CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Statistical approach to calculation of VAT and problems related to tax credit and export tax refund

Author(s): Maryna Afanasieva,Tetiana Davydiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 09+10/2016

The Theory of National Accounts opens up new possibilities for improving VAT taxation. New terms have been introduced: statistical tax rates are equal to the current VAT rate multiplied by the share of value added for VAT or by the share of input for the export tax refund (ETR) in products output, which are calculated for selected sectors of the economy on the basis of National Accounts. Statistical tax rates allow for determining VAT or ETR from sales turnover, which reduces the probability of tax fraud. Time limitations associated with a three-year delay in the calculation of National Accounts are treated as insignificant in many cases. The authors of the article have suggested an algorithm of taking into account VAT exemptions and made calculations using statistical data for the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Information about VAT exempted turnover should be obtained from the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine and compiled into the National Accounts Database. The Input-output approach to the calculation of VAT can be applied both for the analysis of tax legislation and for direct VAT assessment.

More...

Public debt of Ukraine: current status and options for its optimization

Author(s): Nadiya Rushchyshyn,Irina Buchko,Zoryana Kostak / Language(s): English Issue: 09+10/2016

There is an urgent need to decrease the size of debt in Ukraine, but instead recently the amount of public debt has been increasing and potential sources of debt repayment of the previous periods were reducing. Therefore, improvement of the efficiency of public debt management and search for optimization of state’s external debts are major challenges. The research is aimed to assess current state of Ukraine’s public debt, and to define tools that would allow to reduce it and to optimize international borrowing. The authors offer to use a system approach to debt management by providing the Committee on debt security management with major authorities in this area.

More...

Measuring media liberalism or dirigisme degree by country

Author(s): Leyli Ali Allakhverdieva / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04/2021

The author measures the degree of the public regulation of the information services provision via media (media liberalism degree), namely via printed media, and television and radio broadcasting. The methodology of measurement of media liberalism degree (media freedom subindex) is part of the index of liberalism (or dirigisme in opposite) of information services, prepared according to Professor N. Muzaffarli’s assessment of the degree of the government intervention in the economy. In order to measure the media freedom subindex, the following indicators are used: the VAT index on printed publications, the VAT index on television and radio broadcasting, the index of license fee for watching TV, the VAT index of license fee for watching TV, the index of penalty for late VAT payment, the corporate tax index, the ratio of private and the state TV channels subindex. Measuring those indices in the studied group of countries made it possible to establish that: 1) Azerbaijan and Georgia are the most liberal countries with regard to the VAT index on printed publications, Bulgaria is the most dirigiste country; 2) the minimal VAT index on television and radio broadcasting is observed in Malta, the maximal - in Hungary; 3) in most countries the index of license fee for watching TV is lowest, with Austria having the highest indicator; 4) in Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation, Georgia and Armenia there is no concept of license fee for watching TV, respectively there is no related VAT; in the UK, Ireland, Malta, the Netherlands and Sweden this type of tax is not levied either; 5) the most liberal country in terms of the index of penalty for late VAT payment is Hungary, whereas Slovenia is the most dirigiste; 6) the most liberal country with regard to the corporate tax index is Hungary, while the most dirigiste is Malta; 7) in most countries the ratio of the private and state-owned TV channels subindex is equal to zero (there are no local public TV channels), with France being the most dirigiste country in terms of the subindex mentioned above. It can be noted that the most liberal media belong to Cyprus, the most dirigiste - to France. In most of the researched countries the media are more liberal than the relative center shows. It has been found that most countries with a higher level of economic development adhere to less dirigiste media policies, and vice versa. Also, there are countries that do not lend themselves to this pattern, for example, Ireland.

More...

The effect of information technology innovation on good public governance: a case study in Indonesia

Author(s): Ika Sasti Ferina,Nunuy Nur Afiah,Sugiono Poulus / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04/2021

This study touches upon fraud prevention at the Regional Public Hospital (RSUD) in Sumatra Region in 2021. The authors used a quantitative approach to conduct the study. This research is based on a survey of 421 respondents, namely the personnel of the Medical Recording Department, the Internal Inspection Unit, the Medical Committee, the Coder, and the Accounting Department at RSUD. Sumatra was chosen to be the region under research because, according to data from the Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW), Sumatera Region has 6 provinces where most cases of fraud have been reported in government hospitals. The data analysis technique uses Structural Equation Modelling (LISREL). The results of the study show that: (1) information technology innovation has a positive and significant impact on public governance; (2) fraud prevention has a positive and significant impact on public governance; (3) information technology innovation has a positive and significant impact on public governance in terms of fraud prevention.

