We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
For more than a decade the annual Innovation.bg report has provided a reliable assessment of the innovation potential of the Bulgarian economy and the state and development capacity of the Bulgarian innovation system. It has put forward recommendations for improved public policy on innovation in Bulgaria and the EU by drawing on the latest international theoretical and empirical research while taking into account the specific economic, political, cultural, and institutional framework in which the country's innovation system is operating. During the last nine years Innovation.bg has made specific recommendations for the improvement of innovation policy and practice, which have been supported by business and the science sector. Innovation.bg 2013 focuses on the innovation potential of the pharmaceutical sector.
More...
The article discloses the problems in improvement of investment climate, investment infrastructure and development of investment market of Ukraine due to participation of bank institutions in the integration processes on the investment market of Ukraine. The necessity of integration of bank and non-bank financial institutions on the financial market was grounded. Main preconditions for the formation of integration associations of investment direction with banks and the peculiarities of organization of mutual cooperation of investment mediators were considered. The motives and benefits of bank and non-bank financial institutions on the investment market of Ukraine were presented and recommendations for improvement of the activity were given. The results of the research presented in the article are recommended for practice in current bank activity while formation and implementation of the mechanism of investment mediation. The outcomes of the research are also may be used for adaptation of new integration associations on the investment market of Ukraine.
More...
The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "tax stimulation", to clarify its instruments from the point of sufficiency of indication for interpretation as a key factor of the state's influence on economic processes. On the basis of investigation of the essence of the concept of "stimulus" and "stimulate" in the economy the approaches to interpretation of such concepts as "tax stimulus" and "tax stimulation" have been considered. It has been substantiated that the tax stimulus is an instrument for encouraging taxpayer to certain actions (activities) in the field of taxation; tax stimulation is the process of purposeful influence of the state on tax payers to ensure of their interests in carrying out activities that is encouraged by the state due to the prospect of obtaining additional benefits and improvement of financial and economic condition. The elements of the tax stimulation are tax privileges, tax immunities, tax incentives and state financial assistance. Ensuring the clarity in understanding terminology is the basis for the development of tax stimulation system for economic development of domestic enterprises, national economy and balancing the state interests and the interests of tax payers.
More...
Under the pressure of globalisation and information technologies’ revolution nowadays world is characterized as fast changing and unpredictable. In such environment organisations cannot act separately in local markets. Consequently the internationalisation becomes as one of the vital preconditions for surviving in nowadays world.This paper focuses primarily on the internationalisation process which is complex and multifaceted. For this reason the authors present the deep analysis on internationalisation concept and introduce it as a process which is developed in regional, national and local – organisational levels.Higher education institutions and especially universities face the challenge of internationalisation as well. Universities which prepare graduates for nowadays labour market should react to ongoing changes and make their strategies orientated towards internationalisation. Universities separately implement internationalisation in their institutions according to their own institutional priorities. However it is noticed that the fragmentation of internationalisation process makes a negative impact on universities activities and competitiveness. Consequently the universities should think about their internationalisation strategies achieving their strategic goals. Scientific problem of the article is based on fostering competitiveness of Lithuanian universities in the EU or even global market, where internationalisation appears as one of main preconditions to achieve it.In developing these insights the paper aims to reveal the peculiarities of internationalisation process in Lithuanian universities. To achieve this aim three tasks were solved: to analyse the development of internationalisation concept; to analyse political and strategic guidelines of internationalisation of Lithuanian universities; to highlight the peculiarities of internationalisation implementation in Lithuanian universities.The paper presents qualitative research methods such as: analysis of Lithuanian and international scientific papers, analysis of the EU and Lithuanian documents, statistical comparative and explanatory analysis and interpretation.The results of the article: there was presented the common concept of internationalisation; there were analysed political and strategic guidelines of internationalisation of Lithuanian universities; there were highlighted main peculiarities of internationalisation’s implementation in Lithuanian universities.
More...
