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The Cohesiveness Policy of the European Union: multidimensional regionalization

Author(s): Dominika Cichońska,Jarosław Fedorowski,Romuald Holly / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

European nations may expect years of positive transformation in the next half of the second decade of the 21st century, just after decades of economic and social instability. Such transformation would involve social, political and structural changes stimulated by societies' deep motivation and well defined expectations with regard to social and health issues. In this new (and soon to come) era of transformation, fulfilment of superior goals should serve the unity of the EU as well as joint internal and external safety. While using the cohesion policy as a tool to achieve those goals, policymakers must take all those new conditions into consideration. Effective support by means of detailed and complementary regional programs/ projects is surely required. Based on the above, we have to once more interpret the definition of regionalization. We must also demonstrate new dimensions of regionalization in relation to the cohesion policy.

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Analiza bugetului sistemului public de asigurări de sănătate și calitatea vieții in Turcia

Author(s): Gabriela-Rebeca Zugravu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2018

The paper highlights the effects of the link between budgetary allocations to the public health system and quality of life in Turkey using data from OECD. Over the years, Turkey's healthcare system has undergone numerous reforms, private insurance has grown, even so an old problem from the past, hemoglobinopathy is not disappearing. The Ministry of Health seemed to be very involved in current issues and established several programs, plans or founding distinct institutions that are on his control. It is revealed that, despite the growing population in Turkey, the budgetary allocations for the health system are declining. It remains to be indicated the initiatives dedicated to counteract cardiovascular disease, infant death, and what causes a surplus of antibiotics on their pharmaceutical market.

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Impactul comerțului extern asupra performanței economice a țărilor din regiunea Mării Negre

Author(s): Robert-Adrian Grecu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2018

The main objective of this paper is to identify how imports and exports influence the economic performance of countries in the Black Sea region. The choice of countries takes into account a common feature of them considering the direct access to maritime transport whose potential for increasing foreign trade and stimulating economic growth is being investigated. The results of the study highlight the fact that this type of influence may or may not be significant depending on the level of economic development of the analyzed state while the common advantage of the geographical position does not generate the same type of effects for all states.

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Performanţa şi finanţarea spitalelor publice româneşti

Author(s): Mihaela-Bianca Stoian / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2018

The health system is facing many challenges lately due to changes in the system (lack of quality / involvement, under-funding, rigidity of rules). An econometric analysis was performed at national level, with the role to establish the influence of certain variables (healthy life years, health spending and poverty line). Also, the investigation results of financial and medical indicators. of seven hospitals in Romania are included in the paper. A comparison was made between hospitals with the aim to highlight performance results helping to respond to certain overall problems of the system that influence the performance of hospitals.

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Social Capital: Theoretical Foundations of Identification and Regulation

Author(s): Yurii Malakhovskyi,Ali Kanso,Sniganna Kovalenko / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (36)/2019

The article is devoted to solving the problem of the identification and regulation of the national economy’ social capital as the totality of the structured social and economic relations, based on the mutual informal institutions (norms and values), the compliance of which brings the benefit to the subjects of the relations in the form of the social rent, expressing the size of savings from restructuring of the institutional institutions and organizations on the basis of the clear specification of property rights, creation of the organizational structures, that ensure their effective exchange, comparison and saving of costs, arising in the process. In the basis of the state regulation of the social capital relies the process of the planned development of its main elements – trust, norms, rules, social relations, goodwill, culture.

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Еволюція пільгового оподаткування інноваційної діяльності в Україні

Author(s): Оlena Magopets,Volodymyr Shalimov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3 (36)/2019

