SYSTEM REZERWY FEDERALNEJ

Author(s): Wojciech Kwiatkowski / Language(s): Polish

Jest to pierwsza w literaturze polskiej książka, w której omówiono w sposób systematyczny kluczowe zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem banku centralnego Stanów Zjednoczonych tj. Systemu Rezerwy Federalnej. Autor przedstawia historię tworzenia banku, jego strukturę organizacyjną, cele i zadania oraz sposoby ich realizacji, a także mechanizmy podejmowania decyzji przez jego organy i zakres ich autonomii w strukturze władzy USA. Książka przynosi wiedzę pozwalającą odrzucić istniejące w sferze publicznej i często bezkrytycznie przyjmowane (także w Polsce) teorie spiskowe dotyczące powstania i funkcjonowania Systemu Rezerwy Federalnej. Ich żywotność wynika zarówno z nieznajomości tego z jakimi kwestiami bank centralny USA musi zmagać się na co dzień w realiach amerykańskich, ale też z niezwykle złożonego systemu polityczno-prawnego Stanów Zjednoczonych.

Заплахите за финансовите интереси на Европейския съюз: оценка на риска от злоупотреби при обществените поръчки и използването на европейските фондове

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

Public procurement is among the governmental activities most vulnerable to corruption and fraudulent activities. Despite the controls in place, a number of government contracts give rise to errors, anomalies, fraud, misuse of public funds or corruption. The present compilation of selected best practices addresses the threat of fraud and corruption in the area of public procurement.

Вистинската цена на евтината работна сила. Политики за привлекување на странски директни инвестиции во Македонија, 2007-2015 (second revised edition)

Author(s): Branimir Jovanović / Language(s): Macedonian

Innovation Management, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability (IMES 2018)

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The 6th International Conference Innovation Management, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability (IMES 2018) took place on May 31 – June 1, 2018 at the University of Economics, Prague. The conference was organised by the Department of Entrepreneurship of the University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic in cooperation with other partners. Sound keynote speakers – Roy Thurik (Erasmus University Rotterdam), Ute Stephan (Aston Business School), Michael Fritsch (Friedrich Schiller University Jena), Stefan Schaltegger (Leuphana University Lüneburg), Marina Dabič (University of Zagreb and Nottingham Trent University), Martin Srholec (CERGE-EI) and Jiří Hnilica (University of Economics, Prague), discussed the trends in the fields of innovation management, entrepreneurship and sustainability. The conference aimed to achieve academic excellence in a regional context and to establish a platform for mutual collaboration, exchange and dissemination of ideas among researchers and professionals. These conference proceedings contain contributions of the conference participants presented during both days of the conference. Authors of papers come from 30 countries all over the world, namely from Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Netherlands, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, USA, Vietnam. All these contributions have successfully passed the doubleblind peer-review process.

PPP TOOLS AS AN INNOVATION ELEMENT FOR THE QUALIFICATION OF THE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT SECTOR IN THE EU POLICY FRAMEWORK FROM A REGIONAL POINT OF VIEW. EMILIAROMAGNA POLICY AND A CASE-STUDY, WITH AN ASSESSMENT ON PPPS IMPACTS AND ADDED VALUE AT A REGIONA

Author(s): Elena Tagliani / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the European and Italian policy contexts, the evolution of PPPs instruments was characterized firstly by the interest for the anti-cyclical aspects, and afterwards for the high innovation potential these tools can bring to the public procurement market. Italian Regions are in charge of many territorial development policies; not only are they policy owners, but also a key factor for the success of any development strategy. Emilia-Romagna Region presents a local policy for the promotion of PPP tools in the regional context; moreover, the Region published in 2013 a case study, with an analysis of the main PPP aspects which can bring positive impacts to the regional economy. The study concludes that PPPs can become a real value for money for a regional authority, mostly when a PPP is operating in a regional strategic framework and in a coherent regional system. In that case, PPP is an instrument to enhance the quality in the public-private relationship, not only regarding the project’s outputs, but also regarding the possible outcomes for the economy and the social inclusion. Furthermore, in a solid regional policy context, public and private partner can build/create added value for all, making sure that the right conditions for success are put in place, and that the PPP instrument is the best suitable for the specific territorial need it’s aimed at.