The topicality of the research subject. The foundations of the old-age pension scheme based on notional accounts, also referred to as the “notional defined contribution” or “non-financial defined contribution” (NDC) old-age pension scheme, were laid in Sweden in 1994, when the prevailing view was that a sustainable defined-contribution PAYG old-age pension scheme is impossible.Since then, the NDC system modifications have been implemented in several countries; since 2000, this scheme is also part of the Latvian pension system and works significantly better than the other part of the pension system - the funded pension scheme. However, the sustainability of NDC scheme is still being questioned.To prevent the NDC pension system sustainability problems, the authors (Pukis, M., & Dundure, I., 2012) in their publication “The Sustainability of the Pension System in Latvia” and (Dundure, I., 2015), the article “Sustainable Old-age Pension System by Developing Notional Defined Contribution Pension Scheme” have proposed a modified NDC model that provides sustainability of the pension system considering the known risks inherent in the pension system.The aim of the paper is to research and analyse the conditions for building a sustainable pension system by developing a Notional Defined Contribution pension scheme and working out an adjusted (modified) old-age pension calculation formula.In order to achieve the above mentioned aim, the authors set the following tasks:Define the old-age pension system based on NDC principles;Define the primary objectives of pension systems and perform analysis of pension adequacy;Define the conditions for achieving a sustainable old-age pension system based on NDC principles;Develop an adjusted (modified) old-age pension calculation formula based on NDC principles.In order to achieve the established aim and tasks, the following scientific research methods have been used in the work: analytical method, comparative method, logically and abstractedly constructive method.The analytical method and the comparative method are employed for conducting pension adequacy analysis and examination of pension capital indexation and indexation of pensions after retirement, as well as for the purpose of studying the Notional Defined Contribution pension system. The logically and abstractedly constructive method is employed for making forecasts and defining the main research results – the conditions for ensuring pension system sustainability that have been determined by the authors in the course of the research.The authors proved that by basing on the principle of generation solidarity and equity and through improvement of NDC pension calculation formula, it is possible to create the old-age pension system, which would be capable of excluding the old-age pension instability causes.
More...
The aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of safety standards in the international trade of goods on the activity of the customs administrations on the example of the Polish Customs Service.The safety of trade of goods in the international market is one of the main aspects affecting the actions taken by the customs administrations worldwide. The safety is most often defined as a condition in which the vast majority of risks associated with the conducted activity, have been identified, the probability of specific adverse events has been defined, accepted and special measures have been taken to limit the risks. In the era of globalization and trade liberalization the concept of risk analysis in the international trade and improving safety in the international supply chains is particularly important for all areas of business, as well for the public administration activity. Therefore Author of the paper is going to search for answers to the questions: To what extent the need to increase the safety of international trade in goods determines the customs service’s activity? What initiatives are undertaken by the customs administrations in order to define and to reduce the risk of goods trading? Searching for answers to these questions in first part of the paper Author will define the concept of safety of contemporary international trade by referring to the World Customs Organization Safe Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (WCO, 2007). The second part of the paper deals with the nature of the customs service and its activity by stating that in the era of liberalization the international trade of goods the competition and the role of customs authority has evolved. The third part of the paper is focused on the impact of safety standards in the international trade on Polish Customs Service activity. In this part of the paper specific strategic document: Business Strategy of The Polish Customs Service will be analyzed. The new business services offered by customs administrations, which aim is to ensure the safety of the international goods trade, will also be indicated and the effort to evaluate the effectiveness of these services will be taken.In this paper, the following research methods were used: a descriptive method, an analysis of literature and a statistical inference.
More...