The purpose of this study is to identify trends in the development of preferential taxation of innovative activity in Ukraine and to substantiate approaches to the formation of a mechanism for providing tax incentives for subjects of innovation activity aimed at providing favorable conditions for the formation and functioning of innovatively active enterprises and the development of national innovative economic system.It is determined that the preferential taxation of innovation activity is to encourage business entities to carry out research and development work, use and commercialization of their results, implementation of innovations, modernization of production and more. The basis for preferential taxation is the system of providing tax benefits. In Ukraine, tax benefits, as provided by the Tax Code, are provided through: tax deduction (discounts), which reduces the tax base before tax; reduction of tax liability after tax; setting a reduced tax rate; tax exemption.Based on the provisions of the regulatory acts that regulate innovation activity, the main stages of the evolution of preferential taxation of innovation activity in Ukraine are determined. Their analysis shows the absence of a number of tax breaks popular in the developed countries of the world, which are aimed at stimulating the development of the national innovation ecosystem. At present, the Tax Code of Ukraine defines only the procedure for granting a narrowed list of benefits within a small number of activities, which attests to the fact that there is no effective mechanism for preferential taxation of innovative activity. Within the domestic tax system, tax incentives aimed at the development and activation of innovative activities are reduced every year. The negative features of tax legislation reform in recent years (since the adoption of the Tax Code) are the gradual abolition of most of the benefits related to the processes of regulating and stimulating innovation.The main directions of improvement of tax legislation in terms of granting tax privileges to the subjects of innovative activity are defined (needs improvement of the terminology apparatus; the list of activities that are priorities for the national innovation economic system should be clearly defined; the same approach and procedure for granting tax benefits for all priority activities should be established). The approach to the formation of the mechanism of provision of tax benefits from basic taxes, elements of which have a powerful potential of stimulating influence on the activation of the processes of formation and functioning of innovatively active enterprises (income tax, value added tax and personal income tax) is substantiated.The provision of tax benefits to the subjects of innovation activity should be based on a systematic approach based on the interconnection and coherence of innovation policy with all components of the socio-economic policy of the state and the integration of tax benefits in the state strategic plans developments of the sphere of innovation activity.

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Форми і методи державної фінансової та кредитної підтримки інвестиційно-інноваційного розвитку економіки

Author(s): Halyna Palchevych,Larisa Petrenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3 (36)/2019

The purpose of the article is to study the forms and methods of state financial and credit support for investment and innovative development in the context of transformational changes in the economy and social sphere.The state investment projects are implemented by the state investment into objects of state ownership with the use of the state capital investments and/or the loans (loans) attracted by the state or under the state guarantees. In the modern economy, the role of the State as a direct investor is preserved for basic life-supporting industries and the social sphere, which are unattractive for private capital, as well as for industries of important State importance. The state according to the legislation of Ukraine, provides direct budgetary financing of scientific and scientific and technical activity which is divided into basic and program and target.The possibility of using state budget funds to finance investment and innovation projects is limited due to a significant budget deficit. Subvents from the state budget to local budgets for implementation of investment projects (programs) are provided exclusively for creation, growth or renewal of fixed funds of the communal form of ownership and are directed to the introduction of energy and resource-saving technologies; Construction and reconstruction of social and cultural facilities; Development of road and public utilities; Implementation of environmental and environmental activities.An important instrument of the State policy of financing investment and innovative development is the creation of a State fund for regional development, the funds of which are directed to the implementation of investment programs and projects for regional development (including cooperation projects and voluntary unification of territorial communities) aimed at the development of the regions. In order to intensify innovation activities in the regions, it is necessary to ensure adequate financing from the State Fund for Regional Development of Investment Regional Programmes and Projects with a concentration of funds on the creation of infrastructure for industrial and innovative parks, ensuring balanced development of the regions and modernization of social, production, transport and engineering infrastructure. An important instrument for enhancing investment and innovation development is state investment lending, the implementation of which takes place in the form of preferential innovation credit, consumer state credit, tax investment credit, state lending of investment projects, state investment lending of economic entities.

