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№142: Australia’s Asylum and Migration Policy: Lessons to Apply to the European Refugee Crisis

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

Australia has a long history of immigration, including accepting refugees. Over the years, it has developed mechanisms and instruments that aim not only to help people in need but also to provide for the country’s stability and prosperity. However, in recent years some elements of Australia’s refugee policy, especially its approach towards the so-called boat people, have come under fire. Nevertheless, the solutions implemented by Australia should be part of the EU’s efforts to find ones useful for dealing with its current migration crisis.

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№125: The Evolution of U.S. Immigration Policy: Implications for Poland

Author(s): Piotr Plewa / Language(s): English

Over the course of the last 50 years, migration to the United States has transformed from Europeanto Latin American, and predominantly Mexican. Increased legal migration from Latin America has beencoupled with increased unauthorised entries from the region. The major challenges facing U.S.policymakers concern their ability to prevent unauthorised entries and the repatriation or integration ofthose already in the country. With decreased legal and unauthorised immigration rates, Poland has lostthe potential to affect U.S. migration policymaking. Hence, it is worthwhile to assess whether thelimited benefits stemming from visa-free travel to the U.S. would justify the increase in invested politicalcapital required to secure one of Poland’s traditional foreign policy goals.

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Polish Local Government Attitudes towards the Refugee Crisis

Author(s): Adriana Skorupska / Language(s): Polish

Despite the many unknowns, including the date of arrival, funding for and characteristics of the refugees who will come to Poland in 2016 and 2017, it is certain that primary responsibility for their integration into Polish society will lie with local authorities. Key issues associated with this will be in the legal and funding areas, and regardless of when the refugees arrive, broad and swift inclusion of social partners and local government in preparations will maximise the chance that the integration process will run smoothly and in the interests of local communities and Poland as a whole.

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Migration and Development in Albania and Macedonia: the effects of remittances on education and health of family members left behind

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Albania and Macedonia as traditionally migrant sending countries have experienced unprecedented migration and the end of this process is not in sight, it continues unabated. Emigration is reshaping Albania and Macedonia affecting local politics, economies and priorities, including the education and health of the family members left behind. As regards the effect of migration and remittances on education and health outcomes, the focus on Albania and Macedonia is crucial as there has been year on year low schooling and low health outputs in both of these countries. Children’s school attendance rates and literacy rates as well as health status are relatively low, leaving significant room for improvements in educational attainment and healthcare. The education might be publicly provided, however many families cannot afford to pay for it for their members due to several expenses related to school attendance such as transport, textbooks, supplies, or other implicit costs such as losses in family members with the migration. The importance of migration and of remittances for the migrant sending countries is measured also by the well-being of their recipients in terms of improved health status and in particular the health of the children. Remittances in volumes are high, and have become an increasing source of household income. Very interesting question is whether this increasing source of income has an impact on human capital accumulation decisions, including on schooling and healthcare. Many migrant sending families receive considerable financial transfers from their family members living and working abroad. Remittances help the population in migrant sending countries to cope with the distress of poverty, the inefficiencies of local labor markets and the break-down of the social security system.

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Troublesome guests. Turkey’s plans regarding the Syrian refugee issue

Author(s): Mateusz Chudziak,Mariusz Marszewski / Language(s): English

The presence of Syrian refugees is putting increasing strain on Turkey. Since the migration agreement was signed with the EU in March 2016, the number of refugees in Turkey has risen from more than 2.7 million to more than 3.6 million. The growing anti-Syrian sentiment among the public poses a threat to the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). Faced with the prospect of a new wave of refugees from the Syrian province of Idlib, Ankara is determined and prepared to take radical measures to reduce the danger the migration issue presents for the government. The most important measure taken is the preparations being made to set up a buffer zone in northern Syria. This would serve as a location for returning at least a portion of the Syrians from Turkey, as well as a destination for potential new refugees from Idlib. This will be a difficult undertaking, even in view of the White House’s announcement of withdrawal of US troops from northern Syria. This makes it even more important for Ankara to seek political and financial support in the EU for its actions. If the West does not get on board for the buffer zone project or accept requests to revisit current cooperation with regard to migration, Turkey might resort to lapses in control of illegal people’s movement, or even stimulate it, which could open a new chapter in the migration crisis in Europe.

