Неизвестна фотография от църквата „Св. Георги Мали“ в Несебър

Author(s): Ivan Vanev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The present study is dedicated to a hitherto unpublished photo from the Mavrodinov family archives, which is part of the mural programme of an unknown church. The upper end of the plate featured an inscription ‘St Spiridion’ on the emulsion. There are three pencil inscriptions on the reverse of the photo: „St Spiridon“?“, „Where?“, „Melnik?“ However, in the course of the present study, it emerged that the photo in question corresponds to the information left by André Grabar and Asen Vasiliev about the St George the Lesser church in Nessebar. It is a small, single-aisled structure with one apse and a prothesis and diakonikon niche at the eastern wall. On the basis of the hitherto known photos, the preserved murals and the published plan, researchers conditionally date the construction of the church in the Ottoman period. The research of Ivanka Gergova, Emanuel Moutafov and Georgi Gerov date the murals in the very beginning of the 17th century. Most of the murals were detached in 1946 and today are part of the funds of the National Institute of Archaeology and Museum of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The church was demolished the same year. We owe most of the information about the mural paintings’ distribution in the church to the research of André Grabar, who visited Nessebar in 1920, and to Asen Vasiliev, who studied St George the Lesser in 1946. However, their information does not overlap completely. The photo is even more valuable because today we know of only small fragments of the murals in the altar that have been preserved. One discerns from the photo that the upper register on the north wall in the altar ended with the scene of Pentecost. The Vision of St Peter of Alexandria is below. The scene „Manifestation of Christ before the Myrrh-bearing women“ was depicted on the east wall, above the prothesis niche. According to the photo, Christ in the Tomb was represented in the prothesis niche. Between that niche and the apse St Archdeacon Stephen was featured.

Scientific work and life of Edith Stein – psychological assumptions of empathy in the light of the problem of ecumenism

Author(s): Barbara Mróz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 20/2020

The article is an attempt to analyze the manifestations of empathy in Edith Stein’s scientific work and life, and it draws attention to the psychological role of empathy in the development of personality. It is worth emphasizing the importance of both the very figure of Husserl’s outstanding student and the ecumenical significance of her work. The concept of “empathy” appeared in the first decades of the 20th century and the basis for the analysis of this phenomenon was philosophical (phenomenological) deliberations on the problem of cognition of other people’s psychic states. One of the first psychologists to draw on the achievements of phenomenologists and apply the term Die Einfühlung was Theodor Lipps. In the Anglo-Saxon literature this term was translated as “empathy” or “sharing feelings with…”. In psychotherapy today, important findings in the field of empathy were made by a Rogers and Batson, in Poland Rembowski. The article presents fragments of Edith Stein’s selected writings, letters and statements, which bear testimony to her interest in the problem of empathy both in her scientific work and in her personal life. The factual material presented and its analysis is additionally based on the Personality and Axiological Model by Mróz, which focuses on the dimensions of competence, social relations and autonomy. Stein’s biographical facts and statements on empathy are presented with emphasis on the relations and dependencies between the scholar’s psychobiography and the dimensions of the MOA and references to the issues of ecumenism.

Mimořádné fakulty v Československu v letech 1948–1989

Author(s): Eva Vybíralová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 75/2019

In addition to the ordinary faculties, i. e. the set of exceptions (dispensations, licenses, privileges, indultes) of general canon law, which the Apostolic See regularly granted to the nuncios and ordinaries of the local churches, these churches were also granted the extraordinary faculties at the time when the Church was endangered, especially if any contact was interrupted. In the 1950s, in addition to the well-known Mexican faculties, other secret authorizations or instructions appeared in Czechoslovakia: faculties for the Archbishop of Olomouc Matocha, for individual orders, and instructions for Slovak Jesuits concerning the possibility of ordaining bishops without prior consultation with the Apostolic See.