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Економічний аналіз економії бюджетних коштів при здійсненні публічних закупівель

Author(s): Nataliya Zdyrko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3 (36)/2019

The nature and importance of public procurement for the effective development of government customers is investigated. There is a substantiated need to carry out an economic analysis of one of the productive indicators - budget savings. The basic approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "economy" and the formulas for its definition are defined. It is proved that the determining and starting point for calculating budget savings is the expected value of the procurement item. It is proved that the determining and starting point for calculating the budget savings is the expected value of the procurement item. The negative effects, risks and disadvantages of the formal approach to procurement planning are analyzed, which leads to an overestimation / lowering of the expected value of the procurement item and, therefore, distorts the results of public procurement. A detailed description of the features of the four methods of calculating the expected value of the procurement subject in accordance with the project of the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture has been presented. Four methods have been established by customers to determine the expected value of an item through the use of: a method of comparing market prices; based on the purchase prices of previous purchases; determining the value of purchases for which state regulation of prices and tariffs is carried out; determination of the expected cost of the works, which is carried out in accordance with the developed and approved design estimates. The basic stages of determining the expected value of the subject of purchase are considered: determining the need for goods, works, services; description of the subject of the procurement, specifying the technical and qualitative characteristics; market analysis; setting requirements for terms of delivery and payment; determination of the expected value of the procurement item, depending on its type and market distribution. Methods of analysis, synthesis, graphic, analogy, generalization were used in the study.The necessity of approving the Project at the national level is proved in order to increase the efficiency of public procurement planning at the micro level (customers) and macro level (the state), and therefore to clarify the expected value of the procurement subject to determine budget savings.

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Analiza percepției privind creșterea performanței managementului carierei prin adaptabilitatea produsului educațional

Author(s): Rusalin Ionel Tînjeleu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

The present paper intends to approach in conceptual plan how the product of education is perceived by the population and the impact of educational marketing on its performance development. At the operational level, the paper aims to study the impact of the educational product on the development of career management and the creation of an effective method of developing a career that uses education and educational marketing. Two main parts were structured: a theoretical part, in which the main concepts, notions, and an ample case study were delineated, through which the correlation between the notions described in the previous paragraph was made.

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Analiza politicilor de ordine publică și siguranţă națională în plan european

Author(s): Olga Jîmbei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

This study aims to analyze public policy and national security policies at European level in accordance with the impenitent norms and actions of the European Union in this respect. The analysis aims to identify the main risk factors, the estimates of their influence on public order and national security, how the Union aims to address these dangers, and some examples of some Member States. By bringing these examples, we want to identify the objectives of action and how specialised representatives perform their tasks, what resources they use, what is the rate of criminality and how much money they spend.

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Considerații privind influența unor factori de risc cu cauzalitate economică asupra intereselor securitare ale României

Author(s): Cătălin Peptan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 14/2020

This paper deals with some of the challenges faced by the post- December Romanian economy, in the transformation from a supercentralized economy, specific to communist regimes, to a market economy that must be adapted to the current peculiarities of global society. The author presents a diverse range of risk factors for national security interests in the economic field, indicating the context of the emergence and manifestation of risk factors, how they evolve, the consequences produced at the societal level, mainly in terms of security, and last but not least the measures what should be adopted to counteract their effects. The author's approach is limited to the importance of economic security in the integrative whole of the concept of security, it is well known that it has a fundamental role in ensuring the optimal functioning of human society.

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Dezvoltare și oportunități versus amenințări și riscuri. Scurte considerații asupra României în sistemul pieței financiare internaționale

Author(s): Dragoș-Ionuț Bosînceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 14/2020

The current economic system is characterized, among other things, by theexistence of several levels of financial markets globally, depending on the degree of economic development of a particular country. The flow of investments follows, naturally, we could say, a certain route previously configured based on relevant indicators.The fînancial market is one of the mechanisms of economic development, and a genuine internal market for fînancial services is crucial for economic growth and job creation in a certain country, as outlined in the European regulations in force. Beyond the obvious positive impact of foreign investments on the economy of a state, it should be noted that this aspect also carries certain risks.

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G7 ÜLKELERİNDE ASKERİ HARCAMALAR VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Author(s): Mehmet Emre Ünsal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 7/2020

As a mandatory public finance tool, there are theoretical and applied studies which research the effects of military expenditures on economic growth. This study also aims to investigate the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth by using the data of G7 countries. For this purpose, a Panel Data Analysis is handled over the dataset of Canada, Germany, France, England, Italy, Japan and United States of America for 1970-2017 period. In this analysis, real GDP is used as the dependent variable and military expenditures, export and gross capital formation are used as the independent variables. As a result of the econometric tests, it is determined that the Panel Data Analysis must be done by Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors estimator. According to the results of the study, military expenditures affect economic growth positively in G7 countries.