More...

Certain issues of the sustainability of public services in municipalities on macro and micro levels, with special regard to the period of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis in Hungary

Author(s): Csaba Lentner,Szilárd Hegedűs / Language(s): English Issue: 05+06 (1)/2021

The study examines the task performance and the financial management by Hungarian municipalities in two dimensions between 2011 and 2021. On the one hand, the revenues and expenditures, their composition and the debt of Hungarian municipalities are analysed from a macro-financial perspective and in the context of the European Union. On the other hand, in our analysis conducted with a microeconomic approach, we are seeking an answer for the question as to how local governments assess the quality of their own task performance and the changes in their revenues between 2018 and 2021 during a pandemic crisis that has «arrived» at a stabilised status. In the periods of two years before and after the pandemic, we aim to expose substantial effects and their abrupt changes through pieces of empirical research. In our study, we have set up two hypotheses. First, the economic crisis arising in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic has considerably impaired the municipalities’ task performance and their revenue-earning potential. Our other hypothesis is that the pandemic has had a more dramatic economic impact on larger municipalities. We carried out the macro-financial examination with time series analysis, while the microeconomic analysis was based on a survey, which was mainly assessed with descriptive statistical methods and with the help of variance analysis as a multivariate method. The most important conclusion of the study is that a strong centralisation of a Hungarian type was capable of managing and consolidating the fiscal overspending before 2010 and the financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 simultaneously, but in the case of an exogenic crisis it considerably decreases the responsiveness and resilience of municipalities.

More...

The minimum wage in the national economy: reasons and changes in Poland

Author(s): Rafał Rosiński / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Motivation: The minimum wage protect employees from excessively low wages. It helps ensure fair participation in economic development for the general public. The minimum wage in the economy is an essential element in a country’s economic policy. Decisions concerning the implementation and changes in the minimum wage are part of the socio- economic policy of the state. Research on minimum wage relate to its overall impact on the level and structure of wages, employment, productivity at work, the size of the gray economy, the level of poverty and public finances. Factors affecting changes in the minimum wage are formal and non-formal. The question therefore arises which factors are decisive in the Polish economy. Aim: The aim of this paper is to present the essence and causes of changes in the minimum wage in Poland in 2003–2020 with particular regard to formal and non formal aspects. Results: On the basis of research carried out in Poland, a link between minimum wage and inflation was observed. There is also a fundamental relationship between the minimum wage and average wages in the economy. It has been shown that the minimum wage is not without significance for the impact on public finance sector in Poland

More...

The Reaction of the Italian Tax System to the COVID-19 Pandemic among European Constraints and Constitutional Values

Author(s): Francesco Cannas / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article aims to provide the non-Italian reader with an overview of the Italian perspective on the tax interventions that were adopted during the pandemic and those that will have to be adopted in the future to address the consequences they have left behind. It is not an article listing or explaining the measures that have been taken by Italy, however, it delineates the main tax issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of constitutional and EU law. The purpose is strictly comparative and is intended to provide the foreign reader with an opportunity to draw points of reflection and comparison.

More...

Banking regulations, financial system stability and trust in the ECB: a structural equation model

Author(s): Muslum Mursalov / Language(s): English Issue: 07+08 (2)/2021

Government interventions has long been a question of great interest in a wide range of fields. Scholars have been debating the scope and degree of intervention in the banking sphere that considers government capabilities. This study set out to provide some empirical evidence on the intertwined relationship between government interventions carried out through banking regulations and trust in the European Central Bank (ECB), taking into account the mediating role of financial system stability. A combination of quantitative approaches was used in the data analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis in STATISTICA was applied for hypothesis development, followed by the structural equation modeling (SEM) based on the statistical package SEPATH used for research hypothesis testing.This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring that financial system stability mediates the path between banking regulation and trust in central banking.It was found that stricter government regulatory and supervisory interventions in the banking sphere are changing the imprudent financial institutions’ behavior, however, negatively accomplishing financial development financial markets and institutions. Meanwhile, both financial system stability and banking regulations contribute to trust in the ECB. The research findings add to the growing body of research that indicates that stricter government regulatory and supervisory interventions in the banking sphere drive trust violations in central banking upon the causal chain by virtue of financial development financial markets and institutions deterioration.

