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The article attempts to present the pedagogy of physical culture as the one that contributes to the creation of the vision of the subject of cognition, building its integrity thanks to corporeality.
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The study is focused on the physical education teacher, it contains information on the teaching profession in the specialty of physical education as well as the figure of the physical tutor present in the literature on the subject in the field of pedeutology and physical culture. More important information has been collected in the form of studies and research results about the physical education teacher created over a hundred years of the real functioning of this topic in the literature. The author used his own studies in this area contained in several articles found in the post-conference materials. They contain reflections and comments on four main areas of concern. The first one focuses on the history of the formation of the specialty of physical education and the formulation of reflections on the specialist teacher. The second covers the topic of competencies and qualifications required in the profession of physical tutor, which is the most widely present in the literature, including the discussion about authority and its sources. The third concerns the widely understood and changing conditions of the work of a physical tutor and the consequences for the teacher and the process itself. In the final part of the article a historical review of initiatives and institutions for educating physical educators was presented.
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Physical activity is one of the most characteristic and natural features of the early stages of human development. Among children at the preschool age, physical development begins with spontaneous movement expression, with natural, poorly coordinated movements, which are gradually improved, often leading to excessive control or inhibition in adulthood. The civilizational progress and contemporary early education models focused on intensifying educational content mean that the youngest spend a significant part of their time sitting on a rug or at school benches. In many cases, meeting the need for exercise is limited, the role of physical education in the development of a child is marginalised, and the youngest are restricted from taking active forms of behaviour, which leads to the progressive elimination of the body's natural kinetics. The proposed creative methods of physical and health education in teacher's work with the youngest, oriented to the "creative movement", fulfil children's physical needs. Thanks to spontaneity and freedom, they allow children to express themselves creatively and support their comprehensive development, thus realising elementary paradigms, premises, and determinants characterising contemporary preschool education's primary goals and tasks.
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The article covers theoretical considerations of the role of swimming and water exercises in the correction of postural defects. It discusses the factors affecting the human body while in the water, issues in the field of postural defects that occur, basic ways of diagnosing postural defects, exercises to prepare for exercises in water on land, elements of classification of exercises in corrective swimming and their brief characteristics. A study by another author on the effect of competitive swimming on the correction of postural defects is cited. Additionally, for the purpose of this article other authors’ study on the postural defects caused by the type of work and factors resulting from COVID-19 pandemic were used. The method of document analysis was used for the study, so the literature was reviewed. An attempt was made to answer the research question: do swimming and water exercises play an important role in the correction of postural defects? The research is a pilot study. The results of the study cover conclusions obtained from the analysis of available documents.
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In recent years, the personal trainer profession has been characterised by high dynamics of development and exclusivity due to the individual form of work and the cost of the service. An important element of the trainer's wide range of competences is the ability to act ethically in working with the client. It is extremely important because the profession of a personal trainer consists mainly in direct contact with clients. The high ethical standards of the trainer strengthen their authority, build credibility and increase trust and consequently translates into the prestige of its own brand. In the course of improving the ethical efficiency of trainers, ethical codes also seem to be worth attention. Their assumptions are presented in the second part of the text. The aim of the article is to show the ethical aspects of the behaviour of personal trainers and their confrontation with accepted standards.
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One of the elements of comprehensive education is aesthetic education, treated as the totality of conscious influences on human and their actions in order to sensitise them to beauty, goodness and truth, as well as to achieve the development of creative activity, expression, and skilful reception of art through contact with its various fields. Sport provides a lot of emotions and creative inspiration for artists who can experience double emotions - those related to the beauty of the body and the athlete's effort, sports competition, as well as artistic expression in various fields of art, i.e.: literature, painting, sculpture, music, film or contemporary audiovisual forms. In the article, the authors attempt to indicate examples of such inspiration with sport in selected artists in various fields of art, thus pointing out the significant relationship between sport and art in the comprehensive development of a beautiful, sensitive to others human beings.