Zakāh is one of the important Islamic financial instruments. It is a resource for economic development in Muslim society. The management of zakāh in Malaysia is normally placed under the State authority. Focusing on the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (FTKL), this study seeks to analyse the zakāh collection and distribution framework from certain selected Islamic banking institutions. The collection of data is made based on the available reports from 2009 to 2013, as obtained from the Zakāh Collection Centre or PPZ that is established under the Islamic Religious Council of FTKL or also known as MAIWP. Based on the examinations done on the zakāh collection and distribution framework in the FTKL, it is found that the collection and distribution figures of zakāh continue to increase in subsequent years through the efforts made by the institutions. The observation indicates that the practices of zakat collection and distribution as carried out by the Association of Islamic banking institutions already comply with the principles of Sharīah. However, there are particular areas that require improvements from the Islamic banking institutions for achieving better performance in the zakāh collection and distribution. This is crucial for the economic enhancement of Muslims in Malaysia.
More...
The study examines the principles of determining the minimum retirement age as one of the primary parameters of retirement systems. The main purpose of the article is to contribute the following to the ongoing debate on the official retirement age: methodical considerations, historical perspective and critical analysis of arguments which are put forward within the context of rising and equalising retirement age for women and men. Based on a review of the literature, epistemological considerations and also drawing on the latest empirical data, the role of the retirement age in modern old-age security systems was analysed. The arguments formulated for raising and equalising the retirement age for men and women are also discussed. The thesis proper of the paper is that the current socio-economic changes prompt the need to modify the previous approach to the age at which individuals end their professional activity. The analysis presented in the paper justifies this contention. However, the changes to the previous approach cannot be arbitrary, isolated from complex social policy or realise only short-term political goals.
More...
The purpose of the article is to disclose the interdependence of the processes of forming and publication of the financial statements and audit quality as interdependent elements of ensuring the information transparence and security in the society. The quality of joint stock company’s financial statements, informability and accessibility of auditor’s report has been investigated. Such shortcomings of Ukrainian system of information disclosure that is publication of annual financial statements in scope which is not satisfy the requirements of laws and regular acts, non-publication of audit’s reports, unconformity between the scope of published financial statements and auditors` obligation, discrepancy between managerial staff obligations and auditors` obligation have been analyzed, the ways of its solutions have been proposed. The results of investigation shows that the increasing of audit quality will be promoted by the improvement of organization of enterprise’s accounting, internal control and management what have to be provided by the elaboration of the obligatory regulations concerning assessing the observance going-concern principle, observance of laws and regulation which are influenced the enterprise’s activity, organization of internal control and fraud’s preventing system.
More...
The purpose of article is the development of theoretical and practical approaches to improve the mechanism of levying of first vehicle registration fee.Foreign experience of the mechanism of levying of car registration taxes (fees), based on carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption, is studied. Established that environmental car registration taxes (fees) are an important source of budget revenues, spread of production and sales of low carbon and environmental vehicles. In basis of „new” first vehicle registration fee laid a provision whereby persons, who are responsible for pollution, should bear the cost for it, is offered. It will reduce the number of vehicles that do not meet international standards of environmental safety.The proposed measures will enable to increase tax revenues, ensure economical use of energy resources, and improve the ecological situation in the country and regions.
More...
The article analyses the most important problems related to governance of the Polish energy sector prior to the adoption of the 2030 EU Climate and Energy Policy Framework. The document was to introduce major changes in the Polish energy mix due to restrictions placed upon the emissions of the CO2 and requirements related to the renewable sources of energy. The paper argues that in fact this overshadowed the pre-existing management problems of the Polish energy sector, in many aspects more serious than the provisions of the Framework itself.
More...
Trabzon provincial administration was made budget in 1914 via Law of City General Management. Budget was ordered by created Private Management Budget and its practicing instruction consider city characteristic. In the city management was established two different committees and these committees responsible from municipality, education, agriculture, foundation, public works. Thus, gathered taxes from citizen were given by these committees to citizen.
More...
