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Running has become a modern trend and one of the most popular leisure activities. The popularity of running however results in an increased occurrence of cases of acute or chronic pain of the Achilles tendon in offices of doctors and physiotherapists. The cause of achillodynia in runners has not been conclusively established, hence it is important to warn about the risk factors and promote the importance of prevention.
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The academia and the relevant industry seem to lack more complete and coherent literature and knowledge on the subject of sponsorship activation, and especially seek for more concrete business practices and feedback from the market. The goal of this work thus is to present a very relevant and up-to-date case study that will contribute to enriching the sponsorship activation literature and to better comprehending the business practices and decision makings. A scrutinized case study of such nature clearly requires a qualitative research method, concentrating on large amount of detailed and focused information, as opposed to analyzing bulk samples and statistics. The research question is being answered by collecting information from personal interviews, access to all necessary documentation and corporate material, as well as direct contribution of the author in all the negotiation and implementation processes of the sponsorship relationship.
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The article contributes to the illustration of the importance of outdoor courses for development of social relationships in school classes. Following text is a pilot study for future research. The research sample consisted of 17 pupils of Grade 6 primary school, average age 11.24 years, who participated on a three-day outdoor course. The course focused on the development of team dynamics, cooperation and social relationships. The participants filled in the same questionnaire before and after the course which enabled to compare the changes. The questionnaires were based on rating all classmates according to the preferential relationships. The strength of these relationships was transformed visually in sociomaps showing the structure of social relationships. The sum of ratings given by the whole class increased from 1583 before to 1751 points after the course. The general colour of sociomap changed after the course showing increased sympathies between the classmates after the course. Sociomapping showed to be a useful and lucid method for illustration of positive impact of the outdoor course for the development of social relationships in the school class.
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The article deals adaptive ice skating for people with healtly disabilities. The work presents the health benefits of adaptive ice skating, some of the organizations that carry adaptive ice skating programs, as well as assistive products suitable for the training. Also there are discussed the basic characteristics of training of disabled and highlighted some of its specifics.
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Extreme sports athletes are often labeled “adrenaline junkies” by the media, implying they are addicted to their sport. Research suggests during abstinence these athletes may experience withdrawal states characteristic of individuals with an addiction (Celsi, Rose, & Leigh, 1993; Franken, Zijlstra, & Muris, 2006; Willig, 2008). Despite this notion, no research has directly explored withdrawal experiences of extreme sports athletes. Methods: Using semi-structured interviews, we explored withdrawal experiences of high (n = 4) and average-ability (n = 4) male rock climbers during periods of abstinence. We investigated the psychological and behavioral aspects of withdrawal, including craving, anhedonia, and negative affect; and differences in the frequency and intensity of these states between groups. Results: Deductive content analysis indicated support for each of the three categories of anhedonia, craving, and negative affect. Consistent with existing substance addiction literature, high-ability climbers recalled more frequent and intense craving states and negative affect during abstinence compared with average-ability climbers. No differences in anhedonic symptoms between high and average-ability participants were found. Conclusions: Rock climbing athletes appear to experience withdrawal symptoms when abstinent from their sport comparable to individuals with substance and behavioral addictions. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Maximal oxygen consumption during exercise is an important determinant of aerobic capacity. Therefore, researchers use the aerobic tests evaluating maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) to determine the aerobic capacity. VO2max depends on the capacity of the respiratory and circulatory systems to take up and distribute oxygen, and also the capacity of the muscles to receive and utilize it. Hence, there is three physiological systems affecting VO2max. In contrast to the circulatory and muscle systems, the respiratory system is usually not considered an important limiting factor for aerobic capacity because of its sufficient capacity to cope with the demands during high-intensity exercises. The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between aerobic capacity and respiratory system parameters. Twenty healthy and trained males (24.3 ± 2.7 years, 178.1 ± 4.0 cm, 73.3 ± 7.1 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The height, weight, body fat percentage, lean body mass, ventilation parameters, and maximal oxygen consumption were evaluated. After evaluating the distribution of the data, the Pearson Correlation Test was used to determine the relationship status. As a result of our study, a high correlation was found between VO2max and maximal ventilation volume (r=0.814; p=0.000), and a moderate correlation was found between VO2max and tidal volume (r=0.532; p=0.01). Even if the circulatory system was referred as the main factor affecting aerobic capacity in researches, the high correlation in our study results between VO2max and maximal ventilation volume shows that respiratory system should also be considered as an important factor for aerobic capacity.