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An Assessment of the Nexus Between Government Expenditure and Inflation in Nigeria

Author(s): Adewale Atanda Oyerinde / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Research Background: The on-going debate concerning the exact relationship that exists between inflation and government expenditure especially in the long and short run prompted this research. Purpose: The study assesses the relationship between government expenditure and inflation in Nigeria. Apart from government expenditure and inflation rate, other variables such as exchange rate and money supply are included to ensure a robust model. Research Methodology: Secondary data from 1980 to 2017 were collected and analysed using the Johansen Cointegration analysis and vector error correction model. Results: The results showed that apart from the bi-directional relationship that exists between the variables, there exists a strong relationship between government expenditure and inflation rate and that a significant impact is sustained from the short run through the long run. The exchange rate and money supply also exhibit a strong association with government expenditure. Novelty: The study has underscored the importance of the inflation rate in Nigeria as it affects government spending by focusing more on inflation rather than the movement that was the focus of most of the previous studies. It has also shown the causality flow from both inflation and government expenditure, which hitherto remains contentious.

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Output Volatility and Government Size in Nigeria

Author(s): Philip Ifeakachukwu Nwosa,Christopher Ehinomen,Ephraim Ikechukwu Ugwu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Research background: Output volatility has potentially adverse consequences on the economy and the stabilizing role of fiscal policy is linked to the share of government size in an economy. Hence, given the relative large share of government in developing countries, government size is expected to play an important role in stabilizing output volatility. Purpose: This study examines the relationship between output volatility and government size in Nigeria. The study seeks to establish if government size mitigates output volatility in Nigeria. Research methodology: The study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique after conducting stationarity and co-integration tests. Results: The results of the ARDL estimate showed that government size lessens output volatility but the magnitude was insignificant. Further, the study found that volatility in aggregate government spending; international oil price and public debt were significant determinants of output volatility in Nigeria. Novelty: This showed that the automatic stabilization role of government size on output volatility could not be established. The automatic stabilization role of fiscal policy can be improved by increasing social security transfers (pension payment), payments of unemployment benefits and increasing civil servants minimum wage.

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The financial transaction tax: an ANOVA assessment of selected EU countries

Author(s): Manuela Raisová,Martina Regásková,Kornelia Lazanyi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Research background: There are various forms of fiscal taxation of the financial assets. In recent times, the discussion about financial transaction tax in the EU is associated with finding the solution to problems due to great financial crisis. The European Commission has made some efforts to strengthen capital regulation and it has adopted the Directive about implementing enhanced cooperation in the field of financial transaction tax, where it analyzed options and impacts of FTT according to those countries which have already implemented similar transaction taxes in their national legislatives. Purpose of the article: Our aim is to find out the economic relationship between FTT and economic growth and to analyze the effect of FTT within selected EU countries. Methods: In this paper, we will analyze the banking environment in the EU area, and we emphasize the correlation between tax policy and economic growth. We will test FTT through three-way mixed-effects ANOVA, and analyze three Member states, Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom, which have very active attitude to implementation of FTT within other EU countries. Findings & Value added: We are interested in: (1) testing the relationship between the financial transaction tax (FTT) and economic growth (GDP); and (2) to verify the hypothesis that FTT could improve GDP growth in a country. We assume that if a country has adopted FTT in its tax system, then it will lead to a significant GDP growth, and so it could lead to financial market improvement after the crisis. Our results have shown that an increase in FTT volume would lead only to a negligible increase in the economic growth.