Paschalna wiara apostoła Tomasza (J 20,24-29)

Author(s): Łukasz Florczyk / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 2/2020

Ewangelista Jan zaprezentował w swoim dziele różne wymiary wiary w zmartwychwstałego Jezusa. Umiłowany uczeń uwierzył po zobaczeniu pustego grobu, w którym pozostały tylko płótna i chusta (J 20,8). Maria Magdalena uwierzyła po tym, jak przemówił do niej uwielbiony Chrystus, którego wcześniej pomyliła z ogrodnikiem (J 20,14-16). Uczniowie uwierzyli wówczas, gdy ujrzeli swego zmartwychwstałego Mistrza i Jego rany (J 20,20). Tomasz wyzbył się swych wątpliwości i uwierzył pod wpływem spotkania z Jezusem, który pozwolił mu nie tylko oglądać, lecz również dotknąć swych rąk i boku (J 20,24-28). Wreszcie są też i tacy, którzy nie widzieli Jezusa i Jego spektakularnych znaków, a jednak w Niego uwierzyli (J 20,29). Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje szczegółową analizę perykopy J 20,24-29, w której jest mowa o spotkaniu zmartwychwstałego Chrystusa z Tomaszem. Był to przełomowy moment w życiu apostoła, który wiązał się z dwoma rodzajami przejścia: od wątpliwości do wiary dojrzałej oraz od warunków stawianych Jezusowi do mocnego wyznania wiary: „Pan mój i Bóg mój!”.

Encyklika Mit Brennender Sorge (Cum Cura Ardenti)

Author(s): . Pope Pius XI / Language(s): Czech Issue: 75/2019

V době, kdy představitelé evropských velmocí ještě jednali s pohlaváry Německé říše velmi vstřícným způsobem (viz např. Mnichov 1938), vydává dne 14. 3. 1937 již těžce nemocný papež Pius XI. velice ostrou encykliku v německém originále, podle prvních slov označovanou „Mit brennender Sorge“ (latinsky „Cum Cura ardenti“), které už od roku 1934 předcházely ostré diplomatické nóty Svatého stolce; papež v ní jasnými slovy kritizuje německou říšskou vládu za věrolomné porušování konkordátu, za všeobecnou persekuci církve a za porušování přirozených lidských práv zejména v náboženské oblasti.

Z dziejów klasztoru franciszkanów w Górze na Śląsku

Author(s): Dariusz Karczewski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 2/2020

W 1457 r. papież Kalikst III wydał na prośbę księcia cieszyńsko-głogowskiego Władysława zgodę na ufundowanie poza murami miasta Góra klasztoru i kościoła pw. Bożego Ciała. W bulli zapisano, że fundacja miała być przeznaczona dla franciszkanów-obserwantów (bernardynów). Ostatecznie jednak nowy konwent zasiedlili franciszkanie-minoryci. Była to ostatnia na średniowiecznych ziemiach polskich fundacja klasztoru franciszkańskiego.Klasztor w Górze należał pod względem organizacji zakonnej do kustodii gnieźnieńskiej w czesko-polskiej prowincji franciszkanów. Oficjalny dokument fundacyjny klasztoru książę wystawił w 1458 r. W 1462 r. papież Pius II zatwierdził fundację nowego domu zakonnego wraz z jego uposażeniem, powołując się na wcześniejszą zgodę biskupa wrocławskiego Piotra II Nowaka (1447–1456), władz miejskich Góry i miejscowego proboszcza. Konwent górowski najprawdopodobniej został obsadzony przez zakonników z Głogowa, za czym przemawiać może bliskość obu tych miast i podległość jednemu władcy. Inspirację tego dzieła przypisuje się górowskiemu bractwu Bożego Ciała. Klasztor zbudowano na przedmieściu, przy drodze do wsi Kajęcin. Jego uposażenie gospodarcze było bardzo skromne. Początkowo obejmowało tylko grunt na postawienie budynków, staw rybny i kawałek roli. Nieco rozszerzył je w 1468 r. książę cieszyńsko-głogowski Przemko II – brat fundatora i jego następca. W początku XVI w. klasztor podupadł i zaczął wyprzedawać swe posiadłości. Wskutek szerzącej się reformacji, ok. 1534 r. klasztor został całkowicie opuszczony przez zakonników, a jego majątek biskup wrocławski Jakub von Salza przekazał proboszczowi parafii pw. św. Katarzyny w Górze.

