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This article deals with the conservation, preservation and socialization of tangible and intangible cultural heritage of Muslims in Bulgaria during the accession of Bulgaria to the structures of the CoE and the EU (1990s – 2014). Basic approach in the text is the viewpoint of Cultural Heritage Science. Using the method of analysis of public policies through best practices, different aspects of preservation and conservation of the Muslim cultural heritage (places of worship, public buildings and ensembles, literary and documentary heritage, mother tongue, and social practices) are considered. The article focuses on two main issues: introduction of the European legal framework in the country, and the European structural and investment funding. An assessment of the use of EU funds in order to finance the preservation, conservation and socialization of Muslim cultural heritage is done.
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The article analyzes the image of Russia in the politics of identity of political elites that support European integration. The author believes that the leading trend is the exclusion of Russia from the "Europe", while the negative image of Russia is inevitable in establishing Europeanness. The article highlights the political, cultural, ethnic, religious, historical and civilization discourse practices of exclusion Russia from Europe. According to author, the image of Russia performs the following functions in the politics of European identity: defining criteria of Europeanness, achieving positive collective self conception, legitimating of the EU, maintaining social and political order of the EU, the legitimating of the relations between the EU countries.
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The article deals with the security issues and the related army reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We focus on the continuing armed conflicts in the east of the DRC, destabilizing the situation in the region. We analyze the facts of human rights violation and the factors impeding the creation of the national army in the country. We also cover the problem of the DRC military cooperation with a number of other countries. The analysis enables us to broaden the understanding of the origin of armed conflicts in subtropical Africa and to define the specific features of the DRC military forces. We make a conclusion that the army reform in the DRC is a complicated process, which will demand great efforts and determined decisions of the DRC authorities. However, due to the lack of financing and professional personnel, these problems remain so far unsolvable.
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Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, it has been recommended to follow up with modern and modern meanings and has tried to incorporate the appropriate ones into their own within them. Members of the United Nations, especially the international supranational organizations, have made membership. The Turkish Republic initiated the membership application process to the European Economic Community during the Adnan Menderes period in 1959. Several negotiations and protocols between the EU and Turkey have been signed during this period, which has reached nearly sixty years. Despite the fact that membership negotiation process has been passed in the ongoing negotiation process, there is still no more full membership. In the study, the membership application process between the European Union and Turkey between 1959 and 2010 was tried to be critically evaluated. Qualitative research methods were utilized during the study conducted by searching and analyzing the sources. Even though full accession negotiation processes have been passed, the Republic of Turkey has not fulfilled its sufficient socio-cultural, political and economic requirements, although its membership has still not been fulfilled, and the European Union's prejudiced attitudes have resulted in the delayed process.
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This research aims to determine Immigration Policy of the European Union, ıts historical background and problems of Turks living in Europe. European Union is a supranational construction which means to prevent wars on continent and resolving matters. European Union need workers after World War II but significant problems have arisen about workers’ permanent settlement. The Turks who went to Europe had to struggle with these problems. Firstly immigration policy then general, economic, political and religious problems will be discussed.
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In Central Asia, Kazakhstan with natural resources has attracted the attention of global countries. Since 1990 in Kazakhstan regional and global actors as US, EU, China and Russia has invested heavily. Energy sources in this country continues to be as effective factor in foreign policy. Also gives direction in Kazakhstan's foreign policy. Qualitative analysis method generally used in this study. Article was trying to explain the taken role of energy sources in foreign policy of Kazakhstan. İn this study energy initiatives of Kazakhstan with USA were examined.
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The aim of this study was found out students’ views, who was in Social Studies Education, on Turkey’s European Union member process of, in the future. In addition, face-to-face interviews conducted in order to obtain more depth information. Study was evaluated with qualitative data analysis. As a result of this study is that the views of the students’ receive no Turkey to the EU. The student were expressed that the reason was the religion of Islam and the abundance of the Turkish population. They also recommend that Turkey must been a member of the Eurasian Union instead of the European Union.