The main object of the money - credit control by the NBU is the aggregate money supply, which influences the dynamics of economic development main indicators. The mechanism of the NBU monetary - credit policy involves primarily the impact on the credit activities of the commercial banks.The aim of the article is to elucidate the basic principles of credit - monetary policy in Ukraine and abroad, the NBU and commercial banks activities during the crisis and in a competitive environment anddetermine the waysof its improvement.In recent years, under the influence of the financial crisis the chronic problems of the bankingsector have worsened, namely internal disparities of economic development, which led to the reduction in investments,consumer finance advantage over production, lack of funding and its dependence on externalborrowing,increasingthescaleofdollarizationoftheeconomy.As the main monetary - credit controller - the NBU by its actions actually could not stop the negativetrends for individual deposits and received ineffective solution to maintain the liquidity of the commercialbanks, there is a need to find new socio - economic structures that will reduce credit - financial risks within bankingsystem.In the article the feasibility of establishing the National Bureau of lending has been grounded, the main responsibilities of the Bureau include:- Maintainingoverallcredithistoryofeachbank's customer;-Insurance of loan defaults that will reduce risk in the credit sector and will act incentive to reduceinterestratesonloans;-Theprotectionof consumerswho use credit and are bona fide taxpayer’s debt.It is offered to involve widely Ukrainian insurance companiesto lending, which reduces lending transactions risk. Moreover, the improvement of relations between СВ and the NDU will reduce the risk of loandefaults,ensuretransparencyoftherefinancing process.The proposed commercial institution should work closely with the insurance market, audit companies, and at the same time it must be independent and not a part of the state banking system. The ways and conditions of the National Bureau require significant funds, the amount of which should be carefully justify, but future benefits, as the authors believe, will exceed the costs.
More...
The aim of the paper is summarized and deepen the theoretical base for social sphere and rationale set of recommendations for improving the efficiency of its operation based on the financial aspects of development. This paper analyzes the current state of funding social services in Ukraine and its impact on provision of social services at a sufficient level and of good quality. Definitely, now Ukraine in terms of financing social sector remains far behind the developed countries. Funds are lacking not only in the field of social development sector, but also in their routine maintenance that lead to the decline of social and cultural facilities, poor provision of services and the system of social protection and social character of existing programs are not effective in reducing level or poverty in Ukraine. Therefore there is a need for new approaches and develop an effective financing mechanism for effective social sphere. In the article the proposals to improve the functioning of the socio-cultural sectors including the financial aspects of their development.
More...
The aim of the article is to study the uses of financial resources of the state pension in Ukraine and seek to enhance their effectiveness.The article describes the strategic and tactical direction of improving the efficiency of the financial resources of the state pension. It is shown that the size of future pension receives employed persons affects the rate of pension contributions, investment income on savings deposits, term pension contributions and the timing of the receipt of future pensions. Determined that the rate of pension contributions amounting to 10.5% of payroll and 6.5% on investment income gained 35 years of labor activity can achieve the greatest amount of correlation between the level of wages of employees and future pensions of pensioners – 92.5 %.Among the strategic areas of improving the efficiency of financial resources allocated pension us in practice the second pillar. The conclusion is based on the fact that such action will reduce the burden on the budget PFU, because it is poor design of its financial resources has led to the deterioration of the financial resources of this type of social insurance. Reducing the burden or cost reduction PFU eliminates the need for financing pensions from the State Budget of Ukraine, while enhancing the relationship between internal and external resources pension.
More...