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Kłopotliwi goście. Tureckie plany rozwiązania kwestii uchodźców syryjskich

Author(s): Mateusz Chudziak,Mariusz Marszewski / Language(s): Polish

Dla Turcji obecność uchodźców syryjskich staje się coraz większym obciążeniem. Od podpisania umowy migracyjnej z Unią Europejską w marcu 2016 r. ich liczba w Turcji wzrosła z ponad 2,7 mln do ponad 3,6 mln. Coraz silniejsze nastroje antysyryjskie w społeczeństwie zagrażają rządzącej Partii Sprawiedliwości i Rozwoju (AKP). W obliczu groźby napływu nowej fali uchodźców z syryjskiego regionu Idlibu Ankara jest zdeterminowana i gotowa do radykalnych posunięć w celu zredukowania zagrożeń dla obozu władzy generowanych przez kwestię migracyjną. Najważniejszym z podjętych działań są przygotowania do stworzenia w północnej Syrii strefy bezpieczeństwa, do której miałaby zostać odesłana przynajmniej część Syryjczyków z Turcji i do której trafialiby potencjalni nowi uchodźcy z Idlibu. Realizacja tego projektu, nawet po ogłoszeniu przez Biały Dom wycofania z północnej Syrii wojsk amerykańskich, będzie bardzo trudna. Tym bardziej Ankara zabiega więc o wsparcie polityczne i finansowe dla tych działań w UE. W przypadku braku akceptacji Zachodu tak dla projektu strefy bezpieczeństwa, jak i dla żądań rewizji dotychczasowej współpracy migracyjnej, Turcja może posunąć się do zaniechań w kontroli nad przepływami ludności lub wręcz do ich stymulacji, co grozi nową odsłoną kryzysu migracyjnego w Europie.

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№176: Can Aid Solve the Root Causes of Migration? A Framework for Future Research on the Development-Migration Nexus

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel,Henriette U. Erstad,Morten Bøås,Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

An important dimension of the European Union’s response to the 2015 refugee and migration management crisis has been to address the root causes of irregular migration. A major tool the EU has to mitigate push factors of migration is development assistance. Yet, the literature shows that the casual relationship between aid and migration is complex and far from obvious. This article summarises the ongoing debates and major findings concerning the development-migration nexus in order to better inform policymakers about the potential risks and shortcomings of using aid in migration management. It suggests a framework for future research on what kind of assistance might work, for whom, and where.

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№90: Six Takeaways on European Migration Management since the Adoption of the Global Compact for Migration

Author(s): Patrycja Sasnal / Language(s): English

The Global Compact for Migration (GCM), an agreement codifying and facilitating global migration management, was adopted by an overwhelming majority of countries in December 2018. Several reservations notwithstanding, it should be seen as a milestone achievement in international cooperation on migration. It showcased once again, however, divisions on the issue within and between EU Member States. A year on, this paper draws several conclusions about European migration management: divisions in transatlantic relations weaken global attempts at migration management; externalisation may be an effective tactic but deals with fickle governments are a bad strategy; for now, migration is no longer a central, politically defining issue in Europe, and the narrative about migration is increasingly being shaped by new actors.

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№83: Schengen’s Future in Light of the Refugee Crisis

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaca / Language(s): English

The EU actions to secure the border between Greece and Turkey in order to restrain the flow of migrants face several limitations. In this light, the increased and uncontrolled flow of immigrants into the EU has prompted some Member States to call for restoring EU internal borders up to two years. This solution does not mean dismantling the Schengen zone, but modification of Schengen for security reasons, which would not threaten the European project.