Zofia Jarząbek, Kamil Kęsik i in. 2019. Z przeszłości miejscowości i parafii Jaworzno k. Wielunia. Materiały z konferencji naukowej nt. jubileuszu stulecia wznowienia parafii. Opole: Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego UO, ss. 474. ISBN 978-83

Author(s): Piotr Górecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

Vývoj diplomatických styků mezi Německem a Svatým stolcem v polovině třicátých let 20. století

Author(s): Marek Šmid / Language(s): Czech Issue: 74/2019

The study deals with transformation of relations between the Nazi Third Reich and the Catholic Church in Germany in 1933–1937. It focuses on the period from the signing of the Reichskonkordat in the summer of 1933 until the publication of the Pope Pius XI. encyclical Mit brennender Sorge in the spring of 1937. The Nazi totalitarian dictatorship was increasingly showing its true face and relations of both contractual partners deteriorated day by day. The text is primarily based on the resources of the Historical Archive of the State Secretariat of the Holy See, its section for relations with the states, then the Vatican Periodical L’Osservatore Romano and extensive foreign literature, mainly English and German.

Prohlášení České biskupské konference, Ekumenické rady církví v ČR a Federace židovských obcí v ČR ke zdanění církevních restitucí

Author(s): Dominik Duka,Daniel Ženatý,Petr Papoušek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 74/2019

Tento týden si s velkou úctou připomínáme 70 let od přijetí Všeobecné deklarace lidských práv Valným shromážděním OSN. V Článku 17 se zde výslovně praví, že každý má právo vlastnit majetek a nikdo nesmí být svévolně svého majetku zbaven. Oba totalitní režimy, jak nacistický, tak komunistický, tento základní postulát flagrantně a brutálně porušovaly.

Mezinárodní vědecká konference Spoutané církve, Olomouc, září 2019

Author(s): Ondřej Bakeš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 77/2019

Od úterý 10. září do čtvrtka 12. září 2019 se v Olomouci konala mezinárodní vědecká konference Spoutané církve zasvěcená pronásledování církví a věřících za komunistické diktatury v letech 1948–1989. Společnými uspořadateli akce byly Státní oblastní archiv v Praze, Cyrilometodějská teologická fakulta (CMTF UPOL), Filosofická fakulta Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci (FF UPOL) a pražské arcibiskupství.

Katechismus římsko-katolického církevního práva (Nad jednou právní památkou)

Author(s): Antonín Ignác Hrdina / Language(s): Czech Issue: 80/2020

In his article, the author focuses on the legal handbook of the former bishop of Paderborn Konrad Martin “Catechism of Roman Catholic Church Law” (1875). Bishop Martin defends (in the middle of Bismarck’s Germany) the thesis about the inalienable right of the church to its own unrestricted activity without the intervention of state authorities. His conciliatory view of the relationship of the Catholic Church to religious societies separated from it was rather rare at the time.

Vliv státu na průběh V. řádného sněmu Církve československé

Author(s): Martin Jindra / Language(s): Czech Issue: 80/2020

In July 1961, Prague’s Bishop Miroslav Novák, as the only candidate, received a “blessing” from the political bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in the form of a preliminary state consent for the candidacy for the patriarch of the Czechoslovak Church. The government confirmed this position at its meeting on 25th October 1961. Three days later, Miroslav Novák was elected patriarch at the Fifth Ordinary Session. He received 277 votes representing 91.41% of all valid ballots. Incident-free course of the session could indicate that the church was almost united in its opinion. The search procedure, however, suggests something else. It highlights the multi-layered structure of the church. It shows the capacity of the church when a third of the clergy supported a candidate other than the state-backed Bishop Novák, although they almost certainly knew that other candidate would never receive the consent of state authorities. It also shows the mechanisms used by the state power and the supervision of churches in order to advance their interests. Last but not least, it reveals little faith and contradictions between faith and deeds within the church itself.

