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THE STRUCTURE OF THE IMPACT OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE PROMOTION MIX ON SELECTION OF SPORTS PRODUCTS IN SLAVONSKI BROD

Author(s): Hrvoje Sivrić,Ivona Blažević,Ivona Katolik Kovačević,Antonela Blaževac / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The aim of the paper was to analyze the structure of the effect of the observed elements of the promotional mix on the selection of sports products in Slavonski Brod. The analysis was conducted on a sample of 385 entities. According to the results of the research, no element was considered as dominant in the structure of the influence of the elements of the promotional mix in the choice of practicing a sports product. Propaganda was slightly highlighted as the most important element of the promotional mix. It should also be emphasized that in selecting a sports product, the promotion factor, as one of the 4 marketing mix factors, achieves relatively small, only 14.5% of the frequency. The results also show that the sports product in Slavonski Brod is price-sensitive and contentually acceptable, that sporting is extremely important, but the problems of resource allocation as time are quite questionable, which is surprising. It can be said that both the product and the price are dominant as a choice which is expected from the aspect of sports consumers. This is a direct message to the sports program providers what needs to be directed on. Indirectly, however, it can be said that the promotion could and should be significantly more qualitative and quantitatively represented. First and foremost, this refers to a set of activities that enable consumers to inform about the product on market or to promote their sports products, which is probably missing out.

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CONNECTION OF SPORT RESULT WITH SPORT CONSUMER

Author(s): Hrvoje Sivrić,Ivona Blažević,Ivona Katolik Kovačević,Bruno Garić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Contemporary sport and in particular football has become a wide range of today's social life, which is embedded in all the vital elements of the social structure, especially economic elements. Therefore arose a great need for scientific research of "this phenomenon" as it can be found in the literature. Sport - economy - society has a diverse and changing mutual relations in accordance with the present time. In order to increase the sports market, it is necessary for sport teams to be present in the communication with their consumers on social networks. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze the connection between sport result as a sport product to the final sport consumer on the example of football clubs and their fans. This connection is sought through social networks. The paper also aims to show that sport result is not the only criterion of proximity to the sports consumer, and that the result itself does not provide the largest number of consumers, for example the 'fives'' in football at least when it comes to social networks. Through regression analysis it is shown that consumers via social networks are not fully connected with the result that clubs realize, at least when it is viewed by selected characteristics used in this paper in a single time point. Definitely for searching more reliable connection of results with sport consumers through social networks, must be used an extended period of time and several indicators which can be the subject of some future research. It should be noted that economic elements are increasingly affecting the sport itself but also the sport result, especially the top one.

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SPORT AS AN ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY AND POSSIBILITY OF SELFINANCING THROUGHOUT CROWDFUNDING PLATFORMS

Author(s): Ivan Novak,Blaženka Knežević,Petra Skrobot / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Sport is recognized as an area of a great importance for society and national economy. It is evolving into a profitable entrepreneurial activity and marketable activity. There are numerous ways of sports financing. In the context of the modern economy, there is a need to develop models of sports self-financing. As an emerging form of financing, crowdfunding changes the way in which entrepreneurs collect money for financing their business projects in various business activities starting from social entrepreneurship and software development towards entertainment industry. Sport is not an exception to this trend. Due to its potential to influence and change traditional financial flows and to changetraditional principles of financial intermediations, crowdfunding has drawn attention of scientists and practitioners who are trying to explain what could be consequences, risks, development phases and future trends in this field. In this paper, firstly, we draw attention to the need and perception of sports self-financing in the sample of future entrepreneurs in Croatia based on conducted primary research. Secondly, we give definition, development and types of crowdfunding activities in the context of entrepreneurial self-financing. Then, based on the case study analysis method, we outline several successful examples of self-financing sports projects in developed markets in order to explain and illustrate potentials of crowdfunding as a financing source in sports.

