted research (Gillet et al., 2010; Lorimer, 2011) reveals that athletes’ satisfaction and motivation have a large impact on their results. Hence, it is important to further explore how to create most beneficial conditions for the development of young athletes’ sport performance in different branches of sport seeking for the attainment of the highest results and long-term goals. The sample of the current research included 211 athletes (15,28 ± 1,63 years) divided into 5 groups according to the types of sport. The questionnaire concerning motivation for sport was devised on the basis of the Sport Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1995) that is applied in Lithuania (Grajauskas, 2008). The athletes were also asked to fill in the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire compiled by Riemer and Chelladurai (1998).

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Žaidimo sumažintame aikštės plote metodo panaudojimas mokantis žaisti rankinį

Author(s): Rasa Mikalonytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2019

Sports of playing games for student’s competence are rapidly growing and beneficial in the process of the development of skills. The article provides material on handball training in physical education lessons and informal environments (workouts), using a small-sided games method (SSG). The benefits of this method have been proven in the preparation of high-performance athletes, seeking the highest results in the competition. Team handball has become a modern and fast game that fascinates viewers and participants in much more foreign arenas. Therefore, it is particularly important that children and adolescents in schools can try this game at innovative methods. A problem-related question arises – how to organize physical education classes using a small-sided game method, teaching handball to make them more relevant to youth? The aim: to reveal how small sided games (SSG) can help quickly master the content of a learning game and contribute to handball promotion in schools. The article uses the analysis of scientific literature. Training based on techniques denies tactical training by dividing them, but gaming provides a new meaning, which allows to follow the integrity of the game (technique, tactics, thinking, social aspects) education. Usually, the basis for such gaming method relies on certain task limitations, which change the usual characteristics of the game, but maintain the main principle of the game. Conclusions. A handball training program based on game method is beneficial to the development of individual and team tactical, technical activities and improvement of other gaming components. Education through games allows the trainees to discover different solutions, teaches how to think fast and make the right decisions. Training tasks are completely connected to certain handball actions by applying SSG method. For that reason, small games could be the best ones for students involvement in playing games.

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STRATEGY AND PARADOXES OF BORDA COUNT IN FORMULA 1 RACING

Author(s): Brian Kaiser / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2019

Winning a championship is the highest achievement in Formula 1, and multiple titles can earn one a place in the pantheon of the sport. In this article I explore whether the scoring method for selecting a champion can be considered definitive, and how unstable results might be when the method’s parameters are slightly changed. I have employed case studies of paradoxes and historical recreations of seasons using alternative scoring systems. Finally, I argue that the Borda count is desirable system for scoring in Formula 1, and that building strategies by teams around particular scoring systems is a legitimate aspect of the sport.

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ANALIZA ORAZ OCENA PRAWNYCH UREGULOWAŃ Z ZAKRESU ORZECZEŃ LEKARSKICH O STANIE ZDROWIA SPORTOWCA JAKO ASPEKT BEZPIECZEŃSTWA W SPORCIE

Author(s): Patryk Masłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2020

The article analyzes and evaluates the legal regulations regulating the subject of medical certificates in sport as issues in the field of safety in sport. Particular attention was paid to the Sport Act of 2010 and its detailed executive acts, as well as other regulations directly related to the issue of medical examinations in sport, on the basis of which authorized entities issue a health certificate enabling safe sport competition organized in principle by Polish sports associations. The author positively assesses the amendment to the regulations in the field of medical examinations in sport carried out in 2019. The changes mentioned in the article were the legislator’s reaction to the expectations of the sports environment regarding the modification of the current legal status. The key improvements include, among others, extending the period of validity of periodic examinations and enabling the issuing of medical certificates by primary care physicians in specific cases. Importantly, in practice these changes have not reduced the quality of medical examinations as an important aspect in terms of guaranteeing the health and safety of sports people.