More...

Youth innovative entrepreneurship under digitalization of economics: analysis of foreign experience in assessing the effectiveness of support

Author(s): Maxim Sokolov,Dmitry Marushko,Leonid Zhigun,Ivan Morozov,Meir Surilov / Language(s): English Issue: 09+10/2021

In the international sense, the digital economy is a network, systemically organized spatial structure of relations between economic entities. It includes the sector of creation and use of new information, technologies and products, telecommunications services, electronic business, electronic commerce, electronic markets, remote services and the like. There are different views on what should and should not be attributed to the digital economy. Initially, it was assumed that this is an expanded concept of the Internet economy, which includes neighboring market segments. This understanding has been revised in recent years, as many industries, including the «real industry», are undergoing a digital transformation. The process covers retail, passenger and cargo transportation, tourism, industry, agriculture, catering, hotel business, medicine, public administration. The enterprises of these industries, which caught the trend and started changes, become, in fact, Internet companies.The purpose of the work is to analyze the past experience of supporting young entrepreneurs in the context of state subsidy and financing programs.In the course of the work, the task is to analyze the foreign experience of supporting young entrepreneurs and its implementation in Russia using international experience in conditions of new digital economy.The results of the work will be useful for analyzing the impact of support mechanisms for start-up entrepreneurs in the CIS.

More...

Social and economic consequences of the influence of bronchospasm on health of children and adolescents in the context of public health management improvement

Author(s): Irina Farber,Natalya Geppe,Angelina Polyanskaya,Svetlana Chebysheva,Marianna Aksenova / Language(s): English Issue: 09+10/2021

The health status of the population as an integral indicator is a part of the socially-oriented policy of the state, which reflects the degree of its social development and the state of ensuring the quality of public health. It is determined that the current demographic situation in Russia is accompanied by a rapid deterioration in the health of the population and reduction in the number of people of working age for the reason of premature mortality which inevitably causes a decline in human capital. Losses significantly affect the economic, social and intellectual potential of the country. High cost of medical services, dissatisfaction with the quality and limited access to medical care do not meet the interests of the state, patients, and medical service providers.In this regard, the purpose of our paper is to analyze the impact of bronchospasm in children as a peculiar disease that requires medical treatment and otherwise influences future population health and social and economic indicators on the country’s economy and to study the impact of this widespread diseases on the overall economic and socio-economic situation in the country taking into account comparison and indicators from different countries of the world.It has been concluded that to achieve set health goals in public health and reduce negative health impact, international and national public and private partnerships should be promoted.

More...

The pentagon fraud theory perspective: understanding of motivation of executives to manipulate with the financial statements of a state-owned enterprise

Author(s): Kusumaningdiah Retno Setiorini,- Rahmawati,- Payamta,Sri Hartoko / Language(s): English Issue: 11-12/2021

State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in Indonesia are important economic actors in the national economy. However, SOEs have problems with accountability and financial transparency. SOEs problems ultimately lead to high economic costs and reduce efficiency. This study aims to determine the practice of fraudulent financial statements in SOEs. The method used in this research is descriptive. Data was obtained using observation and documentation of the Garuda Indonesia Group company which is a major airline in Indonesia. In addition, data were obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), which consists of 36 samples. This study analyzes the financial statements from 2010 to 2018 as an independent variable. The dependent variable is measured by the elements of the pentagon fraud theory (pressure, opportunity, rationalization, competence, and arrogance) to detect fraudulent financial statements. Data analysis uses Kernel regression parameters, namely R-squared, predictive sign, and standard error, to detect earnings management in the context of the Garuda Indonesia Group.The results show that all the elements of the pentagon fraud theory affect financial statements. The study results show that the pentagon theory of fraud can be relied upon to detect misreporting in financial statements of SOEs. Furthermore, the study results are expected to be considered by related parties to be better prepared when detecting financial statement fraud using the fraud pentagon theory model.