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Oddziaływania rodzicielskie w rozwijaniu uzdolnień sportowych dzieci w czasie izolacji społecznej spowodowanej pandemią COVID-19

Author(s): Alicja Baum,Joanna Łukasiewicz-Wieleba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 53/2021

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to learn about parental experiences and impact related to the development of sports abilities in children before and during social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: In the presented article, parents’ statements regarding their influence on the development of their children’s sports abilities in a situation of social isolation were analyzed. The research method was the in-depth free interview. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The key concepts for the analysis were defined and the importance of parental impact for the development of children’s sports abilities was characterized. RESEARCH RESULTS: In parental activities aimed for the development of children’s sports abilities before the pandemic, the most important are: early identification of children’s potential, decision on developing their skills, involvement of parents in the organization and financing of various forms of development, care for overall physical development and health, and providing mental support. During the social isolation caused by COVID-19, the parents’ actions changed their nature – it was necessary to find a place and time at home for training, as well as organizational and mental support, especially motivation, while reconciling it with learning and remote work of all family members. The difficulty for parents was that they had to replace the coaches at home, without having the appropriate competences to do so, and also working on motivating their child to keep them in sports and regular training. On the other hand, when analyzing the opportunities related to the development of sports skills resulting from social isolation, their relationship with the specific experiences of young athletes becomes apparent. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION: During the pandemic, parents were forced to take over the function of trainers, mostly without sufficient competences or domestic conditions. Excluding specialized institutions from caring for gifted people can significantly reduce the motivation of young athletes and thus lead to a loss of achievement.

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SEGMENTATION OF TREK AND TRAIL RACE RUNNERS AS TOURISTS

Author(s): Ivana Tonković Pražić,Marko Pražić,Kristina Devčić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper seeks to supplement the theory of sports marketing with additional knowledge on the participants in trek and trail races, provide basis for better understanding of their motives and behavior. The research instrument is a questionnaire consisting of 30 questions where the first part concerns with behavior at races; the second part consists of statements about the motives and the third part of descriptive questions. There were 194 participants who were interviewed by an online survey. The statistical analysis was conducted using factor analysis and cluster analysis. Five different factors / types of motivation and behavior of trek and trail race runners were extracted. Cluster analysis was also conducted and three cluster solutions were retained. Implications for marketing practice, limitations of the research and recommendations for future research were also given.

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FUTBOL KULÜPLERİNDE GELİR VE GİDER FAALİYETLERİ: ÖRNEK MUHASEBE UYGULAMALARI

Author(s): Tansel Hacihasanoğlu,Tunay ASLAN,Ahmet ÜNLÜ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2023

Football is the first thing that comes to mind when it comes to sports, and approximately 3.5 billion people in the world follow football. Although it changes according to years, the market share of the football economy in the world is around 400 billion. While the football economy, which has become a serious market in the world, continues its activities, it creates a significant income and incurs expenditures (expenses) to the same extent. Income and expense activities of football clubs vary and there are differences in accounting transactions. In order to eliminate these differences, it is important for football clubs, a significant part of which are in the status of associations, to become economic enterprises, and these activities are explained with sample accounting events in the study. Various accounting approaches related to both income and expenses of football clubs have been tried to be explained with case studies.

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“Physical Culture and Sport Will Become Part and Parcel of Everyday Life”: Khrushchev’s Communist Sports in Central Asia’s Uzbekistan, 1953 to 1964

Author(s): Sevket Hylton Akyildiz / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. Issue/2023

Lenin commenced Soviet physical culture and sports during the mid-1920s, and Stalin organised it significantly during the 1930s and 1940s. It was part of Stalin’s Cultural Revolution and the implementation of Soviet modernity. This qualitative and quantitative research paper investigates physical culture and sports 33 years after its founding when Khrushchev was the communist leader (1953 to 1964). The geographic focus is on the Central Asian republic with the largest population and emerging urbanisation: Uzbekistan. The paper explores the extent of Khrushchev’s physical culture and sports development in that country. It is a topic with little published research in English. Using select English language secondary sources from the West and the former Soviet Union, the major research question asks (i) What were Khrushchev's output and impact on physical culture and sport in Uzbekistan? In support is the minor research question: (ii) What were the numbers of male and female sportspeople, and what type of urban sports sites opened? Overall, the paper highlights that an authoritarian communist regime was increasingly successful in developing modern physical culture and sports in the majority Muslim Turkic and Persian regions, primarily in the cities.

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Spor Organizasyonlarında Sosyal Sermaye: Gönüllü Katılımın Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Author(s): Cemal Özman,Mehmet Öztaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

The present study aimed to examine voluntary participation in sports organizations in terms of certain variables in the context of social capital. The study was designed using the descriptive survey model, one of the quantitative research approaches. The data were collected with the demographic information form and Ucar's (2016) validated and reliable social capital scale. Individuals participated in Street 10K national sports organization in 2022 constituted the study's population. On the other hand, the study sample consisted of 104 volunteers participated in this sports organization. The participants were chosen according to the convenient sampling method. The data were evaluated using the SPSS 23 Windows package program. Internal consistency coefficients were calculated for the data collection instrument, and mean, standard deviation, kurtosis, and skewness values were examined during data analysis. The independent samples t test and the one-way analysis of variance test were used to test the hypotheses. According to the analysed results, there were significant differences in the "group belonging" factor in favor of participants with volunteer experience in fields other than sports. Besides, significant differences were found in the factors of "corporate trust" and "group belonging" in favor of participants who believed that future career advancement would result from voluntary participation.