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The Role of Sport in the Process of Negotiating Identity: Dealing with the Stigma of Disability by People with Acquired Bodily Dysfunctions

Author(s): Jakub Niedbalski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This paper is intended to present the role of sport in the lives of people with physical disabilities and to determine how practicing sports changes the way a person with a physical disability sees themselves. The paper reflects the experiences of people who started practicing sports, which allowed them to adopt an alternative perspective of their bodies and thus pushed them to negotiate their identities. Using the concept of Goffmanian stigma, I point to the sports activities’ usefulness in understanding the management of stigma by those dealing with a physical disability. Taking into account the above theoretical references, in the research, which constitutes a foundation of this paper, I refer to the subjective perspectives of the researched individuals, rendering their points of view, and, based on that, construct and offer theoretical generalizations. Therefore, the research materials employed in this study are constituted by the personal experiences of people with physical disabilities who practice sports. All data have been gathered by conducting unstructured interviews with such people. The research materials were analyzed and interpreted following the procedures of grounded theory methodology.

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Violence in North-American Indian Sports Games

Author(s): Fabrice Delsahut / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

North American Indians have often been perceived as violent, bloodthirsty human beings. The horrified fascination exerted by this violence on the European imagination takes hold of all historical accounts and lies at the heart of the smallest social productions. The sports games, whose imposing corpus is intriguing to the colonists, are also perceived as a cultural element of this gratuitous violence, a biological one, even, as inherent to their “wild nature”. And yet, far from being instinctual, this violence takes on a ritual and propitiatory dimension that is at the same time at the service of private interests, but also, and especially so, of tribal ones. By taking possession of the lacrosse game through its institutionalization, Canadians hope to control the violence of this emblematic game-ritual. Despite a deep transformation of the game, the instinctual manifestations in the human relationships that are supposed to decline through the internalization of restrictions subsist. The original game still seems to express itself through this violence-based relationship, no matter how codified. Drawing on archives ranging from missiological writings to anthropological documents, as well as on recent academic studies, this article tries to dispel the defining halo of a violence sometimes confused with distinct forms of aggressivity.

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Mixed Martial Arts: Civilizing or Decivilizing Process? A Bibliometric Analysis

Author(s): Robin Delory,Pascal Roland,Olivier Sirost / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Within the sporting landscape much has changed from the proliferation and integration of new technologies, for example, the practice of mixed martial arts (MMA) has developed on the fringes of modern sport. It combines several martial arts, is practised in a cage, and allows ground strikes. MMA is presented here within a framework inspired by Norbert Elias's theory of civilizing of aggressive impulses through sport. We reviewed more than 20 years of literature, with 785 international references and a triple analysis of the discipline, those being physical violence, symbolism, the play impulse.

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The Gentle Way. Maximising Efficacy and Minimizing Violence in Judo

Author(s): Dario Mazzola / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This paper explores the way violence is understood and controlled in judo. The analysis is based on historical sources and classic principles of martial art as well as in the regulations and official guidelines of the main institutions governing sportive judo. The focus is on the apparent tension between the principle of “maximum efficacy” (Seiryoku-Zenyo) and the way violence is addressed at no less than three levels: in sparring and competition, in teaching and training, and in society at large. The conclusion being the claim: judo is a “non-violent martial art”.

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Ultras in the City. A Sociological Inquiry into Urban Violence in Morocco

Author(s): Abderrahim Bourkia / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Football fandom in Morocco leads to collective actions performed by fan-groups or ultra-groups. Admittedly, this particular type of collective expression reflects young Moroccans’commitment to the values and events of their football team. However, ultra-groups tend to act out with violence, and their actions often cause collateral damage. I first aim to show how ultra-groups help to forge a sense of personal and collective identity in young Moroccans. Then, I refer to the theoretical framework of interactionism in order to explain the reciprocal actions and rivalries between ultra-fans of the Raja Club Athletic (the “Green Boys”) and of the Wydad Athletic Club(the “Winners”). Eventually, I highlight that the collective actions of fan-groups also reflect young Moroccans’ concerns regarding social and political issues in their country.