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Corporate Motivations for Donating to the Police in Bulgaria

Author(s): Ivan M. Aymaliev / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2017

From 2005 to 2011, the Bulgarian police force collected donations exceeding $90 million from a host of individuals, corporations, foreign governments, persons undergoing criminal investigations, and convicts. After condemnation both domestically and internationally, the practice became completely illegal in 2013. Nevertheless, in 2015, the government lifted the donation prohibition, allowing foreign governments and international and state organizations to donate to the Interior Ministry. Differentiating between utilitarian and moral models of corporate social responsibility is important, since genuine donors create higher value through their prosocial deeds than self-interested ones. Given Bulgaria’s excessive spending on public order and the ambiguous nature of donations to public servants, we seek to understand the corporate motivations for donating to the police. To address this question, we draw upon theories of corporate philanthropy, social exchange, and entrepreneurial orientation and use unique face-toface interview data from 2011 to 2013 with police officers and businesspeople. Our qualitative findings point to multifaceted drivers of philanthropy beyond those considered in the dominant strategic-instrumental perspective. We argue that donations to the police can be an expression of business executives’ altruistic values, a desire to forge strategic alliances, enhance status in social hierarchies, a form of political reconciliation, or a protection payment. Lastly, we present descriptive statistics of money donated to the Interior Ministry, discuss the potential socioeconomic consequences, and propose policies to reduce police reliance on private financing.

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Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change: The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu’s Romania

Author(s): Cornel Ban / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2012

Historically, high sovereign debt and austerity policies have coincided with regimechanging popular uprisings. Nicolae Ceausescu’s Romania was no exception. Why, when faced with a sovereign debt crisis in the 1980s, did his regime choose to pay its foreign debt as early as possible, at the cost of economic recession and dramatically compressed consumption? How did these choices relate to the regime’s failure to survive the end of the decade? The article argues that while exogenous shocks shattered the economic bases of the regime, it was the ideas with which the regime understood development and interpreted the crisis that shaped government policy responses in the 1980s. When the price of oil and development finance went up abruptly in 1979, the low energy efficiency of Romanian industry pushed the country into a situation where debt levels became unsustainable. Committed to a view of development that blended nationalist and Stalinist ideas, but with a focus on policy sovereignty, Ceausescu diagnosed the crisis as evidence that debt-financed development and policy independence were incompatible. Consequently the regime decided to pay off foreign debt through a mix of austerity, import substitution, and export-led accumulation of dollar reserves. By the time all debt was paid off in 1989, the regime’s economic sources of legitimacy were exhausted. In the external environment of 1989, this policy regime change contributed to political regime change even in the absence of an organized civil society. In addition to casting a new light on the causal mechanisms of the Romanian revolution of December 1989, the findings of this article contribute to emerging scholarship that stresses the nexus between debt-induced economic crisis and popular uprisings.

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MARKETISATION PROCESS OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: THE CASE OF TURKEY

Author(s): Egemen CEVAHIR,Miris Meryem KURTULMUȘ / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Health policies and systems are determined by the changes in the world’s economic policies. Therefore, the role and the responsibilities of governments in the health sector are also susceptible to change. In this study, given the/ in the framework generated by/ taking into account the implementation of the last 40 years policies in the world, there have been evaluated the transformation process, the finances and the services provided by the public health system, through the lens of the political economic approaches for the health system in Turkey. The transformation of the health system has been seen as a reflection of economic policies that were shaped by the social relations. The focus of this study is the marketisation process of the healthcare system in Turkey.

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The Politics of Public Spending in Post-Communist Countries

Author(s): Romana Careja,Patrick Emmenegger / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2009

A growing body of literature documents that under the economic and social pressures accompanying the post-communist transformations, governments in Central and Eastern European countries have been forced to change their spending habits. However, because most of these findings are based only on case studies or comparisons of a very small number of countries, it is difficult to observe to what extent the post-communist countries’ development patterns share commonalities or develop in unique ways. This article explores in a quantitative comparative framework the effects of government composition, globalization, political institutions, and socioeconomic factors on total public, public social, and public education expenditures in twelve nation states. The authors find that the party composition of government has the most robust effect, in that left incumbency is positively correlated with total public and social expenditures. This result indicates that in this sense, post-communist countries are similar to Western democratic ones. The authors find only mixed results regarding the effects of globalization on public spending. This might suggest that globalization does not have a direct effect on the spending policies of these countries, but rather is mediated by domestic contexts.

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