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Tenisin 7-8 Yaş Grubu Çocuklarda Fiziksel Uygunluk Parametreleri ve Dikkat Toplama Becerisine Etkisi: Kesitsel Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Ahmet Vatansever,Serap Çolak,Betül Bayazıt / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical fitness and attention in tennis-playing children aged 7 to 8 years. 30 athletes registered with the tennis branch of ALKEV Sports Schools who regularly attended training sessions were compared to 30 sedentary students registered with ALKEV Private Schools (Mean age: 7.50 0.504 years, Mean height: 128.48 5.140 cm, Mean weight: 26.60 4.574 kg). On the children, physical fitness parameters including height, body mass, agility test, flamingo balance test, standing long jump, and 20-meter sprint test were administered. The children's attention levels were determined using the Bourdon Attention Test. Using the SPSS 25.0 software, the statistical analysis of the study's data was performed. Statistically significant differences in favor of the athletes were found in the 20-meter sprint, vertical jump, flamingo balance, agility and Bourdon Attention Test (p 0.05) parameters.

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Doğu Almanya Cumhuriyeti’nin Spor Yönetimi Yapısı ve 14.25 Numaralı Devlet Planı

Author(s): Hamza Uyar,Tekin Çolakoğlu,Azmi Yetim,Yalçın Uyar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

After the Second World War, East Germany achieved great success in sports in a short time despite its political and geographical disadvantages. East Germany was imitating the strategies of the Soviet Union. For this reason, they decided that the best way to show the success of the sports system as the success of its own ideological system and to introduce itself to the world public is sports. For this reason, they have established all sports institutions in line with this purpose and have shaped the sports management structure accordingly. The decision of the International Olympic Committee to recognize the East Germany Olympic Committee in 1965 and it was the most important point of the country's sport. After that, East Germany took the first place in the medal ranking in all Olympic Games it participated in summer and winter sports. The achievements of East Germany attracted great attention around the world. The sports management structure and organization that provided these achievements has been a matter of curiosity. However, with a population of only 17 million, these achievements shortly after its establishment have raised serious questions. With the unification of East and West Germany in 1990, some documents came to light. These documents showed that questions were not unjustified. These documents were labeled "Top Secret" by the East Germany. A project called “State Plan 14.25” of East Germany was implemented. They brought together scientists who were experts in many fields of science. Thus, it has been revealed that they research on athlete performance and doping. In the statements of the East German athletes of the period, which were also recorded in the court minutes, it was mentioned that this plan was not only about research, but that drugs were produced for the performance enhancement of the athletes within the scope of this plan. It was determined that these drugs were tested on the athletes and that the athletes who refused to use the drugs were exposed to threats and exclusion, and many violations were committed. The purpose of this study is to examine the sports management structure of the Republic of East Germany (GDR) and the practices behind its sporting achievements in accordance with the State Plan 14.25.

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Wkład filozofii w rozwój systematycznego chodzenia

Author(s): Grzegorz Ignatowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

We are increasingly appreciating the benefits of habitual walking, which can, as in many other cases, take the form of athletic walking. Studies show that regular and systematic walking improves people’s sleep, mood, blood circula- tion and even reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. We can consider walking not only in its health dimension, but also in its cognitive, environmental and social dimensions. These three dimensions of walking are highlighted by mod- ern education. The benefits of walking have also been known and promoted by philosophers ranging from the ancient Cynics to such contemporary thinkers as Immanuel Kant, Henry David Thoreau and Walter Benjamin. Reflecting on walking in the lives of these thinkers, shows that philosophy is still a teacher of life, not just theoretical musings.