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From the tradition of the Olympic Games, as well as the modern Olympic movement, it is impossible to refer to the values and heritage of Greece as a catalogue of values shaping modern sports. Taking this aspect into account, the aim of this article is to answer the following questions: When and why happened the process of bringing sport closer to art? What determines the identity of a particular sport as a phenomenon of belonging to the same sphere of existence and the same field of human experience? Who is the artist in the circle of light? The answers to these questions will be taken through the prism of the concept of the unity of human virtues, as well as by referring to the tradition of Olympia from a historical, axiological, and essential perspective. Originally conceived, corporeality is the material of the art of sport as the material foundation of a specific and independent whole.
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Carbohydrates are a part of the essential macronutrients required for human nutrition and constitute the preferential energy substrate in physical effort. They are necessary in certain proportions, namely 50–55% of the daily energy intake in the general population and up to 65% of the daily energy intake in performance athletes. Carbohydrates are present in various forms (simple or complex) and with specific ingestion indications (type, amount, before, during, and after physical effort) for athletes or people practicing physical activity. Optimization, flexibility, and personalization of carbohydrate consumption are necessary to achieve the maximum expected and desired physical performance and to avoid adverse effects due to physical activity: fatigue, muscle pain, metabolic (
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This chapter explores the classification, sources, and roles of fatty acids in human health and sports nutrition, emphasising their benefits for athletic performance. Fatty acids are categorised as saturated and unsaturated (monounsaturated ω-9, polyunsaturated ω-3/ω-6). Essential ω-3/ω-6 fatty acids are vital for cellular functions and metabolism. Marine ω-3s, particularly eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, reduce inflammation, improve muscle recovery, anaerobic endurance, and oxygen efficiency, which are crucial for athletes’ energy and nutrient needs during intense physical activity and recovery.
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This chapter delves into the role of food supplements in boosting athletic performance and aiding recovery within sports nutrition. It traces the evolution of supplements, driven by advancements in sports science, and categorizes them by function. The chapter emphasizes athletes’ nutritional needs, highlighting the importance of macronutrients for energy, micronutrients for physiological functions, and ergogenic aids for performance enhancement. By reviewing scientific literature, it stresses the importance of tailoring supplement intake to individual metabolic and genetic profiles for optimal health and performance. The chapter concludes by exploring the future of personalized nutrition, enhanced by biotechnological advances, to improve supplement efficacy in sports.
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In sports nutrition research, there is growing interest in the role of phytonutrients in enhancing athletic performance and health. Phytonutrients, naturally occurring bioactive compounds in plants, offer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory benefits. This chapter reviews current research on phytonutrients, exploring their types, dietary sources, and mechanisms affecting athletic performance and recovery. The aim is to deepen understanding and highlight the potential of phytonutrients in optimizing athletes’ performance and health.
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Three main factors are usually associated with the reduction of sports performance due to dehydration: temperature increase of the body, carbohydrate depletion, and alteration of cardiovascular functions. Plain water is the universal hydration liquid; however, in sports, it is not sufficient. On a common acceptance, the presence of electrolytes in order to maintain plasma osmolality is mandatory. In this respect, there is a rich market of commercial ready-to-drink beverages or powders intended for dissolution in water with attractive colour and sweet-acidic taste (usually potentiated with synthetic sweeteners, colourants, and acidifiers) promising not only good hydration but also a better performance. This is enssured by adding vitamins, other minerals (Ca, Mg, K) and other ingredients besides glucose and sodium. Besides necessary ingredients enssuring an isotonic medium, the presence of additives in commercial sports drinks raises legitimate concerns. In addition, the high price of the most has to be also considered when deciding on the best (re)hydration choice. Considering these, the addressed question discussed was the efficiency of commercially available products compared to homemade mixtures containing water, fruit juice, salt, and sugar.
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In most guidelines and scientific publications in the field of nutrition, biochemistry, in related disciplines, the main attention is given to the energetic aspects of carbohydrates. The increased interest is fully justified because the supply and diversified use of food, the hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract, and the metabolism inside the digestive system of the main nutrients ensure the energetic changes of the body. Life is an active process that depends on different types of activity which are carried out continuously. And to finalise any work, energy is needed. Work activity is treated in a broad sense, referring to growth, development, reproduction of cells; all types of biosynthesis; maintaining osmotic gradients and, of course, the most general meaning of the term “activity” – muscle contractions. The body is supplied with energy by consuming food from the environment. Undoubtedly, food, as a source of energy, targets not only complexly organised organisms but also all living beings, including unicellular microorganisms. Many details of the origin of life on Earth remain unknown.