Magister Studiorum Byzantinorum, Arabicorum atque Orientis Christiani: Irfan Arif Shahîd (1926-2016) și contribuția sa în domeniul studiilor bizantine

Author(s): Octavian-Adrian Negoiță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-3/2020

This study offers a brief presentation of the life and academic career of Irfan Arif Shahîd, professor of Byzantine studies at Georgetown University and Honorary Affiliate Fellow of Dumbarton Oaks. Shahîd’s scholarly interests gravitated around the history of the relations between Byzantium and the Arabs before the era of the Prophet Muhammad, and also on the entangled religious and cultural histories of the Arab Christians. This study also provides a translation of Shahîd’s study on the Arab Christianity in Byzantine Palestine, published in ARAM, 15 (2003), along with the complete list of scientific publications of the American bizantinist.

Prikaz skidanja Isusa s križa na portalu crkve u Elblagu u Poljskoj i prikazi skidanja Isusa s križa u Italiji u 12. stoljeću

Author(s): Antonela Marković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 113-114/2020

Die Ikonographie spielt eine wichtige Rolle, um die christliche Kunst verstehen zu können. Die romanische Kunst in Schlesien trat zusammen mit dem Christentum und dem Beginn der sakralen Architektur auf. Zu dieser Zeit, das heißt am Ende des 10. Jahrhunderts und bis zum Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts, waren die Orden in Schlesien von großer Bedeutung. Die schlesische Plastik im 12. Jahrhundert zeigt norditalienische Einflüsse, was man auf dem Tympanon der Prämostratenserkirche auf dem Elbing sieht, womit ich mich in dieser Arbeit ikonographisch und stilistisch beschäftigen werde. Im Folgendem werde ich mich mit den Evangelien als literarische und ikonographische Grundlagen befassen, sowie auch mit der Ikonographie und den Darstellungsformen in Italien im 12. Jahrhundert. In dieser Arbeit werde ich der Frage nachgehen, wie das Verhältnis der romanischen Plastik zur Antike sowie wie die wechselseitige Verbindung zwischen Kunst und Religion beschaffen ist.

Kuyperova vizija stotinu godina kasnije

Author(s): Miroslav Balint-Feudvarski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2020

Stotinu je godina prošlo od smrti Abrahama Kuypera (1837. – 1920.), nizozemskog pastora, teologa, urednika i novinara, utemeljitelja političke stranke i sveučilišta te premijera. Bio je to čovjek koji je svim srcem, punim plućima i uz tri živčana sloma, provodio kao životni moto svoju možda najpoznatiju izjavu: O, ni jedno mjesto u našem mentalnom svijetu ne smije biti hermetičko zatvoreno od ostatka te ne postoji ni jedan kubni centimetar u cijeloj domeni ljudskog postojanja nad kojom Krist, koji je Suveren nad svime, ne kaže: „Moje!” (Kuyper 1998, 488)

Russian Orthodox Pilgrims in Jerusalem in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: Between the Old City and “New Jerusalem”

Author(s): Elena Astafieva / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2020

Following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1856 and in the context of the neutralization of the Black Sea, Grand Duke Constantine, minister of the Russian Navy, suggested the creation of the Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company to his brother Tsar Alexander II in an attempt to save part of the Black Sea fleet. To financially reinforce the new Company, Constantine suggested encouraging Russian Orthodox pilgrimages to the holy places of the “Orthodox East,” located in Jerusalem, Constantinople, and Mount Athos. He asked his assistant, Boris Pavlovich Mansurov, to write a guidebook for Russian pilgrims going to Palestine based on the model of Western European guidebooks. After his stay in Palestine and Syria during the winter of 1857, Mansurov did not write a guidebook, but rather a report to the Grand Duke, and later a book describing the lives of Orthodox-Greek, Armenian and Russian-pilgrims in Jerusalem and its surroundings. In these documents, he drew a plan of action meeting the needs of Russian pilgrims to the Holy Land. These texts marked the start of important Russian actions in Palestine after the Crimean War: largescale land purchasing followed by the building of a structure for the Russian Consulate, hospices for pilgrims, and the Orthodox Holy Trinity Church near the Old City. In Russian sources, these buildings are defined as “Russian constructions,” “Russian properties,” or “New Jerusalem”; the local population named this compound “Moscobia.” These constructions were considered by the representatives of the Great Powers and the Christian communities as “grandiose,” “magnificent,” or as “Russia in miniature.”

