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Exercise and physical activity are beneficial both physically and psychologically but a few individuals use exercise excessively resulting in physical and even psychological damage. There is evidence for bidirectional relationship between exercise with depression and anxiety showing that exercise can reduce anxiety and depression, whereas a lack of exercise is associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. Methods: This study used questionnaires assessing compulsive exercise, anxiety and depression among 20 professional regular exercisers and 51 recreational regular exercisers. Results: Results showed that ratings of compulsive exercise were associated with ratings of anxiety and depression among individuals who exercise for professional and recreational purpose. Secondly, individuals who exercise for professional purpose were more depressed than individuals who exercise for recreational purpose, but did not exhibit higher trait anxiety ratings. Thirdly, individuals who exercise for recreational purpose showed an association between ratings of compulsive exercise and depression but not with ratings of trait anxiety. Discussion: Individuals who exercise for professional and recreational purpose may use it as a means for alleviating depression and anxiety although this small sample of recreational and professional sportsmen showed clinical levels of anxiety and depression that may require further clinical treatment.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between exercise addiction, abnormal eating attitudes, anxiety, and depression among competitive and amateur athletes. Methods. Participants were 100 athletes of mean age 28.3 years (18–62), of which there were 67 males and 35 females. The sample consisted of competitive and amateur athletes who participated in individual and group sports. They filled in the Exercise Addiction Inventory, Body Shape Questionnaire, a questionnaire assessing Eating Attitudes Test, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results. Ratings of exercise addiction were positively correlated with BDI scores across the study sample. Exercise addiction ratings were associated with abnormal eating attitudes, but not with trait or state anxiety. Athletes engaging in individual sports scored marginally higher on depression scores than group athletes but there was no difference in depression scores between competitive and amateur athletes. Multiple regression analysis revealed that abnormal eating attitudes contributed significantly to ratings of exercise addiction and explained 7.7% of the variance. According to the Sobel test, the difference in the association between exercise addiction and eating disorder was significant. Therefore, body shape was a mediating factor between eating disorder and exercise addiction. Discussion and conclusions. This study extends our preliminary findings of an association between exercise addiction and depression. Second, abnormal eating attitudes may explain most of the variance of exercise addiction. This is a further support for previous evidence of comorbidity between exercise addiction and eating disorders.
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The article is oriented on explanation of the theoretical framework of the transition theory. The origin of this theory, terminology development and approaches how to adapt to it in practice are presented. Three basic approaches are developed in research and practice: a) a drop-out phenomenon between stages, b) a stage of involution and dual career, c) a long-term talent development. The acceptance of biodromal and holistic approach are stressed which means that the principles of sports training should be accompanied with the perception of importance of a social environment (parents, coaches, peers, sports club policy). A classic model of the theory consists of four developmental stages with typical markers in each stage (from early childhood up to the period of involution). The theory can be applied in both recreational participation in one’s daily life-span development, and in the sports talent development and professional sports career including the stage of involution.
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The sample included 712 preschool boys and girls at the age of 4 to 7 years (mean 5.96 decimal years and standard deviation .96) from preschool institutions in Novi Sad, Sombor, Sremska Mitrovica and Bačka Palanka. Information concerning 36 indicators of aberrant behavior of the children were supplied by their parents, whereas their cognitive ability was tested by Raven’s progressive colored matrices. Based on factor analysis (promax method), four factors i.e. generators of aberrant behavior in children were singled out: aggression, anxiousness, dissociation, and hysteria, whose relations with cognitive functioning and age were also analyzed by factor analysis. Aberrant behavior and cognitive abilities show significant interrelatedness. Owing to orderly developed cognitive abilities, a child understands essence and reality of problems, realizes possibilities and manners of solving them, and succeeds in realizing successful psycho-social functioning. Developed cognitive abilities enable a child to recognize and understand her/his own reactions in different situations and develop manners of reacting, which leads to strengthening psycho-social safety and adapting behavior in accordance with her/his age and abilities.
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The aim of the study was with using peer review to determine how the active dancers can reproduce the rhythm and also to maintain this rhythm. The average age of tested people is 21,53 years ± 6,8. As motion – dance act of reproduction rhythm we chose simple locomototion, which is an essential element in dance and walk. Group of 102 dancers was tested on 4 different rates of the rhythm, so in order to determine their ability to reproduce the rhythm from slow to fast rhythms. We chose the rates 80 BPM, 100 BPM, 120 BPM and 140 BPM (Beat Per Minute). The evaluation was carried out by the method of expert assessment on the basis of scale. Testing was carried out by a qualified person with more than 20 years of experiences in the dance field. From the obtained data we found that the slower rate is for the person to be tested more difficult to reproduce it and keep up the rate. On the contrary, the faster rate is for the person being tested easier to reproduce and maintain the rate – Spearmann´s correlation coefficient of sequence is statistically significant, p-value < 2.2e–16. For evaluation of the faster rate of the rhythm we can explain this result, that reproduced rate is so fast that it may goes to some error in expert assessment. We demonstrated that this testing can be performed in any sport that puts high requirements on rhythm and rhythmic skills.