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Turkey and Greece has firstly encountered in the mid of 1950s following the resolution of conflicts stemming from Losanne Agreement. They have engaged in disputes sourcing from Aegean Sea since 1960s. Greece tried to manage power balance against Turkey’s power superiority in line with her traditional threat perception on her neighbor. In that basis, Greece searched alliances to the disadvantage of Turkey and increased her armament. In Cyprus, there is no had solution yet since Turkish peace operation on island. EU membership of Greece and Greek Cypriots made no contribution into the disputes between two countries and complicated with the involvement of other actors into discussions instead. Beginning from 1990s to present, exploratory talks at lower levels of state consultiations have been another method in generatiing solution to the conflicts. There is no comprehensive resolution in political horizon. The stability of Greece paves great importance to maintain essential political determination for negotiations. Fallacious policies and huge defence expenditures of have also contributed into recent the economic crisis. The collapse of Greek economy may cause the rise of nationalist movement and antidemocratic regime in that country.
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The creation of common market was based on four fundamental freedoms. These freedoms have remained the central issue of the EU, although their perception has significantly changed since the Treaty of Paris. The principle of free movement of workers, as a part of free movement of persons, facilitates the mobility of workers within the EU, as any citizen of EU member states is allowed to go to another member state for work, having the same workplace rights as the nationals. The principle of free movement of workers is associated with the lack of any discrimination between workers based on nationality, which is guaranteed by EU legislation. For these reasons, that principle at the same time remains one of the most controversial issues of the European integration. It is so because from the beginning of its existence, its realisation has required the necessity to reconcile – sometimes different – national interests for the sake of common market. Due to the significant disparities between member states regarding their economic status and standard of living, the principle of free movement of workers is often associated by the highly developed countries with the inflow of cheap labour force from the poorer member states that poses a real threat for its national labour markets and welfare systems. Considering the above mentioned facts, the article solves the research problem: to determine the place of the principle of free movement of workers in the process of creation of the European common market. The aim of this paper is to present the decisive stages in changing the perception of the principle of free movement of workers through the process of European integration. To achieve this aim, the main tasks are: to present free movement of workers at the beginning of European integration, the perception of free movement of workers at the struggle to implement the idea of EU citizenship, the perception of free movement of workers at the time of EU enlargements and the impact of the economic crisis of 2008+ on the realisation of free movement of workers. The paper presents a combination of several research methods: comparative analysis of international scientific works; comparative analysis and interpretation of the EU legal documents, strategies and practical papers as well as the analysis of the CJEU decisions in cases that involve the free movement of workers. The results of the article are: explanation of the emergence of the idea of free movement of workers at the beginning of European integration, presentation of the development of free movement of workers due to the implementation of the idea of EU citizenship, indication of the manner of implementation of free movement of workers for new member states, the way of realisation of free movement of workers at the time of economic crisis of 2008+.
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The current focus of Bulgarian foreign policy is the “separation from Russia and joining Europe,” joining the “Europe-Atlantic” system. It will deal with the formation of the “big space” of Russian geopolitics. For Bulgaria it is necessary to balance the interests of Russia, the US and find a better initial position to protect its own security and interests. As a “geopolitical center”, in front of big countries Bulgaria is often in a passive position, but Bulgaria still has a chance to occupy a dominant position, and therefore it only needs to take flexible, careful and practical diplomatic policies.
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Bulgaria and Syria are located in key geographic zones, in the Balkans and the Middle East, respectively. In the context of the contemporary rivalry for the supply of Europe with energy resources, Bulgarian and Syrian geographic positions facilitate the opportunity the two countries to become consumers as well as transport corridors for such deliveries from Russia, the Caspian region, Central Asia and the Middle East. This article aims to study the development of the energy policy considerations and decisions, in Bulgaria and Syria, in the beginning of the 21st century in the broader context of the formation of coherent energy policy of the European Union, and the initiation of competitive projects on behalf of the Russian Federation and different Middle Eastern, Caspian and Central Asian oil and natural gas exporters.