INDRIĶA HRONIKA PAR LATĪŅU UN BIZANTIEŠU RITA BAZNĪCU LĪDZĀSPASTĀVĒŠANU AUSTRUMLATVIJĀ 13. GADSIMTA SĀKUMĀ: HISTORIOGRĀFIJA UN TURPMĀKĀS IZPĒTES PERSPEKTĪVAS

Author(s): Roberts Spirģis / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 1/2020

The Livonian Chronicle of Henry is one of the most important cornerstones of Latvian “historical memory”. One of the most ideologically problematic issues is the question of the relationship between invaders and local Orthodox rulers. This topic is closely related to the extent of the Christian faith among the local population before the German mission. Currently, most Latvian researchers literally take over the chronicle that the first missionaries to the Livs were Germans, but in Latgale lands Orthodoxy had spread only into the ruling circles. Archaeologists, on the other hand, lack a clear answer to the question: Why up to the 16th century cult items of the Byzantine rite survived to the inhabitants of today’s Eastern part of Latvia? Furthermore – Why was the creation of Latin dioceses and the dissemination of the Latin burial ritual in the area delayed? These phenomena are related to the continuity of the burial ritual from the 12th to the 14th century, which is usually associated with the supposedly formal Christianity of the natives in the 13th century and their subsequent double faith. As medieval chronicle research has reached a new level of understanding of the source in recent decades, it would also be time to look at the highlighted issues differently. The article addresses the local political events of interest to us in Livonia, based both on medieval theological postulates and in the context of global political developments of the time, which were of particular concern to the spiritual authorities. It is important to note that the establishment of Livonia took place at a time when the Roman Church was beginning active efforts to join the Byzantine rite Church. The Conquest of Constantinople in 1204 opened up unprecedented political opportunities that were realised in church unions in several countries (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Galicia). In both the conquered Greece and the lands of the union, the Latin did not require a change in the language or ritual of the liturgy. Subordination to Rome and administrative unity with the West were immediately demanded, but the changes were postponed. Thus, the lack of information on church construction, congregation formation, and tithe enforcement in both the Jersik Principality and eastern Tolova is logical: Latin practice in the newly joined Byzantine rite lands shows that in Livonia, in the Slavic language.

VLADIMIR LVOV: FORMER CHIEF PROCURATOR OF THE MOST HOLY SYNOD TURNING TO THE SOVIETS

Author(s): Nikolay Bogomazov,Ivan Petrov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This article focuses on the controversial figure of the ‘revolutionary Chief Procurator’ of the Most Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Vladimir Lvov. A large landed proprietor, a member of the ‘Union of October 17’ party, a religious expert, he was brought up to the foreground of Russian politics by the Revolution of 1917 and became the first Chief Procurator of the ‘non-Tsarist’ period. However, his excessive radicalism regarding the Church issues, his open hatred of the episcopate very quickly nullified many of the achievements of the March-June 1917 reforms. Lvov also failed to work adequately at the Local Council of 1917-1918. Having arrived in emigration after the Russian civil war, he took up the position of Smenoovekhovtsy and wished to return to Soviet Russia. The main supporters of the return of Lvov among the Soviet leadership were the Soviet envoy to Germany Nikolai Krestinsky and Lev Trotsky. Vladimir Lenin, who was sceptical and ironic about Lvov, nevertheless allowed his return to Russia. Having returned to Russia, Lvov was able to take an active part in the work of renovationists only for a few years. He was arrested and expulsed to Siberia, where he died in 1930. Vladimir Lvov became one of the symbols of the Russian re-emigration (vozvrashchentsy).