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The gymnosophy philosophy as a way to substantiate gymnastics; gymnastics and gymnosophy’s etymological explanation; the gymnosophy, considered "the wisdom of the naked" becomes, at some point, the philosopher's way of health and thereby gymnastics becomes practical way of obtaining health , nudity as a means of verifying the execution of exercise; gymnastics supplemented diet since antiquity; spirituality is found in bodily perfection of the gods of antiquity” "to pray for a sound mind in a healthy body"; legislating in antiquity, to gymnastics, to maintain health; physical activity, characteristic of contemporary, induces disease; sport, as a health way, acute need of every man.
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Abstracts of the 1st International Conference on Behavioral Addictions; March 11–12, 2013, Budapest, Hungary
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The study included 60 young football players aged 10 and 11 years with the aim to examine the influence of motor skills on a specific accuracy in football. The following tests for assessment of motoric abilities were used: Coordination: jumping over the horizontal rope, envelope test, figure „8“ with bending; Flexibility: forward bend-standing upper-body rotation-touch, the splits, side-stepping with a baton; Balance: standing on one leg along the balance bench, standing on one leg with eyes closed, flamingo test. Tests for specific accuracy in football included: elevational accuracy by foot - vertical target, elevational accuracy by foot - horizontal target, linear accuracy by foot - vertical target, the hits of ball by foot on the wall after it rebounces from the surface, elevational accuracy by head - vertical target and elevational accuracy by head - horizontal target. Results obtained by processing the data applying canonical correlation and regression analysis indicated the indisputable influence of motor abilities of young football players on the majority of specific accuracy tests.
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Running has become a modern trend and one of the most popular leisure activities. The popularity of running however results in an increased occurrence of cases of acute or chronic pain of the Achilles tendon in offices of doctors and physiotherapists. The cause of achillodynia in runners has not been conclusively established, hence it is important to warn about the risk factors and promote the importance of prevention.
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The academia and the relevant industry seem to lack more complete and coherent literature and knowledge on the subject of sponsorship activation, and especially seek for more concrete business practices and feedback from the market. The goal of this work thus is to present a very relevant and up-to-date case study that will contribute to enriching the sponsorship activation literature and to better comprehending the business practices and decision makings. A scrutinized case study of such nature clearly requires a qualitative research method, concentrating on large amount of detailed and focused information, as opposed to analyzing bulk samples and statistics. The research question is being answered by collecting information from personal interviews, access to all necessary documentation and corporate material, as well as direct contribution of the author in all the negotiation and implementation processes of the sponsorship relationship.
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The article contributes to the illustration of the importance of outdoor courses for development of social relationships in school classes. Following text is a pilot study for future research. The research sample consisted of 17 pupils of Grade 6 primary school, average age 11.24 years, who participated on a three-day outdoor course. The course focused on the development of team dynamics, cooperation and social relationships. The participants filled in the same questionnaire before and after the course which enabled to compare the changes. The questionnaires were based on rating all classmates according to the preferential relationships. The strength of these relationships was transformed visually in sociomaps showing the structure of social relationships. The sum of ratings given by the whole class increased from 1583 before to 1751 points after the course. The general colour of sociomap changed after the course showing increased sympathies between the classmates after the course. Sociomapping showed to be a useful and lucid method for illustration of positive impact of the outdoor course for the development of social relationships in the school class.
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Athletes have to cope not only with their opponents but also with many psychological factors for success. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the "Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale” developed by Rossato, Uphill, Swain and Coleman (2018) for Turkish culture. The psychometric properties of the scale were tested on 75 female (27.3%) and 200 male (72.7%), total 275 (average age= 17.91±2.82) athletes. There are a total of 12 items and 2 subscales in the original of the Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale. To test the construct validity of the scale in Turkish culture, explatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was applied. Internal consistency co-efficients were calculated for each subscale of the measurement tool. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the Turkish version of the scale, as in the original scale, consisted of 11 items and 2 subscales: "challenge" and "threat". It was fastened down that the factor loads of the items that make up the scale varied between .40 and .81. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results, it was calculated as χ2 / df = 2.64, GFI = .94, AGFI = .90, CFI = .94, IFI = .94, SRMR = .07 and RMSEA = .07. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients of the scale were calculated as .84 for the "threat" subscale and .80 for the "challenge" subscale. As a result, it can be said that the psychometric properties of "Turkish Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale" is an adequate measurement tool to evaluate the challenge and threat levels of competing athletes in various branches.
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The article deals adaptive ice skating for people with healtly disabilities. The work presents the health benefits of adaptive ice skating, some of the organizations that carry adaptive ice skating programs, as well as assistive products suitable for the training. Also there are discussed the basic characteristics of training of disabled and highlighted some of its specifics.