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Perfekcja w sporcie jako szansa i zagrożenie dla zawodników

Author(s): Aleksandra Ostrowska,Magdalena Jochimek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2022

Striving towards perfection is an inseparable element accompanying sports activities. The requirements set for sportspeople are often connected to the necessity of transcending one’s own boundaries, which leads to a particular mode of perceiving task-related situations. Starting in competitions or multiple repetitions of an exercise during the training sessions results in the athletes often starting to perceive themselves within the optic of fulfilling somestandards as set by themselves or imposed by their peer group. Whenever these standards become rigid and make the perception of one’s worthiness contingent on upholding them, there increases the risk of perfectionism negatively affecting a sportsperson. Perfectionism is a term difficult to define, multi-dimensional, which leads the researchers of this construct to use varied theoretical approaches. This complicates any critical analysis of research results or drawing comparisons between them. With this in mind, the aim of this article is to review selected scientific publications concerning the perfectionism in sports. The analysis included both research signalling towards the benefits of positive perfectionism and that regarding the consequences of employing cognitive-behavioural strategies tied to negative perfec- tionism. The analysis showed that research on perfectionism is increasingly conducted with regard to sports, especially on sportspeople in adolescence and early adulthood. Positive perfectionism appears to have a beneficial effect on the athletes’ functioning, but it does carry the risk of developing dysfunctional perfectionism. Developing perfection- ism in athletes is related both to the influence of their environment and their experiences, garnered in the process of education in the sports environment as well as the familial one. For this reason, while summing up the results, the modes of function of athletes are related to the cognitive-behavioural model of dysfunctional perfectionism, and possible means of counteracting it are proposed for when the symptoms of this dysfunction are observed.

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W podróży z Darwinem... O zwierzęcych historiach w kontekście ludzkiego życia, aktywności i kultury fizycznej

Author(s): Małgorzata Obrycka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2022

Modern societies are increasingly displaying empathy and affectionate sensitivity towards animals. This type of transformation raises the need to analyse the situation of animals and their welfare in the context of human life, physical activity and demonstrated (or not demonstrated) empathy. In the history of mankind, animals have always been important companions of man, including in relation to all forms of cognitive activity, as well as sports. The purpose of this article is to analyse the historical conditions of human activity with animals in the broadest sense. The background of the analysis is the history of the world’s most famous journey, taking place in the 19th century, whose participant was the British naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin. This adventure is a vehicle for many messages and reports on humanity, human activity, as well as our human sensibilities. It is also a pow- erful resource that can help us answer the research question of how much it is appropriate to use animals for human psycho-physical development nowadays in our times of devel- oping knowledge of intelligence, emotions and social behaviour. This type of recognition carries a whole baggage of information and clues about what brings us pride as humans, what discredits us, and what can inspire with today’s opportunities.

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Czy Norwedzy wiedzą lepiej? Aktywność fizyczna jako podstawowa potrzeba i prawo dzieci

Author(s): Agata Chruszcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2022

The article aims to show the relationship between physical activity and human health and development, with the greatest emphasis on preschool age. It shows a gap in research in this field in Poland and indicates important directions of research (the impact of physical activity on the child’s psychophysical development and learning ability, factors influencing the child’s physical activity and their correlations). Against this background, the functioning of a systemic kindergarten institution, both Polish and Norwegian, is presented in order to provoke reflection among adults caring for children aged 3–7.

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Gry cyfrowe i e-sport jako istotny komponent życia współczesnej młodzieży

Author(s): Marta Rukat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2022

The main subject of the article is a phenomenon of involving young people into digital games and e-sport and its leading aim is searching for an answer to question about what makes computer games and e-sport so attractive to the youth of today? The article pres- ents definition aspects of e-sport, describes e-sport’s history and analyses different aspects of gaming’s attractiveness, which are significant from the viewpoint of adolescents and are important component of their lives. The benefits of playing computer games and individuals devoting themselves to e-sport entertainments is also analysed.

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Igrzyska Środkowoeuropejskie – niezrealizowany polski projekt międzynarodowej imprezy sportowej z lat dwudziestych XX wieku

Author(s): Kamil Potrzuski,Arkadiusz Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this article is to reconstruct, describe and explain the context in which representatives of the Polish Olympic movement took up the concept of the Central European Games under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee, as well as to answer the question about why this initiative, despite its potential importance for the development of the Olympic movement and its consequences in international politics, failed. The source base consisted mainly of archival documents stored in the Archives of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, the Central Military Archives in Warsaw and the Olympic Studies Center in Lausanne. The article established that the concept of the Central European Games, put forward in 1920 by Elwood Brown, was promoted in 1921–1922 by Polish Olympic movement activists Stefan Lubomirski and Edward Wittig, but did not gain the backing of members of the IOC, including Pierre de Coubertin himself, causing the project to eventually collapse. The reasons for the failure of the project were determined to be a lack of trust in Poland as a relatively new member of the IOC, doubts as to the apolitical character of the project, fears about its usefulness in the Olympic movement and the possible downgrading of the Olympic Games, and finally concern over the political repercussions in Central and Eastern Europe in the event of the successful completion of the project.