DAUGAVPILS VISSVĒTĀKĀS JAUNAVAS MARIJAS BEZVAINĪGĀS IEŅEMŠANAS DRAUDZE UN TĀS PRIESTERI ANTONIJS URBŠS, KONSTANTĪNS KANGARS, IZIDORS LIVČĀNS DAUGAVPILS VĒSTURES KONTEKSTĀ (1915–1920)

Author(s): Henrihs Soms / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 1/2020

At the beginning of 1914, Daugavpils was the second biggest city in Latvia, having a population of 105,7 thousand. During WWI, in October 1915, the battles fought in defence of Daugavpils started. With some intervals, Daugavpils was in the zone of hostilities for more than four years, when the city was liberated by the Polish and Latvian armies in 1920. About 30,000 Catholics lived in Daugavpils before WWI. In 1911, the congregation of Daugavpils Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Church was founded in Daugavpils, and its activities were oriented towards meeting the needs of the Latvians and the Lithuanians. The priests of the new congregation – Antonijs Urbšs (1879–1965), Konstantīns Kangars (1896–1949), Izidors Livčāns (1888–1966) – did much to introduce the Latvian Language into church life. Preaching was done in Latvian after the divine service every other Sunday, and Latvian children were prepared for the First Communion in their native tongue. Priests of the congregation actively participated in social activities. The problem of that time was social care of the war refugees, and in Latgale it was organised by the Latgale Refugee Assistance Society. The Dean A. Urbšs managed the Daugavpils section of this organisation, I. Livčāns was a cashier and secretary. The section organised a children’s home in Daugavpils - a school, where resided 120 children from the city vicinity houses destroyed during the war. Overcoming different difficulties, the school continued working during the time of political changes, and in the time of the Republic of Latvia it became a recognised education institution in Daugavpils – the First Latvian Elementary School, which in 1938 was given the name of Fridrihs Briedis, colonel of the Latvian riflemen. Well-known education workers, such as Amālija Bžezinska (1880–1919) and Anna Vonoga (1895–1977), had worked in this school. In 1916, the section of the Refugee Assistance Society in Daugavpils opened evening courses for the adults and taught to them reading, writing and arithmetic. With the support of patrons, a library and a reading-hall were organised as well. The active work of priests of the Virgin Mary’s congregation significantly contributed to the foundation of the Latgale Latvian enlightenment society “Saule” in Daugavpils, 1917. The new society set as its task the enhancement of national spirit and general education among its members as well as among a local population in general. The origins of the society “Saule” clearly showed its close ties with the new church congregation. Priest I. Livčāns was on the board of the society, and many people belonging to the congregation were the members of the society. One of the cherished things of the society “Saule” was dressmaking courses opened in 1917. They turned out to be viable and in 1927 transformed into a vocational school for women – into “Saule” school. In our time, the traditions of this handicraft vocational school are continued by the professional education competence center “Daugavpils Design and Art Secondary School Saules skola”, which in 2017 celebrated the 100-year jubilee of the education institution.

Evangelikų reformatų bažnyčia ir kapinės Kėdainių Jonušavoje (1628–1864 m.)

Author(s): Aivas Ragauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2020

The problem of death in one of the largest reformation centres in Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed church, focusing on Jonušava (“New Kėdainiai”) church and cemetery, from the 3rd decade of the 17th century to the mid-19th century, is analysed in this article. The elite of this denomination has mainly been studied in historiography, and it has made various controversial statements, the validity of which is also worth verifying. The aim of this article is to discuss the burial sites of Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed – the cemetery and the cemetery church in Jonušava, the construction of burial sites, changes in infrastructure, and the dynamics of burials. The study uses several methodological approaches, narrative and statistical, palaeographic, historical cartography and epigraphic methods. It is emphasised that the results of the Kėdainiai study conflict with the statement expressed in historiography that “evangelicals did not value the place of the funeral, and their cemeteries were usually moved outside the city”. The study has shown that, at least in Kėdainiai, the emergence of the Jonušava cemetery was a forced act after the loss of St. George’s Church. Later, another cemetery was established in the very centre of the city. In conclusion, the burial sites were, however, immortalised with various burial monuments, albeit more modest compared with Catholics or Lutherans. In addition, much was determined by the social status of individuals and the economic opportunities of relatives. It is necessary to perform an analysis of the burial sites of other evangelical Reformed GDLs in order of more extensive generalisations.