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Sport and Warfare (1912)

Author(s): Pierre de Coubertin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Pierre de Coubertin’s ambiguous ideas regarding sports, conflict, violence, and war are clearly illustrated in his article “Sport and Warfare” that he wrote for the Revue Olympique in 1912. In this short essay, the founding father of the modern Olympic Games contends that there is no direct causal relation between sport and war. Rather, sports can be conceived as a social instrument which shapes the bodies and minds of its participants. While, on the one hand, sports may help men to feel ready and prepared for war. However, Coubertin believes that sport and its philosophy may teach future soldiers to behave more virtuously and less violently. His hope is that, through encouraging future soldiers to display specific skills and sportsmanship on the battlefield, sport may help in humanizing and rationalizing modern warfare.

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The Long Walk. Stephen King’s Near-Future Critique of Sport and Contemporary Society

Author(s): Fred Mason / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Stephen King’s novel The Long Walk, written under the pseudonym of Richard Bachman, offers a vision of sport in a near-future society, where death-sports serve as a major spectacle. This was designed as a critique of trends and problems in sport in the 1960s and 1970s, with over-commercialization and increased violence. Some of this has been mitigated by recent rule changes in the world of sport, but King’s writing prefigured the rise of reality television, where people are practically willing to risk it all for personal gain.

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Features of Intellectual Functions Inhibition among Ukrainian Boxers: A Sociocultural Study

Author(s): Andreyanna Ivanchenko,OLEXANDER TIMCHENKO,Adriano ZAMPERINI,Ines TESTONI,Olena Gant,Iaroslava Malyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The effects of boxing’s extreme aggressive conditions in training and competitive activity in sportsmen’s mental working capacity still remains under-explored. While the neurophysiological effects caused by micro traumas to the brain have been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to the psychological consequences. This article reports on our study of the features of mental operations efficiency in Ukrainian boxers. The study involved athletes (n = 168, gender: men, average age: 25.5 ± 6.2 years), who were engaged in boxing and kickboxing in the Ukraine’s eastern region. A ‘Classification’ method was used: a set of 70 cards with the images of various objects, plants, and living beings was given with instructions to arrange the items into groups in such a way that the objects in each concrete group possess common properties. Athletes were divided into groups, depending on the level of their sport qualification. Adopting the Vygotskian perspective, this study shows correlations between the productivity of boxers’ thinking processes and the level of their sport skills: highly qualified sportsmen have many more well-marked thinking process defects than the sportsmen of the 2nd and 3rd categories. We observed a decrease in the generalization level, reduction in speed, deterioration of neurodynamic characteristics and criticality processes nearly in all participants. Exhaustibility and decrease in mental working capacity, impulsiveness of thinking, and its unproductive transformation were marked more often among the highly skilled boxers. A discussion on the cultural redefinition of this sport and on the necessary rehabilitative treatments is then presented.

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Propaganda content in the Polish sports press of the 1950s

Author(s): Rafał Siekiera / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The article describes main forms of socialist propaganda in polish sports press of the 1950’s decade. As the analysis shows, sports magazines, despite their apparent thematic distance from political issues, had become tools of social impact. The main force of influence was concentrated in texts created typically for propaganda purposes, but also texts devoted to sports competitions (i.e. reports) contained political components. The most important manifestations of propaganda in the sports press were the mixing of sport with politics, promoting Soviet training and tactical patterns, over-emphasizing successes, informing about the socialist commitments made by athletes on public holidays, as well as criticizing social and political conditions in capitalist countries.

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SPOR BİLİMLERİ LİSANS ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN FANATİKLİK DÜZEYİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI: GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Ahmed Sadeq Nıyazı Al- Sarraf,İlyas OKAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 48/2020

This field of activity has established close ties between people and sports activities, albeit in different ways, by involving the young and old people and the significant segment of the society in various roles such as athletes or fans. Thanks to sports activities, social and individual development of people has been contributed over time and the formation of common cultural values such as solidarity and tolerance has also been supported. It can be said that the biggest obstacle to the development of sports activities and their widespread spread among individuals in our age is fanaticism, which keeps sports away from common cultural values such as solidarity and tolerance. Taking excessive actions by providing excessive support against a thought, a person or an institution is defined as "Fanaticism". People who offer this disproportionate support and reflect it on their behavior are also described as 'Fanatic'. Undergraduate students studying at sports faculties, where today's youth will be tomorrow's elders, trainers, coaches and managers, where sports professionals are trained, are the main group that will ensure the healthy development and dissemination of sports in the future. For this reason, it is important to know the viewpoint of the sports faculty undergraduate students towards the phenomenon of fanaticism and their level of fanaticism. In this study, the fanaticism levels of undergraduate students of Gazi University sports faculty were determined and a comparison was made between departments.