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Organized workouts of aerobics might be seen as a self-development tool, as adult person’s decision to get involved into certain activity is taken consciously. One perceives such engagement being related to satisfaction of certain needs and expectations to reach the results of the systematically performed activity. The research was launched in order to reveal the motives of the females’ decision making when choosing aerobics for self-development, as well as to disclose the perceived by women impact of aerobics, considering it as a self-development tool. Half-structured interview method was applied for the research. 11 females, who attended Vilnius aerobics study, were interviewed. The data of the research were processed using qualitative content analysis, based on expert evaluation. It was established that women considered such values as family, health, carrier and happiness being the most important for them. Several universally accepted values were pointed out to be positive personal values, either already possessed or to be perfected further on by the respondents.
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The research project focuses on the problem of the optimum cross step in long distance run. Step should be energetically most favourable – economics. We want to answer the question whether and under what conditions it is energetically preferable to endurance runner‘s pace with the impact on the forefoot or rearfoot. Testing subjects were 15 athletes. Athletes held running pace 12 km.h-1 . When we evaluated results, we focused on indicators running economy – minute oxygen uptake, minute oxygen uptake per kilogram of weight and heart rate. The aim of the study is to contribute to determine whether there is a more energy-intensive endurance running with an impact on the rearfoot or the impact on the forefoot. In this article, we focus on two important factors affecting running economy - minute oxygen uptake and minute oxygen uptake per kilogram of weight.
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The first publications about the theory of the age effect (theory of the influence of age) appeared in sports science in the 80´s of the last century. Though it was not as long as the last few years we have encountered with a research of this particular topic more regularly. The theory is based on the assumption that the athletes born at the beginning of the calendar year are, mainly in the junior age, more successful than later born athletes. This has been shown in many studies especially in ice hockey, soccer, tennis but also in other sports.
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Although violence in sport is a common phenomenon that is sometimes accepted, it often draws strong condemnation as well. The main causes of aggression are physiological in nature and seem easy to understand. They can be clearly noticed in sports competition and the accompanying emotions. Sometimes violence is a spontaneous and ill-considered behavior. The decision to act aggressively is often made under the pressure of time. However, violence among players may also be a goal in itself. Another person or group of people (sports team) may be seen as an obstacle or a threat that should be knocked out in order to achieve one’s goal. This kind of aggression leads to bloody fights, attacks and hatred for others, in which case a game or a match is only a pretext to release aggression. There exists a deep conviction that violence needs to be systematically prevented from an early age. Violence prevention takes place primarily in the family, peer group and school. First programs of violence prevention should be introduced as early as in the primary school and should focus on developing empathy and the ability to control emotional arousal, learning how to solve problems, as well as acquiring competence in dealing with anger and frustration.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the academic motivations of students of the Faculty of Sport Sciences and their image perceptions of their schools according to some variables. Quantitative research method was used in the study. The population of the study consisted of 850 students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences of a state university in Ankara and 343 students selected by convenience sampling method from this universe. Five-point Likert-type rating scale was used for Institutional Image Scale and seven for Academic Motivation Scale. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was examined for the reliability of the data, and .92 for institutional image perception and .88 for academic motivation data. Since the data were normally distributed, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, t-test for binary groups, One-Way ANOVA for more than two groups were used from parametric tests. Tukey HSD test was used to test the difference between the groups. According to analyze results there was a moderate positive and significant relationship between institutional image perception and academic motivation. According to the classes, there was a difference between the views on academic environment, physical environment, social environment and institutional image. There was no difference between academic motivation levels of students according to class and gender variables. In the amotivation sub-dimension, the level of female students was lower than male students. It was found that first year students had lower levels of motivation than female students compared to fourth year students.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between superstitious behavior in sport and trait anxiety levels among college students engaged in active sports. 166 Pamukkale University and Ege University of School of Physical Education and Sports students who are selected simple random sampling method voluntarily participated (61 females and 105 males) for the study. In the study for gathering data “Superstitious Ritual Questionnaire” and “Trait Anxiety Inventory” were used together. To examine the relationship between superstitious behavior in sport and trait anxiety levels the Pearson product-moment coefficients of correlation was used. The results indicated that the relationship between superstitious behavior in sport and trait anxiety level is positive and statistically significant (r=.208; p=.007). To explain whether there are significant differences between participants’ superstitious behavior in sport according to gender, Independent Sample T-test was used. Result of this analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between male and female students tendency to superstitious behaviors according to gender (t=1.15; p=.251). In conclusion study findings showed that anxiety is a factor that increases university students, engaging in active sport, superstitions behavior.