Struktura zdrojů neziskových organizací a její determinanty

Author(s): Vladimír Hyánek,Jiří Špalek,Laura Fónadová,Tomáš Katrňák,Marie Hladká,Marie Jakubcová,KLÁRA Placier / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Dostupné české oficiální zdroje jsou jen částečně schopny zachytit změny ve struktuře příjmů neziskových organizací. I proto se naše analýza, opírající se o data z rozsáhlého empirického šetření, zaměřuje na popis struktury zdrojů neziskových organizací a jejích změn ve sledovaném období. Jejím cílem je zjistit, zda došlo mezi roky 2008 a 2013 k posílení či naopak k poklesu významu jednotlivých typů zdrojů organizací. Zajímá nás především, zda, resp. jak se mění relativní význam veřejných zdrojů v celkové finanční struktuře neziskových organizací v ČR. Liší se podíl veřejných zdrojů a změny v něm mezi lety 2008 a 2013 z hlediska odvětví působení organizací?

Monetary Policies in Response to Covid-19 Crisis in the Balkans. Challenges to Central Banks

Author(s): Tsvetelina Marinova,Nikolay Nenovsky / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Balkan countries (Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia) the coronavirus pandemic has had serious economic and social repercussions. While in Bulgaria there are a number of formal, legal constraints to pursuing expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, as well as those stemming from the participation of the Bulgarian lev in the exchange rate mechanism 2 and the EU Banking Union, in Romania and Serbia the government and the central bank dispose of more policy tools and opportunities to react to crises. This is evidenced by the applied monetary easing strategies, including quantitative easing as well as other unconventional monetary policy and liquidity measures during the pandemic. In this regard the aim of the paperis to demonstrate to what extent the type of monetary regime determines the scope and nature of reactions in the event of a shock and crisis associated with systemic uncertainty and the possibilities for economic recovery in the three Balkan states.

Oszustwa związane z VAT. Ewolucja oszustw typu MTIC

Author(s): Łukasz Pastuszka,Dariusz Strugliński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of the chapter is to present the subject of VAT fraud, with particular em-phasis on MTIC fraud, and to present the evolution of fraud over the years. Discussion of fraudpatterns, fraud participants, goods used in VAT fraud as well as tax fraud mechanisms will allowto understand both the changes that occur in VAT fraud and why VAT fraud is still a challenge forEU Member States.Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the purpose, the opinions of tax law experts, informationprovided by the Ministry of Finance and the National Revenue Administration, published documentsof the European Commission and organizations dealing with detecting and combating VAT fraudwere used. The chapter was also based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union(CJEU) and national administrative courts.Findings: Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that VAT fraud, in particular MTIC fraud, stilloccurs and has a significant impact on the VAT gap. Criminals organizing VAT fraud modify boththe fraud schemes and the goods or the number of participants in the crime fraud. Knowledge aboutVAT fraud and its evolution is useful not only for the National Revenue Administration but also forhonest taxpayers who want to avoid being involved participating in a fraud.

Metody ograniczania luki VAT

Author(s): Arkadiusz Bernal / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to review and evaluate actions taken to reduce the VAT gap. Design/methodology/approach: The review of actions was conducted taking into account the various causes of the gap, including the carousel frauds in particular, but also the abuse of the subjective exemption, the unregistered sales to consumers, the consumer imports of goods ordered online, the electronic services provided by entrepreneurs located in third countries, the illegal application of a reduced tax rate and smuggling. Findings: The actions taken by public authorities to reduce the VAT gap show that in Poland in recent years much has been done to effectively reduce the range of the gap. Among the measures taken were: educational campaigns, creation of public taxpayer registers to verify current and potential contractors, the introduction of split payment method, increased sanctions for the VAT frauds, including those imposed on tax representative, the abandonment of the exemption for imports of low-value goods and the obligation to recognize such imports through so-called electronic interfaces, and the change of quarterly reports to monthly for taxpayers starting their business. Many actions involve new technologies, such as issuing structured electronic invoices, recording sales to consumers on online cash registers, the obligation to provide consumers with the opportunity to make cashless transactions, and the mandatory submission of monthly VAT settlement reports electronically. Digitalisation causes a significant increase in the scope of data at the disposal of the tax administration as well as acceleration of their circulation. Both changes assisted by the centralization of tax administration and the use of artificial intelligence significantly hinder tax frauds.