This paper analyzes the far-reaching changes on social plane caused by aging population which endanger social security for old people, especially in times of global economic crisis and major changes in the labor market. A special emphasis is given to the economic unsustainability of the pension system in Serbia, where the ratio of the aging population and the working population is very unfavorable, and where high unemployment and weak economic growth threaten an aging population and increase the poverty. The analysis shows that pensions in Serbia in recent years have a real decline, and their relation to average earnings is still unfavorable despite large subsidies from the state budget which last years covers about 50 % of the expenditure for pensions. The second part of the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of PAYG (pay as you go) pension system and private pension insurance. The advantage of PAYG pension system is that it protects the retired persons' savings which would not be lost due to extraordinary market circumstances, such as wars, high inflation, etc. This system avoids the risk of a failed investment opportunities, which is the biggest weakness of private pension funds. In addition, the population trust this system believing that the government will not allow them to live in poverty when they get old. The key advantage of the private pension system is that this system realizes the economic function of pensions, because contributions paid are saving for their old age. Also, the placement of pension contributions to the capital market increase the return on investment and total government savings, which contribute to higher economic growth. Advantages of one pension system are actually weaknesses of another. Since the system "pay as you go" has proved ineffective to provide pension funding for the elderly population, which is increasing due to longer life expectancy, and its relationship to the working population is more unfavorable, it is necessary to introduce the pension reform, which has already more or less successfully implemented in many countries of the world. Globalization and especially the global economic crisis have made this issue particularly urgent. Finally, it is noted that the pension reform in Serbia should not just include leaving the system "pay as you go" and a gradual transition to a private pension plan. Also, it is necessary to implement the long overdue economic reforms to achieve significant long-term economic growth, because only higher economic growth can create the material conditions for desired changes in the pension system.
More...
The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the place of Ukraine among other countries by the level of budget openness, to specify the disadvantages inherent in different groups of countries in order to justify the directions of increasing the efficiency and transparency of the budget process and budget management in Ukraine. The methodology of calculating the Open Budget Index, which is calculated by the International Budget Partnership since 2006, is explored. Based on the analysis of the Reports of 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2015 years, the results of a comparative analysis of the position of Ukraine among the rest of the world by the level of openness (transparency) of the budget using the data of the Open Budget Index are presented. A grouping of countries was conducted using a matrix approach to establish the relationship between the levels of the Open Budget Index and the levels of public participation, oversight by legislature and oversight by the Supreme Audit Institution. Taking into account the number of countries covered by the Opne Budget Index, a detailed analysis of the indicators of a group of 28 countries in Europe and Central Asia, covering 27.5% of all countries covered by the study, and which includes Ukraine, has been made. Taking into account the indicators presented in the Report of the International Budget Partnership, in order to more accurately characterize the content of the evaluated processes, the feasibility of using the title "Index of Openness (Transparency) of Budget Management" is substantiated. The necessity of the analysis of the influence of the quality of budgetary management on other international indices has been substantiated in order to reveal their interrelation and to substantiate the directions of development of the system of budget management. The shortcomings inherent to various groups of countries of the world with the purpose of substantiation of directions of increase of efficiency and transparency of budgetary process and budget management in Ukraine are specified. The results of the comparative analysis show that more attention should be paid to public participation, since at a low level of this indicator it is not possible to reach a high level of Open Budget Index, even by creating an effective system of supervision and control by the legislature and Supreme Audit Institution.
More...
The article deals with the basic aspects of regulation on the definition and control of customs value of goods in European countries. The methods of customs valuation used in the EU, the main elements of the procedure of the correctness of its determination, especially the settlement of disputes in this area. The analysis and expediency of implementation of articles of the Customs Code of the EU in defining and controlling the customs value of goods in domestic practice.Thus, the purpose of writing is a synthesis of European experience regarding normative regulation on the definition and control of the customs value.Thus, summarizing the results of the research, it should be noted that the question of definition, control and adjustment of the customs value of goods in the EU is economic in nature and provides for the protection of customs interests of both the state and participants in foreign economic activity is regulated exclusively by regulations that are not only customs Code, but also leadership (guidance) to determine the customs value and amendments thereto, which contain detailed algorithm of actions for each of the participants customs relations. In addressing problem areas to adjust customs value of preferred consensus through written consultations between the customs authorities and participants of foreign trade who are interested in observing the customs legislation creates conditions for the development of mechanisms for customs simplifications.However, it should be noted that certain elements of the European practice of regulation study issues reflected in the Customs Code of Ukraine, however, worth noting that it is expedient adaptation implemented articles to domestic realities of state customs, which certainly should include the development and adoption of additional regulations andlegal acts that regulate issues identification, control, adjustment of customs value of goods, and will make these processes "transparent" and accessible to members of customs relations.
More...