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The aim of this study was to investigate secondary school students’ tendency to violence, doing active sport or not. The sampling group of the study was consisted of 101 girls and 99 boys in the total 200 secondary school students in Kütahya city center of whose ages differs between of 12-14. In the study tendency to violence scale, developed by Göka and colleagues, was used as data gathering tool. In the evaluation of the data SPSS package program for Windows was used and after reliability of the scale was assessed One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied for if the obtained data was showing normal distribution and also as hypotheses tests Independent Samples t Test was applied for pairwise comparisons and One Way ANOVA test was applied for triple or more comparisons. As a result of the study there were no significant differences between students’ tendency to violence according to their ages and sport participation situations, on the other hand there were significant differences according to their class and perceived success in class. This study showed that class and perceived success in class are predictors of tendency to violence.
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Biking tourism is becoming the dominant tourist activity in the education of students to meet with teaching cycling courses primarily through cycling. Their implementation is still risky. In research we focused on the active component of the safety aspects of tourism and cycling. We used the method of observation, interview, and interview questionnaire. Our research involved three different groups of population. Results suggest teachers and students interested in learning not only in the cycling course. The most significant barrier form staffing levels and riding skills of students.
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This summary work should be map the current state of knowledge in the field of intermittent load. It is a relatively new approach to the classification of load mostly in sports games (football, hockey, basketball, etc.) and absolute majority of studies dealing with this problem is realized and then published in foreign scientific journals.
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This review study is aimed to the empirical results maps current knowledge about physical activity futsal referees in the match. Results: referee movement is intermittent character; distance, which exceeds the referee in the match locomotion is in the range of 4.5 to 5.9km; locomotion dominating physical activity is a forward locomotion (about 45 % of the time the game); referee changes the kind of locomotion on average every 3.5 seconds; the total number of acyclic physical activities amounts to an average of 5 for 1 min game time; average heart rate referees in the game is in the range of 75–81 % of their maximum heart rate; disproportion is in determining the dominant intensity level in which the referees spend most of their time during the match; blood lactate values after the match were 1.5–1.8 mmol.l–1.
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The paper contains selected results of some research studies that were presented at the Scientific conference of the European Handball Federation. I focus on the research results, which are interesting contribution to coaching practice or which are from areas close to my own research. I present an analysis of statistical data from the last two Olympic Games, which was presented by doc. Táborský, as well as two articles which deal with very often discussed issue of the appropriate size ball for particular age categories. I mention the research carried out the Slovenian coaches, from which some dataI compare with data from research in the Czech Republic. The last mentioned paper compares the training effect of the traditional periodization with block periodization.
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The article addresses the issues of children’s health needs in the field of physical activity in the context of contemporary reality. The aim of the article is to present examples of possibilities of physical activity of children with the help of new technologies offered to schools in times of increasing inactivity.
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Purpose of the article is to demonstrate the manner, in which the concept of social integration of the disabled, where crucial place is occupied by sports activity, is realized on the background of social and institutional conditions. There are qualitative data used in the research, collected through a technique of an in-depth free interview and observations, conducted among the disabled who play sports. Analysis and interpretation of the empirical material and existing data is performed in accordance with principles of the grounded theory. The performed studies proved that sport practiced by the disabled may support the inclusion process of the disabled into broader social circles. Sport not only an opportunity to maintain fitness and health, but also for social integration of the disabled.
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dwie dekady uczestnictwa w sporcie i rekreacji ruchowej. Próba wyjaśnienia zmian
This paper presents an overview of research on the participation of Poles in sports and physical recreation over the past twenty years. This form of longitudinal analysis of trends in one area of cultural participation reveals significant changes in the rate of participation in sports. From having very low rates of participation in the 1990s, Polish society has progressed to be in the upper-middle group of sports-participating societies in the EU. Specific elements of this progress are described and explained. The authors argue that the significant growth in Poles’ participation in sports is largely due to changes that are not directly related to sports, including a rise in the number of graduates from higher education, improving quality of life, better sport facilities, and a more positive perception of sports across society. Finally, questions concerning further developments and threats to increased participation in sports are considered.
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