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EPO GENİ ve PERFORMANS ARTIRICI FAKTÖRLERİN İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Cansel Kaya,Faruk Aydin,Mesut Cerit / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 48/2020

The main capacity of endurance performance is cardiac capacity, which is genetically encoded in large quantities. It can increase cardiac efficiency by training for a long time, but the amount of this increase is limited by genetic makeup. Hundreds of gene variables related to sportive performance have been identified and the rapid development of genetic therapy or treatment has gradually increased the possibility of gene doping. EPO gene, which is among the genes that affect athletic performance positively affects aerobic capacity and increases long-term endurance. EPO gene, which is among the genes that affect athletic performance positively affects aerobic capacity and increases long-term endurance capability. EPO or blood doping is used as an illegal method to increase the number of erythrocyte cells, especially in long-term efforts to increase endurance performance (marathon, cycling, triathlon, etc.). The chances of gene doping to occur and to have a significant impact on the outcomes of the competition are very low for now. Athletes should be aware of not only the side effects that doping may have on their health, but also how it might affect their lives later on, and it is strongly recommended that they judge and use these situations accordingly.

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TÜRKİYE'DE 2020 YILI PANDEMİ DÖNEMİNDE SPOR ÜZERİNE YAPILAN MAKALELERİN ANALİZİ

Author(s): Aykut Tosun / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 48/2020

The aim of this study was to examine the articles done on pandemic period sports in Turkey. The articles constituting the subject of the research were obtained as a result of the search made in the Google Scholar (Academic) database. This work; Limited to the article made in 2020. The data obtained in the study were evaluated in terms of the intended purposes of the articles about distance education, the sample group, the method used, the data collection tool and the results obtained in the study. The data obtained were interpreted with the help of a table.

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The The Olympic Games and the economic performance of the host city – the case of London 2012 against selected global cities

Author(s): Julia Jastrząbek / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2020

The highly competitive global environment reinforces the trend to seek new investment opportunities that have various impacts on the local economy, and staging the Olympic Games is seen as one such example. The 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London have been widely discussed and investigated due to the very ambitious plans for socioeconomic and infrastructural development prompted by the Olympic legacy framework. Based on these observations, there are two main aims of this article. The first one is to evaluate London’s post-event legacy based on a literature review. The second research goal is to assess London’s economic performance compared with reference groups of global cities by using selected economic indicators. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in this research, such as a critical literature review, a series of figures and tables with economic indicators and descriptive statistics. Based on the literature review and the author’s own elaborations, it can be concluded that the Olympic legacy framework and the Games themselves fostered economic and urban development, especially in East London. However, positive impacts and legacies were intermingled with several adverse effects. In turn, a comparative analysis of economic performance between London as the host city and reference groups of global cities demonstrates that, in the adopted time intervals, the dynamics of changes in applied economic indicators is relatively quite similar in groups of European, North American and Australian cities. In contrast, Asian cities, as one reference group, outperformed London and other global cities for the vast majority of the adopted time span.

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Pentru un sport curat, fără violență

Author(s): Teodor Roibu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2006

The article deals with the phenomenon of violence in sports, in relation to both sportsmen and spectators in terms of the respect owed to human dignity, the right to life and health. Following an incursion in the history of sports, with particular emphasis on the violent behaviour in ancient Greece and Rome, the author analyzes the phenomenon of violence in contemporary world, with edifying examples, its manifestations, social and psychological causes, and its ill-fated results. At the same time, he pleads for the prevention of violence through education in the spirit of fair-play and points out the responsibility incumbent on coaches, the domestic and international clubs and federations, and the media. In order to fight against violence measures are needed to sanction those guilty and responsible, while in the case of violent attitudes of supporters, a phenomenon undergoing a worrying escalation, there should be a set of measures, both legal and police-related and technical.

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