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ANALIZA POJEDINIH MORFOLOŠKIH DIMENZIJA UČENICA SREDNJE ŠKOLE

Author(s): Nermin Salkanović,Goran Dimitrieski / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: XXI/2023

The aim of this study is to determine latent structures of morphological characteristics of student population. The study was conducted on sample of 104 students of 1 st and 2 nd grade of II Gymnasium in Zenica. They all actively participate in teaching process and have 2 classes in fond of 2 lessons. Study was conducted by 9 variables of morphological characteristics: in order to determine certain latent dimensions which, belong to areas of morphological dimensions. Descriptive analysis on univariant level was used in this study, where central and disperse parameters were determined. One - sample Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test for determination of normality of data distribution was used for calculation of intercrelation matrix of studied areas. Factor analysis of the main components of oblimin rotation through Guttman Keiser criterion, was used for determination of latent structure of morphological characteristics of mentioned group on multivariant level. Results of Kolomogorov- Smirnov test show that there were no statistically significant deviations from normal data distribution, therefore the assumption of normal distribution of all variables. Application of Factor analysis isolated 2 more latent dimensions, which explain the complete morphological area with 70.56 % of cumulative variance, 1 “pure” latent dimension was isolated and this factor defines latent structure of measures of subcutaneous fat, volume and measure of body mass with cumulative explanation of contribution of variance, which defines area of longitude dimensionality. Merging measures of volume and body mass with measures of the amount of subcutaneous fat, implies the existence of unique mechanism of control of growth and development of mentioned dimensions at this age. These results match the results of previous studies.

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SPORT, MEDIA AND BUSINESS IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROFESSIONALS AND SCHOLARS

Author(s): Simon Ličen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Despite the shift from socialist to market economy and the proliferation of media outlets and opportunities, sport and media organizations in Southeast Europe have not kept up with global trends. Most teams and fixtures have become feeders for top leagues rather than remaining aspirational destinations in their own right. This phenomenon has manifested across all former Yugoslav republics. Yet, political divergences have hindered learning from neighboring countries’ mistakes and experiences. This paper outlines the broadcasting presence of selected leagues from Southeast Europe, describes the most common motivations for mediated sport consumption, and introduces the concept of mediatization of sport. Media professionals should develop contents designed to satisfy all motivations for sport spectatorship. Scholars should study such content, the professional situation of journalists and broadcasters, and the representation of foreign athletes and women in sport. Collaboration among scholars and professionals is vital for the continued development of sport, media and business in the region.

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DIGITAL LITERACY AND TYPES OF COMMUNICATION WITH THE PUBLIC IN SPORTS

Author(s): Minja Vlajković,Andrei Jean Vasile,Biljana Vitković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

It is the responsibility of public relations professionals to encourage communication between the public and the organization. In sports clubs, discourse is crucial because it fosters tolerance and the coming together of individuals with disparate viewpoints and beliefs to work toward a shared objective. Sports teams may benefit greatly from using public relations techniques to strengthen their bonds with their fan bases. Measurement of fan groups' support and a better comprehension of the goals and missions of sports teams may be achieved by connecting the relationship outcomes to the PR process. External communication helps to build the club's reputation, gain financial support, and attract fans, sponsors, and media attention. Internal communication, on the other hand, ensures effective coordination and collaboration between players, coaches, and management personnel, enhancing teamwork and improving overall performance.

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SPORTS AVIATION IN THE WORLD AND YUGOSLAVIA AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR

Author(s): Nebojša Đokić,Dmitar Atanasov,Valentin Biryuzov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

After World War II, the accelerating demand for personal and utility aircraft gave rise to the term general aviation to describe all flying that did not fall into the category of military or scheduled air transport. Immediately before the liberation, the first aviation organization in Yugoslavia was formed in Zemun in 1944. In March 1945, the Air Force Command established the Gliding Center in Vršac, and in April classes for the first class of gliding teachers began. The first aero-clubs began to operate within the Commission for Technology and Sports, at the beginning of 1946 (later Narodna tehnika). The Aviation Association of Yugoslavia (Vazduhoplovni savez Jugoslavije – VSJ) was founded on April 25, 1948 in Belgrade. In 1950, he renewed his membership in the FAI, was unanimously accepted as a member at the 43rd general conference held in Stockholm.

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