More...

Comunicarea instituțională în era digitală

Author(s): George-Alexandru Istrate,Radu Alexandru Budu,Claudiu Aurelian Popa / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2022

The increasing use of the Internet worldwide has led many institutions to consider an online presence as a necessity. The Internet has become a part of everyday life for many institutions, most of whom use it to interact and communicate with others. Public institutions have resorted to the implementation of integrated digital systems to facilitate their work and to be able to interact with the public much better through the Internet. The pandemic with the new coronavirus brought with it the digital development of public institutions, thus creating new intelligent communication systems with an automatic response. An important advantage of online communication in public institutions is that it allows access to people from various places around the world with just a few clicks of a button. No matter where we are, we can only interact with people from other parts of the globe with a simple internet connection.

More...

Acceptarea noii tehnologii deschise de date în serviciile publice

Author(s): Ioana-Marinela Turtă (Gavriluță) / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2022

Open government data (OGD) contributes to increasing the quality of public services provided by local public administration to citizens. These data create the necessary framework to be able to determine the opportunity of certain public policies or decisions for the life of the local community. The OGD is still being adopted in public sector organizations. Considering that the digitalization of the public services of a city is a topic that occupies an important place on the public agenda, this article presents a review of the literature, a proposed research model and a case study from the city of Iași, Romania. The Local Public Transport Company makes open data available to all interested parties and allows the development of solutions that support urban mobility and the quality of life of citizens.

More...

Валутни отношения и платежен баланс – теоретични аспекти

Author(s): Tsvetan Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 13/2021

The object of research in the respective study is the specifics of currency relations internationally. The subject of the study may change the monetary policy, which affects the international payments between the countries and finds direct expression in the position of the balance of payments of the countries. On this basis, the aim of the work is to shed light on the mechanisms for conducting the monetary policy of countries, the countries in the international economic relations. In view of this, it is also subject to the analysis of the effect on international payments.

More...

Düşük Faiz Politikası ve Enflasyon: Neo-Fisherian Yaklaşım Çerçevesinde Türkiye Üzerine Bir Analiz

Author(s): Hilal Şeker,Baki Demirel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2022

This study aimed to analyze whether the political propositions of a Neo-Fisher monetary policy would be valid for the Turkish Economy, and the fact that the interest policies implemented by the CBRT in Turkey are frequently discussed, constitute the main motivation of the study. Based on the basic assumption that long-term permanent interest rate shocks may increase inflation expectations and the Neo-Fisher Effect may be valid in Turkey, unit root tests were conducted by using the data of the Turkish economy covering the 2002-2017 period, and then Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test (ARDL model). The causality relationship between the variables was investigated by using different theoretical models created in the analysis. The results for the first model revealed that the Fisher Effect might be valid in the short run in Turkey. In the second model, it has been found that keeping long-term interest rates high will create an inflationary effect by increasing inflation expectations, and the Neo-Fisher Effect may be valid. Although Neo-Fisherian effects were observed among the variables, it is important to consider the economic situation of Turkey in political conclusions. Therefore, increasing the credibility of the CBRT and focusing on financial stability should be provided rather than a Neo-Fisher policy implementation.

More...

Efektivno kontrolno okruženje kao pretpostavka stabilnog sistema internih kontrola

Author(s): Tamara Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

This paper strives to explain the essence and significance of the control environment, the related responsibilities, but also to indicate the problems concerning its establishment and enforcement. The scientific methods used include description, deduction and induction, abstraction and concretization, and comparison. As the author concludes, the internal control environment is not just the foundation of the internal control system, but also the prerequisite of sustainable and successful business. The reasons could be found in facts that the ineffective control environment can lead to the crash of a business system, but if effective it can represent a significant competitive advantage. In essence, it comes up to organizational culture that includes two dimensions – formal structures and ‘soft’ behavioral aspects. Therefore, in order to effectively manage the control environment, it is imperative to understand the dynamics of relationship between people and organization. The management carries the primary responsibility for control environment, as for the total internal control system. However, internal audit may provide its contribution and create added value through the support given to management in relation to the control environment risk identification, evaluation and improvement. Although there are numerous obstacles and delicate issues concerning the enforcement and evaluation of control environment’s policies and procedures, it should never be an excuse not to pay a due attention to this significant matter.