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Extreme sports athletes are often labeled “adrenaline junkies” by the media, implying they are addicted to their sport. Research suggests during abstinence these athletes may experience withdrawal states characteristic of individuals with an addiction (Celsi, Rose, & Leigh, 1993; Franken, Zijlstra, & Muris, 2006; Willig, 2008). Despite this notion, no research has directly explored withdrawal experiences of extreme sports athletes. Methods: Using semi-structured interviews, we explored withdrawal experiences of high (n = 4) and average-ability (n = 4) male rock climbers during periods of abstinence. We investigated the psychological and behavioral aspects of withdrawal, including craving, anhedonia, and negative affect; and differences in the frequency and intensity of these states between groups. Results: Deductive content analysis indicated support for each of the three categories of anhedonia, craving, and negative affect. Consistent with existing substance addiction literature, high-ability climbers recalled more frequent and intense craving states and negative affect during abstinence compared with average-ability climbers. No differences in anhedonic symptoms between high and average-ability participants were found. Conclusions: Rock climbing athletes appear to experience withdrawal symptoms when abstinent from their sport comparable to individuals with substance and behavioral addictions. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Maximal oxygen consumption during exercise is an important determinant of aerobic capacity. Therefore, researchers use the aerobic tests evaluating maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) to determine the aerobic capacity. VO2max depends on the capacity of the respiratory and circulatory systems to take up and distribute oxygen, and also the capacity of the muscles to receive and utilize it. Hence, there is three physiological systems affecting VO2max. In contrast to the circulatory and muscle systems, the respiratory system is usually not considered an important limiting factor for aerobic capacity because of its sufficient capacity to cope with the demands during high-intensity exercises. The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between aerobic capacity and respiratory system parameters. Twenty healthy and trained males (24.3 ± 2.7 years, 178.1 ± 4.0 cm, 73.3 ± 7.1 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The height, weight, body fat percentage, lean body mass, ventilation parameters, and maximal oxygen consumption were evaluated. After evaluating the distribution of the data, the Pearson Correlation Test was used to determine the relationship status. As a result of our study, a high correlation was found between VO2max and maximal ventilation volume (r=0.814; p=0.000), and a moderate correlation was found between VO2max and tidal volume (r=0.532; p=0.01). Even if the circulatory system was referred as the main factor affecting aerobic capacity in researches, the high correlation in our study results between VO2max and maximal ventilation volume shows that respiratory system should also be considered as an important factor for aerobic capacity.
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Organized workouts of aerobics might be seen as a self-development tool, as adult person’s decision to get involved into certain activity is taken consciously. One perceives such engagement being related to satisfaction of certain needs and expectations to reach the results of the systematically performed activity. The research was launched in order to reveal the motives of the females’ decision making when choosing aerobics for self-development, as well as to disclose the perceived by women impact of aerobics, considering it as a self-development tool. Half-structured interview method was applied for the research. 11 females, who attended Vilnius aerobics study, were interviewed. The data of the research were processed using qualitative content analysis, based on expert evaluation. It was established that women considered such values as family, health, carrier and happiness being the most important for them. Several universally accepted values were pointed out to be positive personal values, either already possessed or to be perfected further on by the respondents.
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The research project focuses on the problem of the optimum cross step in long distance run. Step should be energetically most favourable – economics. We want to answer the question whether and under what conditions it is energetically preferable to endurance runner‘s pace with the impact on the forefoot or rearfoot. Testing subjects were 15 athletes. Athletes held running pace 12 km.h-1 . When we evaluated results, we focused on indicators running economy – minute oxygen uptake, minute oxygen uptake per kilogram of weight and heart rate. The aim of the study is to contribute to determine whether there is a more energy-intensive endurance running with an impact on the rearfoot or the impact on the forefoot. In this article, we focus on two important factors affecting running economy - minute oxygen uptake and minute oxygen uptake per kilogram of weight.
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The first publications about the theory of the age effect (theory of the influence of age) appeared in sports science in the 80´s of the last century. Though it was not as long as the last few years we have encountered with a research of this particular topic more regularly. The theory is based on the assumption that the athletes born at the beginning of the calendar year are, mainly in the junior age, more successful than later born athletes. This has been shown in many studies especially in ice hockey, soccer, tennis but also in other sports.
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Objectives. Although tribals constitute around 8.6% of the total population of India, detailed information on their body composition is scanty. Thus, our objective was to evaluate age variations and sexual dimorphism in adiposity and body composition among rural tribal adolescents of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Material and methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 788 tribal adolescent boys and girls, aged 10-17 years of Kharagpur, West Midnapore, West Bengal, India. Height (kg), weight (cm) and skinfolds were measured following standard method. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was derived. Body composition measures including Percent Body Fat (PBF), Fat Mass (FM), Fat Free Mass (FFM), Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Fat Free mass Index (FFMI) were computed using standard equations. Results. All the variables showed a significant age trend in both sexes. Age-combined significant sex differences existed in mean BMI and all body composition measures. Girls had significantly higher mean values of fat measures (PBF, FM and FMI) whereas boys had significantly higher mean values of non-fat measures (FFM and FFMI). In both sexes, age had significant correlations with BMI and the five body composition measures. Similarly, all body composition indicators were significantly correlated with BMI in both sexes. Conclusions. There were significant age and sex variations in body composition measures. Girls had significantly more fat mass whereas boys had more lean body mass. All body composition measures increased significantly with increasing age as well as BMI. Attainment of puberty could be a mediating factor causing these age variations and sexual dimorphism.
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