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№78: Time to Put Hungary on the EU’s Refugee Agenda

Author(s): Anita Sobják / Language(s): English

Paradoxically, there is both a real crisis and a false alarm in Hungary when it comes to refugees. Yet, the first is over-shadowed by the second because the government’s campaign is mistakenly targeted at all immigrants, without regard to asylum seekers. This not only limits efforts invested in effective crisis management measures but also produces long-term harm in social attitudes towards foreigners. At the same time, the Hungarian claims for more attention and support from the EU are legitimate. If the debate in Brussels continues to be limited only to Italy and Greece, the EU will tacitly allow the situation along the Balkans route to worsen, with consequences for the whole Union.

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№72: Migrants ’R’ Us: Recommendations for a Sound European Migration Policy

Author(s): Karolina Borońska-Hryniewiecka,Kinga Brudzińska,Patrycja Sasnal / Language(s): English

The response of Europe, easily the wealthiest and most developed region in the world, to the tragedy of migrants trying to enter European states through Libya is inadequate. The governments and, to some extent, the societies fail to see that a moral and interest-based policy is in this case one and the same. In an aging Europe, more immigration has become an economic necessity, not only a moral choice. In the short term, the creation of a robust EU search and rescue force and expansion of joint operations to the Libyan coastal waters are urgently needed. All EU Member States should commit to facilitating a fairer allocation of refugees within the EU bloc. The refugee and immigration crisis has blatantly revealed the need for greater European integration in migration and security policies in general.

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Libya Agreement’s Impact on Italy’s Migration Policy

Author(s): Katarzyna Michalska,Maciej Pawłowski / Language(s): English

The migration agreement concluded in 2017 between Italy and Libya helped stem the refugee and mass-migration crisis. The agreement, with minor amendments, was extended on 4 November 2019 until the end of 2021. However, its implementation has resulted in human rights violations, which is contrary to EU values and law. Italy will not quit the deal because it views it as an effective instrument for reducing irregular migration.

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Znaczenie umowy z Libią w polityce migracyjnej Włoch

Author(s): Katarzyna Michalska,Maciej Pawłowski / Language(s): Polish

Umowa migracyjna zawarta w 2017 r. między rządem włoskim i libijskim pomogła zażegnać kryzys uchodźczo-migracyjny. Jej obowiązywanie, z niewielkimi poprawkami, zostało 4 listopada 2019 r. przedłużone do końca 2021 r. Jednak nadal przy okazji jej realizacji łamane są prawa człowieka, co jest sprzeczne z prawem i wartościami UE. Włochy nie zrezygnują z umowy, ponieważ jest ona skutecznym narzędziem ograniczania nielegalnej migracji.

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Information Systems in EU Migration Management

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

The mass-migration crisis exposed shortcomings in the use of electronic databases for border control and internal security in the EU. In response to these problems, the European Commission (EC) has initiated the modernisation of existing IT systems and the creation of new ones while aiming to ensure interoperability. The development of information systems will support the management of human migration flows in the EU, which should increase internal security. However, it also creates a number of challenges related to the protection of collected and processed data.

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Scentralizowane systemy informacyjne w zarządzaniu procesami migracyjnymi w UE

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): Polish

Kryzys migracyjny odsłonił niedociągnięcia w wykorzystaniu elektronicznych baz danych dla potrzeb kontroli granic i ochrony bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego w UE. W odpowiedzi na te problemy Komisja Europejska (KE) zainicjowała modernizację istniejących systemów informacyjnych oraz tworzenie nowych, dbając przy tym o ich interoperacyjność. Coraz szersze wykorzystanie systemów informacyjnych pozwoli lepiej zarządzać procesami migracyjnymi w UE, przyczyniając się do zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego. Rodzi jednak wyzwania związane z ochroną gromadzonych i przetwarzanych danych.