More...

Uloga transfernih cijena u uslovima savremenog poslovanja

Author(s): Branka Vukoja / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2017

This paper provides an overview of transfer pricing as an increasingly key issue in international business and trade and examines the topic from both micro (firm level) and macro (economy wide) perspectives. Transfer prices are valuations of products within a firm and represent a common and important instrument of managerial accounting, financial accounting, and taxation. On a micro level, how transfer pricing decisions are made within a firm is examined via a case study in Croatian company, highlighting the difficulty in solving the corporate transfer pricing problem. The task for company manager was to express his opinion on the transfer pricing models used in their company. On a macro level, recent literature is reviewed that demonstrates the impact that transfer pricing has on the larger economy. Practical experience shows that different transfer pricing methods may provide for different results. For this reason a thorough understanding of the different methods is essential for successful planning and documentation of transfer prices among MNEs. Not every transfer pricing method can be applied to each business transaction. The applicability of a transfer pricing method depends on the characteristics of property or services, functions performed, risks borne, contractual terms, economic circumstances and business strategies. Result of this paper represents that application of transfer pricing in BiH companies mostly depend on the contractual terms and business strategies.

More...

TO DEFINE OR NOT TO DEFINE? A QUERY ON THE NOTION OF COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Author(s): Osman Bugra Beydogan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The European Union (the EU) owes its existence to economic objectives. In territorial terms, Europe is the historical cradle of intellectual property (IP) and the pioneering economic activities in the region have long been inextricably intertwined with the IP-intensive sectors. Therefore, the importance of IP in the European economy, both internally and globally, is ubiquitous. At the external relations level, the competence allocation between the EU and its Member States hinges upon the elusive notion of ‘commercial aspects of intellectual property’ which has been prone to definitional ambiguity since its inception. Against that background, this article primarily aims to pinpoint whether the said notion is intended and/or utilized to delineate a confinable area within the international affairs of IP. In doing so we shall put in the perspective the economic/political continuum preceding the inception of that concept and piece together the legislative and jurisprudential development with a view to reason a definitional apprehension. Finally, having formulized a definitional paradigm, we shall reflect on the likelihood of an autonomous EU law concept in this particular context.

More...

Evaluating the relationship between sustainable development, localisation and the informal economy: evidence from Romania

Author(s): Ioana Alexandra Horodnic,Colin C. Williams,Iuliana Chițac / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The aim of this paper is to deepen understanding of the relationship between sustainable development, localisation and the purchase of goods and services from the informal economy. This has not before been investigated. To do so, it reports a survey of 1,209 respondents conducted during October-December 2021 in Romania, a country with one of the largest informal economies in the European Union. The findings reveal a link between consumers' motives to purchase informal goods and services and the pursuit of sustainable development through localisation. The analysis shows that there is no purely sustainability-driven consumer in the informal economy, but this rationale is prevalent as one of several motives for a large proportion of consumers purchasing goods and services from the informal economy, who do so explicitly for the purposes of environmental protection and localisation. The implications for theorising and tackling the informal economy are then discussed.

More...

THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN FUNDING ON THE ROMANIAN SMEs. CASE STUDY ON THE REGIONAL OPERATIONAL PROGRAM 2007-2013

Author(s): Diana Elena Abalașei,Liviu-George Maha,Elena-Daniela Viorica / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Abstract: Romania's accession to the EU has allowed access to significant financial instruments for economic and social development. Their main role was to boost job creation, economic growth, and investments across Europe, with particular focus on the least developed regions and in sectors with growth potential, and Romania subscribes to this goal with all its regions. One of the most important pillars in economic development is to encourage the growth and development of SME's, which have significant economic and social effects in terms of increasing employment, encouraging innovation and stimulating competitiveness on the European market. During the 2007-2013 budgetary period, one of the main programs including financial support for enterprises was the Regional Operational Programme, through which European funds were allocated for the creation and development of microenterprises in the urban areas. The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of the these funds on the economic performance of the urban Romanian SMEs. It was evaluated how these microenterprises performed once they benefitted from the European funding, and if and to what extent these financing instruments contributed to their growth and development.

More...