Dochowanie należytej staranności na gruncie VAT w dobie cyfryzacji

Author(s): Dariusz Strugliński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to present the possibilities of using IT tools and databases by a taxpayer exercising due diligence. The most important circumstances that will be taken into account by tax officials in the assessment of entrepreneurs’ activities in VAT settlements are presented in the document Methodology for assessing due diligence by buyers of goods in domestic transactions, which is why this document is presented in this chapter. Selected IT tools and databases are also discussed useful in verifying contractors and transactions. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the purpose, the documents published by the Ministry of Finance was used. In addition, information available on the Internet about search engines and databases was used. Information obtained during various meetings and trainings with taxpayers was also used. Findings: Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the taxpayer can verify the contractor and partly the transaction using publicly available databases and IT tools. For a taxpayer who wants to exercise due diligence, it is useful to know the Methodology and know about the available sources of information and how to use them.

Управление на качеството на външния одит в публичния сектор – нов МСВОИ 140

Author(s): Toma Donchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Quality management of audit directly affects the achievement of the objectives of the audit and of the Supreme Audit Institutions. The internationally accepted basis for quality management is ISSAI 140, adopted by INTOSAI, which was the subject of a comprehensive change that ended in 2023 and effective date to enter into force is 1.1.2025. The main change related to audit quality is adopted risk-based quality management approach compared to the prescriptive quality control approach until now. This report aims to present the main requirements and specifics of the risk-based approach to external audit quality management in the public sector.

Examining Economic Growth, Development, and Quality of Life. A comparative Analysis of Romania and The Republic of Moldova

Author(s): Gina Ioan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter by Gina Ioan presents a comparative analysis of the quality of life from an economic perspective in Romania and the Republic of Moldova. It examines the relationship between economic growth and economic development, using statistical data to explore the factors influencing economic well-being. The study highlights the significant differences in macroeconomic indicators, income levels, and quality of life between the two countries. It delves into aspects such as GDP growth, poverty rates, health, education, and the impact of COVID-19 on economic stability. The chapter underscores the importance of sustainable economic policies and strategies to enhance the quality of life and reduce socio-economic disparities.

Podatek od niektórych instytucji finansowych – geneza, założenia a skutki fiskalne i gospodarcze

Author(s): Aneta Chodakowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The main aim of the paper is to present the legal basis for the tax on certain financial institutions in Poland, as well as its fiscal and economic consequences. It also identifies and compares the reasons for taxing the financial sector in Poland with those in other countries. Methodology: The paper contains critical analysis of the literature, which is followed by the data analysis. Findings: The primary reasons for implementing the tax in European countries were anti-crisis measures. In contrast, in Poland, the main aim of taxing financial institutions was to secure additional sources of financing for budget expenditures as well as to increase and equalise the tax burdens of financial institutions towards society. The effectiveness of achieving this goal remains unclear due to the tax incidence mechanisms that were triggered immediately after the new regulations came into force.

Приложимостта на модела ChatGPT в процеса на обучението по счетоводство в публичния сектор

Author(s): Daniela Feschiyan / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper presents the results of a study in the form of an interview on the applicability of the ChatGPT model on the topic of public sector accounting. The research focuses on ChatGPT because it is the most widespread artificial intelligence in a global aspect to date. In the conducted experiment were asked questions, which were accompanied by their answers and the corresponding findings. It was found that artificial intelligence presents definitions of fundamental concepts, regulators and systems in accounting incomprehensibly and factually wrong. In the author's opinion, ChatGPT is a language model for creating texts without, however, meeting any of the requirements of credibility, scientific value and scientific ethics. It was concluded that the use of the ChatGPT model in public sector accounting learning processes requires a specific training of the AI itself to convey correct answers and messages to the users of the respective learning platform.