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Human body mass is a quantitative parameter which varies constantly throughout life. In fairly large selections, individuals can be found with limited valuables of body mass within specific limits of this integral parameter, but, most times, the specific limits of body mass are not fixed exactly: variations of this index in adult humans are always to be taken into account. Quantitative characteristics with variable values can be presented in a certain order, for example, from the lowest to the highest values [Dorgan, 2008; Fung, 2020]. When attempting to assign these body mass values to certain classes or groups, the lack of natural classification criteria was noted. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out an artificial distribution according to external criteria. Thus, the allocation of athletes to GCs is an artificial act of classification based on agreements and compromises but also on empirical requirements and data from sports practice. No artificial classification meets the requirements of the science of classification – taxonomy. For this reason, researchers tend to approximate existing classifications at least to their scientifically founded variants. This goal is also pursued in the present paper. In our opinion, a solution to this problem can be approximated if the methods of determining the natural, in a certain sense ideal, individual body mass of man are determined.
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Overweight is defined as a condition characterized by an increase in body weight beyond the level considered optimal due to the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. This condition is positioned between the ideal weight range and the obese stage, as determined by body mass index. Among children aged 6–11 years, the prevalence of overweight has doubled, rising from 7% to 13%, and among adolescents aged 12–19 years, it has increased almost threefold, from 5% to 14%. According to further data, 11.8% of adolescents aged 12–17 are classified as overweight, with 2.3% meeting the criteria for obesity. The World Health Organization reports that over 41 million children under the age of 5 and 340 million children aged 5–19 are currently overweight. A significant proportion of these affected children (35 million) reside in developing countries, where the incidence of obesity is on the rise. The purpose of this theme is to develop and implement adapted physical education activities that contribute to improving the lifestyle of overweight adolescents, promoting health, and reducing the risk of obesity.
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This chapter addresses a crucial topic for modern science, particularly in fields like physical education, sports, kinesiology, recreation, medicine, and psychology. The focus is on developing and analyzing models and exercises designed to prevent and reduce excess weight in children and adolescents through physical activity paired with a rational diet. With about one-third of students and adolescents currently facing excess body weight, this study offers valuable insights for those affected and those aiming to prevent such issues. The recommended exercise routines and dietary guidelines serve as practical tools to help achieve positive health outcomes, minimizing the need for surgical interventions
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Currently, nutrition is an important factor influencing sports performance. The recent scientific research proves that nutrition is one of the components that significantly reduce the risk of injury in athletes while having an essential role in maintaining their body weight.
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Tendons are the connecting fibers between groups of muscles and the bony skeleton of the human body. All together, they ensure people’s mobility, whether sports or professional work activities. The level of their development greatly depends on the quality of human life or the sports results in one event or another, so the specialists are always studying the ways of training and perfecting the human body tendons. The largest tendons of the human body are the Achilles Tendon and the tendons of the upper and lower limb muscles. Exaggerated physical efforts, incorrect nutrition, and inactive lifestyle can often lead to various tendon ailments, up to their rupture. Today, there are several methodologies for the recovery and restoration of the tendons of the human body, and the most frequently applied and most effective are those described in the given article; here, we are talking about both kinetotherapeutic and surgical methodologies.
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Food security is critical due to rapid population growth and increased resource consumption. Edible insects offer a healthier, more sustainable macronutrient source than traditional animal foods. They can help meet protein demand by 2050, reducing reliance on livestock. Insect-derived ingredients can enhance food and beverage nutritional profiles. This chapter highlights the nutritional value of commonly consumed insect species, emphasizing their importance as a macronutrient source.
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The sports nutrition market stands at the forefront of the burgeoning wellness industry, driven by an increasing global focus on fitness and health. As more individuals commit to active lifestyles and seek optimal performance, the demand for specialized nutrition that enhances athletic capability and recovery has surged. This chapter delves into the diverse landscape of the sports nutrition market, exploring the major trends that influence the sports nutrition market in the digital era, market segments, major key players in the global sports-nutrition market, important global regions for the sports nutrition market, and opportunities and challenges.
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