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As globalization and intense competition are widespread today, organizations that want to continue their existence, expand towards foreign markets, and raise their participation in international activities. In terms of the organizations that have this approach, it is important to evaluate the process of internationalization and the factors affecting this process One of the factors effective on the organizations’ process of internationalization is psychic distance consisting of factors such as difference in language, religion, culture, educational level, industrial development level and political system between the organization and the market. The concept of psychic distance has an important guiding feature organizations’ behavior in foreign markets. From this point of view, it is aimed to determine the effects of the psychic distance dimensions in Turkey’s exportation to EU countries. Accordingly, between 1990 and 2010 European Union Member countries which Turkey always export in industry, agriculture and mining sectors have been listed according to exportation figures. National cultural dimension of Hofstede and countries taking part in Freedom House index are included in the research. According to results, increasing differences between Turkey and EU countries in terms of education level, industrial development level and culture enhance the export, but increasing differences in terms of political system decrease export.
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The study investigates the ghettoization of regions and countries in the time of globalization. It is a process similar to the one that took place in 16 century in Europe when ghettos were found. The outcomes of that process are some specifics in marketing that companies are implementing on those markets. Different cases were studied. Main point is Bulgaria and its situation as the poorest country in EU.
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The difficulties in the joined actions of Bulgarian and Turkish partners on projects within the Trans-border Cooperation Program are the result of the influence of framework factors, rather than being due to cultural differences. Asymmetries, mainly economic in nature, influence the aptitudes and actions of both sides. In the prolonged situation of limited financial resources for the Bulgarian side, the projects turn to be of a key importance for it. Thus the Bulgarian partners try to perform their tasks strictly according to the requirements of EU. At the same time, for the Turkish partners the projects seem to be less attractive and thus failing to create motivation for adhering to the formal rules as well as for the timely fulfillment of the engagements which they have undertaken. In order to cope with the problems in their current and future projects, the Bulgarian actors, using experience and knowledge from previous projects, apply action oriented strategies including creation of generalized images of the Turkish partners together with narratives about meetings and conflicts with them.
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Food and food processing are among those elements of cultural heritage which become invested with considerable emotional charge. Food heritage is often constructed within particular national homogenization processes so these culinary traditions are usually considered typical and characteristic for the nation or the ethnic group. Yoghurt is typically perceived as a Bulgarian national symbol. During the last decade, however, it has been subjected to a specific process of localization related to the local cultural history and heritage of the municipality of Trun. Serving as prerequisites, the historical facts and genealogical memories create links with the significant figure of the microbiologist Dr. Stamen Grigorov, who comes from this region and his scientific discovery of the lactic acid bacteria. Thus yoghurt quickly becomes an important resource for the implementation of local development projects in the context of cultural tourism whereby it acquires new economic significance on the general level as well as for the individual owners oriented to retail production.
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The history of human rights in the context of the European Union (EU) is complex and riddled with contradictions. This was convincingly demonstrated by leading experts in the area who wrote copiously about the existence of elements of institutional bifurcation in the organisation’s policies in the area. Although the EU is an important global actor in the field of human rights and had a positive impact on a number of human rights issues, a number of incoherencies and inconsistencies in its policies continue to have a detrimental impact on its political actions on the world stage. By examining the traditional explanations for these existing deficiencies in the political and institutional system of the organisation through a document analysis, this article sketches their problematic overall impact and argues, concurring to the above-mentioned experts, that these incoherencies resulted in a bifurcated human rights regime produced by the problematic elements of the EU’s own political identity. It also considers the impact of the Union’s enlargement on its human rights policies and the potential challenges this phenomenon poses in political and social terms.
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Bosna i Hercegovina je poprište borbe njezinih susjeda protiv bosanskog stanovništva i za njezine teritorije, ali i borbe moćnih zemalja za njihove geopolitičke interese. Mnoge sile različitih pravaca i veličina djeluju na Bosnu i Hercegovinu, a rezultanta tih sila nije u njezinom interesu. Cilj teksta je da doprinese raspravi o stanju u Bosni i Hercegovini te pomogne u uspostavljanju dijagnoze i određivanju terapije za bolesnika na Balkanu i u Evropi oko koga se vrte razni “iscjelitelji”, “doktori” i “vračevi”.
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