Стандарти за оповестяване на информация за устойчивостта

Author(s): Snejana Bacheva,Rumiana Pojarevska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In recent years, governments' efforts have focused on creating an economy that benefits people and the environment. Businesses are exposed, directly or through third parties as suppliers and customers, to a significant risk of climate change. Users of financial statement information to assess how climate-related risks and opportunities affect the financial position of enterprises, including their future cash flows and their value, need reliable information. The latter raises the need to establish a regulatory framework that sets out the disclosure requirements for the risks and opportunities of undertakings. New challenges are open to accountants and auditors related to the appropriate disclosure of these issues. The report focuses on the main requirements of IFRS S1 General Requirements for Disclosure of Financial Information Related to Sustainability and IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures for disclosure of sustainability and climate risks and opportunities.

Inflation and Defined Contribution Pension Schemes in Central and Eastern European (CEE) Countries

Author(s): Jeko Milev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Pension systems in most of the CEE countries were significantly reformed at the beginning of 21st century. The introduction of fully funded components in addition to the traditional pay-as-you-go ones marked the beginning of a completely new age in the development of the pension systems in the region. The basic goal of the current paper is to research the investment performance of the defined contribution pension schemes in several CEE countries – Estonia, Slovakia, Romania and Bulgaria. The thesis defended throughout the article is that conservative types of investment portfolios for long term investors such as pension funds are not appropriate especially under scenario of significant inflation rate. The results of the research show that those countries where pension fund managers were allowed to structure portfolios with different risk profile have much higher chance to protect the savings of insured individuals in real terms in prolong period.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ И ВЪЗМОЖНОСТИ ЗА ФИНАНСИРАНЕ НА ОБЩИНСКАТА ТУРИСТИЧЕСКА ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА

Author(s): Desislava Kalcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Local infrastructure is of utmost importance for the development of the overall vision of tourism. The built road connections, the maintained tourist sites and the general local public infrastructure are important prerequisites for attracting tourists and developing tourism in a given local territorial community. The interest in this report is the importance of the tourist infrastructure in a given municipality and the possibilities for its financing. The object of research are the various financing options - through own municipal funds, with grants, with debt, etc.

ГЛОБАЛНИЯТ МИНИМАЛЕН ДАНЪК И БЪЛГАРИЯ: ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЕ, ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВА И БЪДЕЩИ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

Author(s): Stefani Harizanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report analyzes and draws conclusions regarding the impact, challenges, and future prospects for Bulgaria as a result of the implementation of global changes related to the global minimum tax.

МСС 12 ДАНЪЦИ ВЪРХУ ДОХОДА И ОТЧИТАНЕ НА ОТЛОЖЕНИ ДАНЪЧНИ АКТИВИ И ПАСИВИ В КОНТЕКСТА НА ГЛОБАЛНИЯ МИНИМАЛЕН ДАНЪК

Author(s): Stefani Harizanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report analyzes the impact of the amendments to IAS 12 on the accounting of deferred tax assets and liabilities, focusing on how these amendments affect accounting and disclosure practices, the effect of temporary exceptions, and the practical and administrative challenges associated with them.

Подобряване на оценката на кредитния риск чрез отворено банкиране: предизвикателства и възможности за финансовите институции в България

Author(s): Dafinka Lazarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The introduction of Open Banking in Bulgaria offers significant potential for enhancing credit risk assessment methods in the banking sector. Open Banking provides financial institutions with access to richer and more up-to-date financial information, creating opportunities to improve the accuracy and efficiency of risk assessment models. This study examines the role of Open Banking in building better credit models, focusing on the potential benefits of improved customer segmentation and the adaptation of financial products to their specific needs.