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Ukrajinske izbeglice u Izraelu

Author(s): Karen Haber / Language(s): Serbian

Izbeglice iz Eritreje smo proglasili špijunima. Izbeglicama iz Sudana nismo dozvolili ulazak u Izrael, jer su na svom putu prešli više od jedne granice. O etiopskim Jevrejima koji beže od rata nismo ni razgovarali. A sada ukrajinskim izbeglicama odbijamo pravo na azil, jer bi njihovo useljavanje ugrozilo jevrejski identitet Izraela. Sve ovo je logično, jer judaizam je uvek naš glavni prioritet.

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Muslims in Romania: Integration Models, Categorization and Social Distance

Author(s): Gyula Kozák / Language(s): English

The paper takes a stance toward acknowledging social distance as a prerequisite of incorporation, but it also argues that immigrants can be used as the "other" for debating "indigenous" identities, loyalties, and affiliations. More precisely, the paper looks on the struggle between different proponents of Islamic religious practice as they construct the "other" and themselves in a shifting landscape of global meanings regarding Islam. When associated with the 'indigenous', the presence of the immigrants can bring to the fore internal tensions of an ethnic community and force its members to redefine their ethnic allegiances, or establish different degrees or kinds of ethnic, regional or religious 'cultural content'. This is the case especially when a quasi standardized global discourse is at hand and different models of institutional integration pertain to different categories of Muslims. The paper describes two models of integration and two systems of categorization that these models engender.

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Migraţia din România şi Republica Moldova de la mijlocul secolului XIX până în prezent, cu accent pe migraţia minorităţilor

Author(s): István Horváth / Language(s): English,Romanian

The purpose of the article is to review those main migratory fluxes from the present-day territories of Romania and Republic of Moldova which occurred in the modern period. The first version of the article was written for a universal encyclopedia of international migration history; as such, although they might sound redundant for the Romanian readers, using certain phrases was necessary for a wider audience that knows little about the region. The length at which the main migrational flows have been dealt with takes into account neither the number of migrants nor the demographic or other consequences (thus migration from recent decades is only summarily treated). Rather, the author offers a review of the circumstances which have caused the migratory flows and presents the most important estimates on the demographic effects of each major migratory stream. Sketching these constitutes a starting point for the migration history of the region but it shouldn't be considered as an in-depth analysis.

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Népszámlálás 2011. Erdélyi magyar népesedés a XXI. század első évtizedében. Demográfiai és statisztikai elemzés

Author(s): Tamás Kiss,Gergő Barna / Language(s): Hungarian

The study is divided into two parts. The first part presents the results of the census in 2011 and the changes occurred between 2002 and 2011 in the case of ethnic minorities. The main objective of this part is to describe the evolution of Hungarians by region, type of settlement and spatial ethnic structure both in terms of absolute numbers and percentages. We sought to identify contextual factors that determine the evolution of Hungarians (in absolute numbers and percentage) without resorting to demographic analysis. Demographic analysis is presented in the second part of the study. Research done after the census in 2002 highlights a consolidated model, which can describe the demographic processes of ethnic minorities. Besides natural growth and net migration, the model also takes into account the phenomenon of assimilation and looks at changes in identification occurred from one census to the next.

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BETON - Kulturno propagandni komplet br. 225, god. XV, Beograd, utorak, 17. novembar 2020.

Author(s): Aleksandra Sekulić,Tanja Ostojić,Danilo Milošev / Language(s): Serbian

MIKSER, Aleksandra Sekulić: Zapisi iz podzemlja – ogledi o tektonici jedne izložbe; Blok br. V, Danilo Milošev Wostok; Wostok/Grabowski; ŠTRAFTA, Grupa za konceptualnu politiku: Hronologije sadašnjosti Silvena Lazarisa; ZID, Tanja Ostojić: Misplaced Woman?

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